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World Journal of Orthopedics May 2022() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
BACKGROUND
() is an emerging cause of hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and different species of this organism may be responsible for the same.
AIM
To evaluate the profile of hip and knee PJI cases as published in the past 30 years.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed using the MeSH terms "Prosthesis joint infection" AND "Mycobacterium" for studies with publication dates from January 1, 1990, to May 30, 2021. To avoid missing any study, another search was performed with the terms "Arthroplasty infection" AND "Mycobacterium" in the same period as the previous search. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses chart was used to evaluate the included studies for further review. In total, 51 studies were included for further evaluation of the cases, type of pathogen, and treatment of PJI caused by .
RESULTS
Seventeen identified were reportedly responsible for hip/knee PJI in 115 hip/knee PJI cases, whereas in two cases there was no mention of any specific () was detected in 50/115 (43.3%) of the cases. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) included (26/115, 22.6%), (10/115, 8.6%), (8/115, 6.9%), and (8/115, 6.9%). Majority of the cases (82/114, 71.9%) had an onset of infection > 3 mo after the index surgery, while in 24.6% (28/114) the disease had an onset in ≤ 3 mo. Incidental intraoperative PJI diagnosis was made in 4 cases (3.5%). Overall, prosthesis removal was needed in 77.8% (84/108) of the cases to treat the infection. Overall infection rate was controlled in 88/102 (86.3%) patients with PJI. Persistent infection occurred in 10/108 (9.8%) patients, while 4/108 (3.9%) patients died due to the infection.
CONCLUSION
At least 17 can be responsible for hip/knee PJI. Although is the most common causal pathogen, NTM should be considered as an emerging cause of hip/knee PJI.
PubMed: 35633748
DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v13.i5.503 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Nov 2021The fact that Mycobacterium leprae does not grow in vitro remains a challenge in the survey of its antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Mainly molecular methods are used to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The fact that Mycobacterium leprae does not grow in vitro remains a challenge in the survey of its antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Mainly molecular methods are used to diagnose AMR in M. leprae to provide reliable data concerning mutations and their impact. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are efficient for the treatment of leprosy and the main second-line drugs in case of multidrug resistance.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed at performing a systematic review (a) to characterize all DNA gyrase gene mutations described in clinical isolates of M. leprae, (b) to distinguish between those associated with FQ resistance or susceptibility and (c) to delineate a consensus numbering system for M. leprae GyrA and GyrB.
DATA SOURCES
Data source was PubMed.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Publications reporting genotypic susceptibility-testing methods and gyrase gene mutations in M. leprae clinical strains.
RESULTS
In 25 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, 2884 M. leprae isolates were analysed (2236 for gyrA only (77%) and 755 for both gyrA and gyrB (26%)): 3.8% of isolates had gyrA mutations (n = 110), mostly at position 91 (n = 75, 68%) and 0.8% gyrB mutations (n = 6). Since we found discrepancies regarding the location of substitutions associated with FQ resistance, we established a consensus numbering system to properly number the mutations. We also designed a 3D model of the M. leprae DNA gyrase to predict the impact of mutations whose role in FQ-susceptibility has not been demonstrated previously.
CONCLUSIONS
Mutations in DNA gyrase are observed in 4% of the M. leprae clinical isolates. To solve discrepancies among publications and to distinguish between mutations associated with FQ resistance or susceptibility, the consensus numbering system we proposed as well as the 3D model of the M. leprae gyrase for the evaluation of the impact of unknown mutations in FQ resistance, will provide help for resistance surveillance.
Topics: DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium leprae
PubMed: 34265461
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.007 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2023In 2008, bacilli from 2 Hansen disease (leprosy) cases were identified as a new species, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We conducted a systematic review of studies...
In 2008, bacilli from 2 Hansen disease (leprosy) cases were identified as a new species, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating M. lepromatosis as a cause of HD. Twenty-one case reports described 27 patients with PCR-confirmed M. lepromatosis infection (6 dual M. leprae/M. lepromatosis): 10 case-patients in the United States (7 originally from Mexico), 6 in Mexico, 3 in the Dominican Republic, 2 each in Singapore and Myanmar, and 1 each in Indonesia, Paraguay, Cuba, and Canada. Twelve specimen surveys reported 1,098 PCR-positive findings from 1,428 specimens, including M. lepromatosis in 44.9% (133/296) from Mexico, 3.8% (5/133) in Colombia, 12.5% (10/80) in Brazil, and 0.9% (2/224) from the Asia-Pacific region. Biases toward investigating M. lepromatosis as an agent in cases of diffuse lepromatous leprosy or from Mesoamerica precluded conclusions about clinicopathologic manifestations and geographic distribution. Current multidrug treatments seem effective for this infection.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium; Leprosy; Leprosy, Lepromatous; Mycobacterium leprae
PubMed: 37347507
DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230024 -
The Journal of Infection Jun 2024The clinical relevance of Mycobacterium malmoense isolation from pulmonary specimens has been considered high compared with other non-tuberculous mycobacteria. In this... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The clinical relevance of Mycobacterium malmoense isolation from pulmonary specimens has been considered high compared with other non-tuberculous mycobacteria. In this study, we aimed to analyse all published clinical data of patients with M. malmoense isolation to investigate the clinical spectrum, relevance, and outcomes of infections with this uncommon mycobacterium.
METHODS
A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was performed to identify all clinical data about M. malmoense. Random effects meta-analyses of proportions were calculated for clinical relevance, treatment success, and mortality, as well as for other clinical characteristics. A logistic regression analysis, investigating predictors of mortality, as well as Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, were performed.
RESULTS
188 patients with individual data from 112 articles and 671 patients with pooled data from 12 articles were included in the meta-analyses. Of patients with individual data, pulmonary infection was the most common manifestation (n=106/188, 56.4%). One third (n=61/188, 32.4%) suffered from isolated extra-pulmonary and 21/188 (11.2%) from disseminated disease. In 288 patients with pooled data and pulmonary affection, clinical relevance was high with 68% (95% CI 44-85%) of patients fulfilling criteria for clinical disease. Macrolide and rifamycin-containing regimens were associated with improved survival (adjusted OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.42, p=0.002, and 0.23, 95% CI 0.04-0.86, p=0.03, for lethal events, respectively).
CONCLUSION
In this study, we provide a detailed clinical description of M. malmoense infections. The pathogen is of high clinical relevance for the individual patient with more than 2 out of 3 patients having relevant disease and >40% of manifestations being extra-pulmonary or disseminated. Macrolide and rifamycin-containing regimens are associated with improved survival.
PubMed: 38906266
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106203 -
African Health Sciences Mar 2022Sub-Saharan Africa, is a region that records high rates of TB infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed strain infection, especially when the strains involved are of...
BACKGROUND
Sub-Saharan Africa, is a region that records high rates of TB infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed strain infection, especially when the strains involved are of different susceptibilities, is an area of great interest because it is linked with an increased risk of treatment failure and transmission of resistant strains within the population. This paper reviewed original studies that reported MTB mixed infection and heteroresistance in the region between 2010 and 2020 to understand the extent of mixed strain infection and heteroresistance in the region. This information is very critical in the control of TB and ending the TB epidemic by 2035 as per the World Health Organization's vision.
METHODS
pubmed, Scopus, JSTOR, AJOL, and Google Scholar databases were searched through both key terms and subject headings. The literature was screened, assessed for the quality and evidence synthesized.
RESULTS
Eighteen original articles were included in this review after having met the inclusion criteria. The frequency of mixed strain infection reported in these studies varied between 2.8% and 21.1% while drug resistance range between 0.06% to 19% depending on the study design and the drug susceptibility screening technique utilized. The majority of the studies (50%) utilized Spoligotyping in conjunction with MIRU-VNTR typing in the detection of mixed infections.
CONCLUSION
Despite the scarcity of data on mixed infections and heteroresistance in sub-Saharan Africa, various studies have revealed that these conditions are frequent in the region than previously thought. Given the evidence of the effect of mixed infections on drug resistance and treatment outcome, we conclude that mixed infection is an unavoidable topic for future studies.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Coinfection; Drug Resistance; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 36032443
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i1.65 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Sep 2021This study aimed to systematically collect and appraise the scientific evidence to answer the research question: What MAP genotypes have been isolated from cattle,... (Review)
Review
This study aimed to systematically collect and appraise the scientific evidence to answer the research question: What MAP genotypes have been isolated from cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean? An electronic search was conducted on three platforms (i.e., OVID®, Web of Science®, SciELO) as well as on the proceedings of the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined a priori and conserved through the systematic process and only articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. A total of 26 articles met the definitive inclusion criteria. All were published in English, in 15 different journals, and between 1989 and 2020. The relevant articles reported the use of six different genotyping techniques (i.e., polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, type-specific-PCR, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats, multi-locus short sequence repeat, single nucleotide polymorphism) in isolates from seven countries. Genotypes found so far in the region using typing techniques were mainly C type. MIRU-VNTR mostly reported INMV 1, INMV 2, and INMV 11 subtypes, among others. MLSSR reported genotypes from four different countries, reporting nine different subtypes of which 7g-10g-4ggt was the most common for loci 1, 2, and 8, respectively. Regardless the high diversity of techniques used so far to genotype Latin American and Caribbean MAP isolates, the original question of this systematic review has been answered. In addition, a relative genetic similarity between MAP strains recovered from cattle, goats, and sheep unrelatedly of the matrix and geographic origin was identified.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Genotype; Goat Diseases; Goats; Latin America; Minisatellite Repeats; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 34546430
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02923-9 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Mar 2022The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously increased the production and sales of disinfectants. This study aimed to systematically review and analyze the efficacy and safety... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously increased the production and sales of disinfectants. This study aimed to systematically review and analyze the efficacy and safety of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. The literature relating to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant was systematically reviewed in January 2021 using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were studies that investigated the use of chlorine dioxide to assess the efficacy, safety, and impact of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. Out of the 33 included studies, 14 studies focused on the disinfectant efficacy of chlorine dioxide, 8 studies expounded on the safety and toxicity in humans and animals, and 15 studies discussed the impact, such as water treatment disinfection using chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is a safe and effective disinfectant, even at concentrations as low as 20 to 30 mg/L. Moreover, the efficacy of chlorine dioxide is mostly independent of pH. Chlorine dioxide can be effectively used to disinfect drinking water without much alteration of palatability and can also be used to destroy pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi from vegetables and fruits. Our review confirms that chlorine dioxide is effective against the resistant , H1N1, and other influenza viruses. Studies generally support the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant. The concentration deemed safe for usage still needs to be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Chlorine; Chlorine Compounds; Disinfectants; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Oxides; Pandemics
PubMed: 35449999
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0180 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Oct 2023Anti-interferon gamma antibody (AIGA) is a rare cause of adult onset immunodeficiency, leading to severe disseminated opportunistic infections with varying outcomes. We...
PURPOSE
Anti-interferon gamma antibody (AIGA) is a rare cause of adult onset immunodeficiency, leading to severe disseminated opportunistic infections with varying outcomes. We aimed to summarize the disease characteristics and to explore factors associated with disease outcome.
METHODS
A systematic literature review of AIGA associated disease was conducted. Serum-positive cases with detailed clinical presentations, treatment protocols, and outcomes were included. The patients were categorized into controlled and uncontrolled groups based on their documented clinical outcome. Factors associated with disease outcome were analyzed with logistic regression models.
RESULTS
A total of 195 AIGA patients were retrospectively analyzed, with 119(61.0%) having controlled disease and 76 (39.0%) having uncontrolled disease. The median time to diagnosis and disease course were 12 months and 28 months, respectively. A total of 358 pathogens have been reported with nontubercular mycobacterium (NTM) and Talaromyces marneffei as the most common pathogens. The recurrence rate was as high as 56.0%. The effective rates of antibiotics alone, antibiotics with rituximab, and antibiotics with cyclophosphamide were 40.5%, 73.5%, and 75%, respectively. In the multivariate logistic analysis, skin involvement, NTM infection, and recurrent infections remained significantly associated with disease control, with ORs of 3.25 (95% CI 1.187 ~ 8.909, P value = 0.022), 4.74 (95% CI 1.300 ~ 17.30, P value = 0.018), and 0.22 (95% CI 0.086 ~ 0.551, P value = 0.001), respectively. The patients with disease control had significant AIGA titer reduction.
CONCLUSIONS
AIGA could cause severe opportunistic infections with unsatisfactory control, particularly in patients with recurrent infections. Efforts should be made to closely monitor the disease and regulate the immune system.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Retrospective Studies; Reinfection; Autoantibodies; Interferon-gamma; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Opportunistic Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37365453
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01537-0 -
Genes Oct 2022Objective: The Beijing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is controversially presented as the predominant genotype and is more drug resistant to rifampicin and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Comparison on Major Gene Mutations Related to Rifampicin and Isoniazid Resistance between Beijing and Non-Beijing Strains of : A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis.
Objective: The Beijing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is controversially presented as the predominant genotype and is more drug resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid compared to the non-Beijing strain. We aimed to compare the major gene mutations related to rifampicin and isoniazid drug resistance between Beijing and non-Beijing genotypes, and to extract the best evidence using the evidence-based methods for improving the service of TB control programs based on genetics of MTB. Method: Literature was searched in Google Scholar, PubMed and CNKI Database. Data analysis was conducted in R software. The conventional and Bayesian random-effects models were employed for meta-analysis, combining the examinations of publication bias and sensitivity. Results: Of the 8785 strains in the pooled studies, 5225 were identified as Beijing strains and 3560 as non-Beijing strains. The maximum and minimum strain sizes were 876 and 55, respectively. The mutations prevalence of rpoB, katG, inhA and oxyR-ahpC in Beijing strains was 52.40% (2738/5225), 57.88% (2781/4805), 12.75% (454/3562) and 6.26% (108/1724), respectively, and that in non-Beijing strains was 26.12% (930/3560), 28.65% (834/2911), 10.67% (157/1472) and 7.21% (33/458), separately. The pooled posterior value of OR for the mutations of rpoB was 2.72 ((95% confidence interval (CI): 1.90, 3.94) times higher in Beijing than in non-Beijing strains. That value for katG was 3.22 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.90) times. The estimate for inhA was 1.41 (95% CI: 0.97, 2.08) times higher in the non-Beijing than in Beijing strains. That for oxyR-ahpC was 1.46 (95% CI: 0.87, 2.48) times. The principal patterns of the variants for the mutations of the four genes were rpoB S531L, katG S315T, inhA-15C > T and oxyR-ahpC intergenic region. Conclusion: The mutations in rpoB and katG genes in Beijing are significantly more common than that in non-Beijing strains of MTB. We do not have sufficient evidence to support that the prevalence of mutations of inhA and oxyR-ahpC is higher in non-Beijing than in Beijing strains, which provides a reference basis for clinical medication selection.
Topics: Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Antitubercular Agents; Bayes Theorem; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Bacterial Proteins; Mutation; DNA, Intergenic
PubMed: 36292734
DOI: 10.3390/genes13101849 -
Epidemiology and Infection Nov 2015This systematic review-meta-analysis appraises and summarizes all the available research (128 papers) on the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review-meta-analysis appraises and summarizes all the available research (128 papers) on the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. The latter has been debated for a century due to pathogenic and clinical similarities between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease (108 studies) in humans and recently for involvement in other human diseases; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (2), sarcoidosis (3), diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) (7) and type 2 (3), multiple sclerosis (5) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (2). Meta-analytical results indicated a significant positive association, consistently across different laboratory methods for Crohn's disease [odds ratio (OR) range 4·26-8·44], T1DM (OR range 2·91-9·95) and multiple sclerosis (OR range 6·5-7·99). The latter two and the thyroiditis hypothesis require further investigation to confirm the association. Meta-regression of Crohn's disease studies using DNA detection methods indicated that choice of primers and sampling frame (e.g. general population vs. hospital-based sample) explained a significant proportion of heterogeneity. Other epidemiological studies demonstrated a lack of association between high-risk occupations and development of Crohn's disease. Due to knowledge gaps in understanding the role of M. paratuberculosis in the development or progression of human disease, the evidence at present is not strong enough to inform the potential public health impact of M. paratuberculosis exposure.
Topics: Animals; Crohn Disease; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 25989710
DOI: 10.1017/S095026881500076X