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Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 2018To systematically review the current literature investigating the association between oral health and acquired brain injury. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
To systematically review the current literature investigating the association between oral health and acquired brain injury.
METHODS
A structured search strategy was applied to PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL electronic databases until March 2017 by 2 independent reviewers. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines were used for systematic review.
RESULTS
Even though the objective was to assess the association between oral health and acquired brain injury, eligible studies focused solely on different forms of stroke and stroke subtypes. Stroke prediction was associated with various factors such as number of teeth, periodontal conditions (even after controlling for confounding factors), clinical attachment loss, antibody levels to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia. The literature showed no consensus on the possible association between gingivitis and stroke. Patients with stroke generally had poorer oral hygiene practices and oral health. Dental prophylaxis and professional intervention reduced the incidence of stroke.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, oral health and stroke were related. Periodontitis and tooth loss were independently associated with stroke. However, prevention and timely intervention may reduce the risk of stroke. Stroke was the main cerebral lesion studied in the literature, with almost no publications on other brain lesions.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Brain Injuries; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Dental Prophylaxis; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Incidence; Male; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Prevotella intermedia; Stroke; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 29402871
DOI: 10.1159/000484989 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2023The clinical burden of influenza is increasing worldwide. Aging, immunosuppression, and underlying respiratory illness are determinants of poor clinical outcomes,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The clinical burden of influenza is increasing worldwide. Aging, immunosuppression, and underlying respiratory illness are determinants of poor clinical outcomes, including greater mortality. Bacterial infections seem to be the main reason. Updated information on the role of bacterial infection as the cause of complications would be of value in improving the prognosis of patients with influenza.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by using the PubMed repository using keywords like: Influenza, H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacterial coinfection, secondary coinfection, bacterial complications in pneumonia, and seasonal influenza. Only articles written in English were included in publications from 2010 to 2020. The analyses were conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses guidelines. The results were independently validated using a TrinetX database cohort of roughly 4 million patients.
RESULTS
We included 135 studies that contained data from 48,259 patients hospitalized with influenza of any age. Bacterial infections were diagnosed in 5391 (11.2%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (30.4%) were the most frequent microorganisms, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (7.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.9%). The random-effects model of the meta-analysis indicated that bacterial infections posed a 3.4-fold increased risk of death compared with influenza infection alone. Unexpectedly, asthma was protective (odds ratio 0.8).
CONCLUSION
Bacterial infections diagnosed in 11.2% of patients with influenza increase 3.4-fold the mortality risk. S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and P. aeruginosa account for nearly 75% of the cases. Earlier diagnosis and use of antibiotics should improve outcomes in this population.
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; Staphylococcus aureus; Coinfection; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Staphylococcal Infections; Haemophilus influenzae
PubMed: 37030656
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.003 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients... (Review)
Review
The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients were assessed. A systematic scoping review of observational studies and trials was established in conjunction with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. The SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were reviewed along with the gray literature. The primary electronic examination produced 139 investigations. Finally, four observational studies met the selection criteria. These studies evaluated 214 implants in 168 patients. and mainly presented high resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole, and erythromycin in PI patients. Similarly, was also highly resistant to clindamycin and doxycycline. Other microorganisms such as , , and also presented significant levels of resistance to other antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin. However, most microorganisms did not show resistance to the combination amoxicillin metronidazole. Although the management of adjunctive antimicrobials in the therapy of PI is controversial, in this review, the resistance of relevant microorganisms to antibiotics used to treat PI, and usually prescribed in dentistry, was observed. Clinicians should consider the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in the treatment of PI patients and its public health consequences.
Topics: Humans; Peri-Implantitis; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Amoxicillin; Metronidazole; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36497685
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315609 -
Evidence Report/technology Assessment Nov 2010Acute Otitis Media (AOM), a viral or bacterial infection of the ear, is the most common childhood infection for which antibiotics are prescribed in the United States. In... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Acute Otitis Media (AOM), a viral or bacterial infection of the ear, is the most common childhood infection for which antibiotics are prescribed in the United States. In 2001, the Southern California Evidence-based Practice Center conducted a systematic review of the evidence comparing treatments of AOM.
OBJECTIVES
This review updates the 2001 review findings on diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated AOM, assesses the evidence for treatment of recurrent AOM, and assesses the impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7) vaccine on the microbiology of AOM.
DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION
Searches of PubMed® and the Cochrane databases were conducted from January 1998 to July 2010 using the same search strategies used for the 2001 report, with the addition of terms not considered in the 2001 review. The Web of Science was also searched for citations of the 2001 report and its peer-reviewed publications.
DATA EXTRACTION
After review by two investigators against pre-determined inclusion/exclusion criteria, we included existing systematic reviews and randomized controlled clinical trials for assessment of treatment efficacy and safety. Pooled analysis was performed for comparisons with three or more trials.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Few studies were found that examined the accuracy and precision of the diagnosis of AOM. Since PCV7's introduction, AOM microbiology has shifted significantly, with Streptococcus pneumoniae becoming less prevalent and Haemophilus influenzae (HF) increasing in importance. For uncomplicated AOM, pooled analysis indicates that nine children (95% CI: 6, 20) would need to be treated with ampicillin or amoxicillin rather than placebo to note a difference in the rate of clinical success. However, in four studies of delayed treatment approaches for uncomplicated AOM, two had higher rates of clinical success with immediate antibiotic therapy while two did not, and in three studies, a marked decrease in antibiotic utilization was noted. We are unable to draw definitive conclusions regarding the comparative effectiveness of different antibiotics for AOM in children with recurrent otitis media (ROM). For ROM, long-term antibiotic administration will decrease AOM episodes from 3 to 1.5 for every 12 months of treatment per otitis prone child during active treatment (95% CI: 1.2, 2.1); however, potential consequences of long-term treatment need to be considered. Data were insufficient to draw conclusions about comparative effectiveness of different treatment strategies in subgroups of children with uncomplicated AOM. Adverse events were generally more frequent for amoxicillin-clavulanate than for cefdinir, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin. Higher quality studies and improved reporting of study characteristics related to quality are needed to provide definitive conclusions for AOM and ROM treatment options.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; Humans; Otitis Media; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 23126594
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Global Health 2022Type B (Hib) meningitis caused significant public health concern for children. Recent assessment in 2015 suggests vaccination has virtually eliminated invasive Hib... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Type B (Hib) meningitis caused significant public health concern for children. Recent assessment in 2015 suggests vaccination has virtually eliminated invasive Hib diseases. However, many countries launched their programs after 2010, and few are yet to establish routine Hib immunisations. We therefore aimed to update the most recent global burden of Hib meningitis before the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, from 2010 to 2020, in order to aid future public health policies on disease management and prevention.
METHODS
Epidemiological data regarding Hib meningitis in children <5 years old were systematically searched and evaluated from PubMed and Scopus in August, 2020. We included studies published between 2010 and 2019 that reported incidence, prevalence, mortality, or case-fatality-ratio (CFR), and confirmation of meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture, with a minimum one year study period and ten cases. Each data was stratified by one study-year. Median study-year was used if information was not available. Quality of all studies were assessed using our adapted assessment criteria from Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and Study Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We constructed and visually inspected a funnel plot of standard error by the incidence rate and performed an Egger's regression test to statistically assess publication bias. To ascertain incidence and CFR, we performed generalised linear mixed models on crude individual study estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using I-squared statistics whilst further exploring heterogeneity by performing subgroup analysis.
RESULTS
33 studies were identified. Pooled incidence of global Hib meningitis in children was 1.13 per 100 000-child-years (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80-1.59). Southeast Asian Region (SEAR) of World Health Organisation (WHO) region reported the highest incidence, and European Region (EUR) the lowest. Considering regions with three or more data, Western Pacific Region (WPR) had the highest incidence rate of 5.22 (95% CI = 3.12-8.72). Post-vaccination incidence (0.67 cases per 100 000-child-years, 95% CI = 0.48-0.94) was dramatically lower than Pre-vaccination incidence (4.84 cases per 100 000-child-years, 95% CI = 2.95-7.96). Pooled CFR in our meta-analysis was 11.21% (95% CI = 7.01-17.45). Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) had the highest CFR (26.92, 95% CI = 13.41-46.71) while EUR had the lowest (4.13, 95% CI = 1.73-9.54). However, considering regions with three or more data, African Region (AFR) had the highest CFR at 21.79% (95% CI = 13.65-32.92). Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact, the estimation for global Hib meningitis cases in 2020 is 7645 and 857 deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
Global burden of Hib meningitis has markedly decreased, and most regions have implemented vaccination programs. Extrapolating population-at-risk from studies has possibly led to an underestimation. Continuous surveillance is necessary to monitor vaccination impact, resurgence, vaccine failures, strain variance, COVID-19 impact, and to track improvement of regional and global Hib meningitis mortality.
Topics: COVID-19; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Meningitis; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Observational Studies as Topic; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35265327
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04014 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jan 2012This systematic review evaluated the incidence, etiology, and use of resources in bacterial, non-tuberculosis community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immune-competent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This systematic review evaluated the incidence, etiology, and use of resources in bacterial, non-tuberculosis community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immune-competent children aged <5 years.
METHODS
Systematic searches (1980-2008) were performed using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, generic, and academic Internet searches. Regional health ministries, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), regional proceedings, doctoral theses, and the reference lists of included studies were also searched, and experts were consulted. Arcsine transformations and the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model were used for proportion meta-analyses.
RESULTS
The search yielded 1220 references; 60 were included in the meta-analysis, giving a total 23 854 CAP episodes with an incidence of 919/100 000 child-years in children aged <5 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated agent (11.08%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.63-15.08), and pneumococcal serotype 14 was most prevalent (33.00%; 95% CI 25.95-40.45). Other common agents were Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Health economics data on CAP in the region were scarce. About one-fourth of CAP patients required hospitalization (median length of stay 11 days, range 5-13.5 days).
CONCLUSIONS
The burden of CAP was substantial, with S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. pneumoniae being the most common pathogens identified. High quality primary studies on disease incidence, use of health resources, and standardized data collection on disease burden and circulating strains are essential to provide baseline data for the future evaluation of vaccine impact.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Child; Community-Acquired Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Latin America; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Risk Assessment; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 22056731
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.09.013 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2017Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Chancroid is a genital ulcerative disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. This microorganism is endemic in Africa, where it can cause up to 10% of genital ulcers. Macrolides may be an effective alternative to treat chancroid and, based on their oral administration and duration of therapy, could be considered as first line therapy.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness and safety of macrolides for treatment of H ducreyi infection in sexually active adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane STI Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov and Web of Science to 30 October 2017. We also handsearched conference proceedings and reference lists of retrieved studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing macrolides in different regimens or with other therapeutic alternatives for chancroid.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We resolved disagreements through consensus. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
Seven RCTs (875 participants) met our inclusion criteria, of which four were funded by industry. Five studies (664 participants) compared macrolides with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin or thiamphenicol. Low quality evidence suggested there was no difference between the groups after treatment in terms of clinical cure (risk ratio (RR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.21; 2 studies, 340 participants with syndromic approach and RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.15; 5 studies, 348 participants with aetiological diagnosis) or improvement (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.52; 2 studies, 340 participants with syndromic approach and RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.51; 3 studies, 187 participants with aetiological diagnosis). Based on low and very low quality evidence, there was no difference between macrolides and any other antibiotic treatments for microbiological cure (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.16; 1 study, 45 participants) and minor adverse effects (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.24 to 7.51; 3 studies, 412 participants).Two trials (269 participants) compared erythromycin with any other macrolide type. Low quality evidence suggested that, compared with azithromycin or rosaramicin, long courses of erythromycin did not increase clinical cure (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.10; 2 studies, 269 participants with syndromic approach and RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.16; 2 studies, 211 participants with aetiological diagnosis), with a similar frequency of minor adverse effects between the groups (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.06; 1 trial, 101 participants). For this comparison, subgroup analysis found no difference between HIV-positive participants (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.43; 1 study, 38 participants) and HIV-negative participants (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.14; 1 study, 89 participants). We downgraded the quality of evidence to low, because of imprecision, some limitations on risk of bias and heterogeneity.None of the trials reported serious adverse events, cost effectiveness and participant satisfaction.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
At present, the quality of the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of macrolides for treatment of H ducreyi infection in sexually active adults is low, implying that we are uncertain about the estimated treatment effect. There is no statistically significant difference between the available therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of sexually active adults with genital ulcers compatible with chancroid. Low quality evidence suggests that azithromycin could be considered as the first therapeutic alternative, based on their mono-dose oral administration, with a similar safety and effectiveness profile, when it is compared with long-term erythromycin use.Due to sparse available evidence about the safety and effectiveness of macrolides to treat H ducreyi infection in people with HIV, these results should be taken with caution.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chancroid; Erythromycin; Haemophilus ducreyi; Humans; Leucomycins; Macrolides; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29226307
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012492.pub2 -
Medicine Apr 2020Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Periodontal bacteria is the major pathogens in the oral cavity and the main cause of adult chronic periodontitis, but their association with incidence and prognosis in cancer is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal bacteria infection on incidence and prognosis of cancer.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to obtain 39 studies comprising 7184 participants. The incidence of cancer was evaluated as odd ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using Review Manager 5.2 software. Overall survival, cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival, which were measured as hazard ratios (HR) with a 95% CI using Review Manager 5.2 software.
RESULTS
Our results indicated that periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer (OR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03-1.52) and was associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.40-2.20), disease-free survival (HR = 2.18; 95%CI: 1.24-3.84) and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.44-2.39). Subgroup analysis indicted that the risk of cancer was associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection (OR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.34-3.47) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) infection (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.01-1.63) but not Tannerella forsythia (Tf) (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 0.8-1.41), Treponema denticola (Td) (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 0.99-1.72), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) (OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.48-2.08) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) (OR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.32-1.16).
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis revealed periodontal bacteria infection increased the incidence of cancer and predicted poor prognosis of cancer.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Periodontitis; Disease-Free Survival; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Incidence; Mouth; Neoplasms; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 32282725
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019698 -
PloS One 2014Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Etiological data for Cambodia is scarce. We aimed to... (Review)
Review
Etiologies and resistance profiles of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in Cambodian and neighboring countries' health care settings: a systematic review (1995 to 2012).
OBJECTIVES
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Etiological data for Cambodia is scarce. We aimed to describe the main etiological agents causing CAP, and their resistance patterns in Cambodia and the greater Mekong region.
METHODS
A review of bacterial etiologies of CAP and antimicrobial resistance in Cambodia and neighboring countries was conducted via: (1) a systematic review of published literature in all NCBI databases using Pubmed, Google scholar, EMBASE, the World Health Organization and the Cambodian Ministry of Health libraries; (2) a review of unpublished data from Cambodia provided by national and international stakeholders working at different tiers of the healthcare system.
RESULTS
Twenty three articles and five data sources reported etiologies for 5919 CAP patients diagnosed between May 1995 and December 2012, including 1421 (24.0%), 3571 (60.3%) and 927 (15.7%) from Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most common pathogens ranking among the five most prevalent in 12 and 10 studies, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also frequently diagnosed, particularly in bacteremic CAP in Thai adults and Cambodian children. In Thailand and Vietnam, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were frequently identified in settings using indirect laboratory testing.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on this analysis, CAP data in Cambodia seems to present etiological and resistance profiles comparable to those of neighboring countries. Findings have been shared with the national authorities upon the revision of the national therapeutic guidelines and were disseminated using a specially created website.
Topics: Burkholderia pseudomallei; Cambodia; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Prevalence; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 24626053
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089637 -
American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy Sep 2017A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The sinuses can function as a bacterial reservoir where gram-negative bacteria adapt to the airways and repeatedly are aspirated to and colonize the lungs according to the theory of the united (unified) airways. Whereas the pattern of bacterial flora in the lower airways has been extensively studied, the upper airways have drawn limited attention.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to review the literature that reported bacterial flora in the sinuses and nasal cavities of patients with CF or PCD.
METHODS
A number of medical literature data bases were systematically searched between January 1960 and July 2016. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of one case of PCD (or Kartagener syndrome) or CF, and microbiology analyses from the nose or paranasal sinuses.
RESULTS
We included 46 studies (1823 patients) from 16 countries. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 30% of the noses and sinuses of patients with CF. Other common bacteria found included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. In PCD, H. influenzae was the most common bacteria (28%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. If studies that included nonsurgical swab and blowing samples were excluded, then P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in patients with CF (34%) and in patients with PCD (50%), followed by S. aureus and H. influenza.
CONCLUSION
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and H. influenzae dominated in the upper airways of patients with CF. In patients with PCD, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa dominated. When studies that included swab and blowing samples were excluded, P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in both groups. Direct comparisons among the studies were restricted due to very heterogeneous methods, and a better standardization of procedures and outcomes is needed.
Topics: Bacteria; Cystic Fibrosis; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Kartagener Syndrome; Paranasal Sinuses; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 28859703
DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4461