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Journal of Clinical Psychology May 2022Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study applied systematic review methods to summarize the existing literature examining racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
METHODS
We systematically searched four electronic databases (PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
RESULTS
Of the initial 1253 articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Findings for emotion regulation strategies generally provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences (71% of reviewed studies), with ethnoracial minorities largely exhibiting greater use of emotion regulation strategies. Whereas the results for emotion regulation potential were slightly more mixed (63% of reviewed studies found racial/ethnic differences), ethnoracial minorities were also largely found to report lower emotion regulation potential.
CONCLUSION
This review advances the literature by providing additional support for racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
Topics: Emotional Regulation; Humans; Minority Groups; Racial Groups
PubMed: 34841522
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23284 -
Psychological Services 2022Resilience research has documented the ability to cope with traumatic and stressful situations and/or retain functioning given certain risk factors in the context of...
Resilience research has documented the ability to cope with traumatic and stressful situations and/or retain functioning given certain risk factors in the context of psychosis. In this study, we conducted the first systematic review of the literature on psychosis-like experiences (PLEs) and resilience. Fifteen articles (from 11 unique study samples) from 10 countries were included in this systematic review, with a total of 11,937 unique study participants. Inclusion criteria were broad, capturing a wide range of individuals with PLEs who have not yet experienced threshold psychosis, such as individuals in the general population with elevated self-reports of PLEs, as well as clinical groups diagnosed by clinician interviews (i.e., clinical- or ultra-high-risk for psychosis [CHR or UHR]). For this review, studies needed to include research aims and empirical research related to resilience, and use an established or author-defined measure of psychological and/or social resilience. Data reporting quality was assessed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, social capital (PROGRESS) guidelines. Study aims and measurement of key variables varied widely, and all studies were cross-sectional. In 73% of the studies, resilience was inversely associated with PLEs or psychosis risk status (e.g., CHR or UHR). Results related to specific resilience subscales were mixed. Author-defined resilience was typically related to internal/psychological resources. Future research, particularly longitudinal research involving multidimensional measurement of resilience (e.g., internal and external factors), along with well-defined theoretical models, are necessary before drawing firm conclusions on resilience and PLEs. We propose a dynamic, multifaceted, developmentally appropriate, and culturally sensitive model of resilience for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Ethnicity; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Risk Factors; Self Report
PubMed: 35286123
DOI: 10.1037/ser0000585 -
The International Journal of Social... Nov 2022Insight into illness is often used in clinical and legal contexts, for example, as evidence of decision-making capacity. However, it is unclear whether this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Insight into illness is often used in clinical and legal contexts, for example, as evidence of decision-making capacity. However, it is unclear whether this disadvantages certain groups protected under equality legislation. To our knowledge, this question has yet to be addressed systematically. Therefore, the present study reviews empirical studies that look at the relationship between insight and sociodemographic variables.
METHODS
A systematic search of six bibliographic databases (CENTRAL, CINAHL, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO) was conducted, which yielded 6,192 results. Study characteristics and outcomes (associations between insight and socio-demographic variables) were then extracted from 207 eligible studies. This included protected characteristics under the Equality Act (2010): age, sex, ethnicity, marital status and religion. Weighted confidence estimates were calculated and relevant moderators included in a random effects meta-analysis. A study protocol was registered prospectively on PROSPERO, ID: CRD42019120117.
RESULTS
Insight was not strongly associated with any sociodemographic variable. Better insight was weakly but significantly associated with white ethnicity, being employed, younger age and more years of education. The age associations were mostly explained by relevant moderating variables. For people with schizophrenia, the associations between sociodemographic variables and insight were comparable to associations with decision making capacity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that insight is not strongly associated with any sociodemographic variables. Further research is needed to clarify potential associations, particularly with non-white ethnicity and proxies for social support.
Topics: Ethnicity; Humans; Religion; Schizophrenia; Social Support
PubMed: 34348507
DOI: 10.1177/00207640211036174 -
Fertility and Sterility Mar 2023Uterine fibroids and endometriosis are 2 of the leading causes of morbidity among reproductive-aged women. There are significant racial disparities in disease...
IMPORTANCE
Uterine fibroids and endometriosis are 2 of the leading causes of morbidity among reproductive-aged women. There are significant racial disparities in disease prevalence, incidence, age of onset, and treatment profile in fibroids. The data on endometriosis are less clear.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review of racial disparities in prevalence of uterine fibroids and endometriosis in the United States and summarize the literature on these 2 highly prevalent benign gynecologic conditions using a framework that explicitly incorporates and acknowledges the social, structural, and political contexts as a root cause of racial disparities between Black and White women.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
A systematic review regarding racial disparities in prevalence of fibroids and endometriosis was conducted separately. Two separate searches were conducted in PubMed to identify relevant original research manuscripts and prior systematic reviews regarding racial disparities in uterine fibroids and endometriosis using standardized search terms. In addition, we conducted a structured literature search to provide social, structural, and political context of the disparities.
FINDINGS
A systematic review of the literature indicated that the prevalence of uterine fibroids was consistently higher in Black than in White women with the magnitude of the difference varying depending on population and case definition. Prevalence of endometriosis varied considerably depending on the base population and case definition, but was the same or lower among Black vs. White women. As a result of the social, structural, and political context in the United States, Black women disproportionately experience a range of exposures across the life course that may contribute to their increased uterine fibroid incidence, prevalence, and severity of uterine fibroids. However, data suggest no racial difference in the incidence of endometriosis. Nevertheless, Black women with fibroids or endometriosis experience worse clinical and surgical outcomes than their White counterparts.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
Racial disparities in uterine fibroids and endometriosis can be linked with differential exposures to suspected etiologic agents, lack of adequate access to health care, including highly skilled gynecologic surgeons, and bias and discrimination within the health care system. Eliminating these racial disparities will require solutions that address root causes of health disparities through policy, education and programs to ensure that all patients receive culturally- and structurally-competent care.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Endometriosis; Leiomyoma; Prevalence; Racial Groups; United States; Black or African American; White; Health Status Disparities
PubMed: 36682686
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022 -
The Gerontologist Jul 2021Studies comparing racial/ethnic differences on measures of psychological and physical well-being for dementia caregivers have reported differences between minority and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Studies comparing racial/ethnic differences on measures of psychological and physical well-being for dementia caregivers have reported differences between minority and white caregivers. Recruitment methods often differ for minority and white participants due to enrollment targets and may lead to biased comparisons, especially in convenience samples. We aimed to examine racial/ethnic differences in dementia caregiver outcomes and to determine whether differences vary between studies with population-based or convenience samples.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We systematically reviewed articles with primary data from PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO. We included studies comparing African American or Hispanic/Latino to white dementia caregivers on measures of psychological well-being or physical well-being. Reviewers screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts and conducted risk-of-bias assessments. Meta-analyses were conducted to assess effects by race/ethnicity and study bias.
RESULTS
A total of 159 effects were extracted from 38 studies, 2 of which were population based. Random-effects models revealed small but statistically significant effects with better psychological well-being in African American caregivers compared with white caregivers in both population-based (d = -0.22) and convenience sample studies (d = -0.21). Hispanics/Latino caregivers reported lower levels of physical well-being than white caregivers (d = 0.12), though these effects varied by level of rated study bias.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Consistency across study methods raises confidence in the validity of previous reports of better psychological well-being in African American caregivers. Future studies should use population-based samples with subgroups of Hispanic/Latino, Asian American, and American Indian caregivers that are culturally distinct on factors such as country of origin and tribe.
Topics: Black or African American; Caregivers; Dementia; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; White People
PubMed: 32271380
DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa028 -
Diabetologia Jan 2023South Asians have a two- to fivefold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those of white European descent. Greater central adiposity and storage of fat in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
South Asians have a two- to fivefold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those of white European descent. Greater central adiposity and storage of fat in deeper or ectopic depots are potential contributing mechanisms. We collated existing and new data on the amount of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and liver fat in adults of South Asian and white European descent to provide a robust assessment of potential ethnic differences in these factors.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the Embase and PubMed databases from inception to August 2021. Unpublished imaging data were also included. The weighted standardised mean difference (SMD) for each adiposity measure was estimated using random-effects models. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool for risk of bias and overall certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. The study was pre-registered with the OSF Registries ( https://osf.io/w5bf9 ).
RESULTS
We summarised imaging data on SAT, VAT and liver fat from eight published and three previously unpublished datasets, including a total of 1156 South Asian and 2891 white European men, and 697 South Asian and 2271 white European women. Despite South Asian men having a mean BMI approximately 0.5-0.7 kg/m lower than white European men (depending on the comparison), nine studies showed 0.34 SMD (95% CI 0.12, 0.55; I=83%) more SAT and seven studies showed 0.56 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.98; I=93%) more liver fat, but nine studies had similar VAT (-0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.24, 0.19; I=85%) compared with their white European counterparts. South Asian women had an approximately 0.9 kg/m lower BMI but 0.31 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.48; I=53%) more liver fat than their white European counterparts in five studies. Subcutaneous fat levels (0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.17, 0.23; I=72%) and VAT levels (0.04 SMD; 95% CI -0.16, 0.24; I=71%) did not differ significantly between ethnic groups in eight studies of women.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
South Asian men and women appear to store more ectopic fat in the liver compared with their white European counterparts with similar BMI levels. Given the emerging understanding of the importance of liver fat in diabetes pathogenesis, these findings help explain the greater diabetes risks in South Asians.
FUNDING
There was no primary direct funding for undertaking the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Liver; Subcutaneous Fat; White People; South Asian People
PubMed: 36224274
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05803-5 -
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health... Dec 2022The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether differences in reported fall rates exist between different ethnic groups. Searches were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether differences in reported fall rates exist between different ethnic groups. Searches were carried out on four databases: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Web of Science. Only English language studies with community-dwelling participants aged 60 + years were included. Studies also needed to compare fall prevalence for at least two or more ethnic groups. Two reviewers independently screened all articles and evaluated study quality. Twenty-three articles were included for systematic review, and meta-analyses were carried out on the 16 retrospective studies that reported falls in the previous 12 months. The Asian group demonstrated significantly lower fall prevalence than all other ethnic groups at 13.89% (10.87, 16.91). The Hispanic group had a fall prevalence of 18.54% (12.95, 24.13), closely followed by the Black group at 18.60% (13.27, 23.93). The White group had the highest prevalence at 23.77% (18.66, 28.88). Some studies provided adjusted estimates of effect statistics for the odds/risk of falls, which showed that differences still existed between some ethnic groups even after adjusting for other risk factors. Overall, differences in fall prevalence do appear to exist between different ethnic groups, although the reasons for these differences currently remain undetermined and require further investigation. These findings highlight the need to provide more ethnically tailored responses to public health challenges, which could potentially increase the adherence to prevention interventions, and allow for a more targeted use of resources.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Accidental Falls; Retrospective Studies; Racial Groups; Independent Living; Ethnicity
PubMed: 34786654
DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01179-1 -
Kidney360 Aug 2023In 16 studies conducted abroad, IgA nephropathy incidence varied from 0.06 in South Africa to 4.2 per 100,000 in Japan. Globally, the incidence of IgA nephropathy seemed...
KEY POINTS
In 16 studies conducted abroad, IgA nephropathy incidence varied from 0.06 in South Africa to 4.2 per 100,000 in Japan. Globally, the incidence of IgA nephropathy seemed higher in Asians than in non-Asians and higher in male patients than in female patients. Five studies conducted in the United States found no consistent difference in incidence between Black patients and White patients.
BACKGROUND
The reported incidence of IgA nephropathy varies widely across studies and may vary on the basis of race/ethnicity. This study systematically reviewed the incidence of IgA nephropathy in the United States and other countries and explored variability on the basis of the racial/ethnic composition and other demographic characteristics of different populations.
METHODS
This was a systematic review. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they contained data collected from January 1, 1974, to December 31, 2021, and reported IgA nephropathy incidence at a population level (, cases of IgA nephropathy per 100,000 population).
RESULTS
Five US and 16 international studies were included; three of the US studies reported the race-specific incidence of IgA nephropathy. In the United States, the reported incidence of IgA nephropathy ranged from 0.39 per 100,000 in Tennessee to 1.4 per 100,000 in Minnesota; internationally, IgA nephropathy ranged from 0.06 per 100,000 in South Africa to 4.2 per 100,000 in Japan. Findings regarding the incidence of IgA nephropathy in the United States by race were inconsistent: One study found a higher incidence among White patients compared with Black patients, one study found a lower incidence in White patients, and one study found no difference. Globally, the incidence of IgA nephropathy seemed to be higher in Asian than in non-Asian populations and higher in male patients than in female patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Reported incidence of IgA nephropathy varies widely; there is no consensus regarding the relationship between race and IgA nephropathy. Incidence rates seemed to be higher in Asians than non-Asians and in male patients than female patients. We recommend that future studies should report IgA nephropathy incidence rates by race/ethnicity and account for the demographic characteristics of the background population.
Topics: Humans; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Incidence; Racial Groups
PubMed: 37227924
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000165 -
BMC Psychiatry May 2010Although psychoses and ethnicity are well researched, the importance of culture, race and ethnicity has been overlooked in Personality Disorders (PD) research. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Although psychoses and ethnicity are well researched, the importance of culture, race and ethnicity has been overlooked in Personality Disorders (PD) research. This study aimed to review the published literature on ethnic variations of prevalence, aetiology and treatment of PD.
METHOD
A systematic review of studies of PD and race, culture and ethnicity including a narrative synthesis of observational data and meta-analyses of prevalence data with tests for heterogeneity.
RESULTS
There were few studies with original data on personality disorder and ethnicity. Studies varied in their classification of ethnic group, and few studies defined a specific type of personality disorder. Overall, meta-analyses revealed significant differences in prevalence between black and white groups (OR 0.476, CIs 0.248 - 0.915, p = 0.026) but no differences between Asian or Hispanic groups compared with white groups. Meta-regression analyses found that heterogeneity was explained by some study characteristics: a lower prevalence of PD was reported among black compared with white patients in UK studies, studies using case-note diagnoses rather than structured diagnostic interviews, studies of borderline PD compared with the other PD, studies in secure and inpatient compared with community settings, and among subjects with co-morbid disorders compared to the rest. The evidence base on aetiology and treatment was small.
CONCLUSION
There is some evidence of ethnic variations in prevalence of personality disorder but methodological characteristics are likely to account for some of the variation. The findings may indicate neglect of PD diagnosis among ethnic groups, or a true lower prevalence amongst black patients. Further studies are required using more precise cultural and ethnic groups.
Topics: Black or African American; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Personality Disorders; Prevalence; Racial Groups; Socioeconomic Factors; White People
PubMed: 20459788
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-33 -
Revista de Saude Publica Apr 2018To analyze the association between race/skin color and the occurrence of prematurity. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the association between race/skin color and the occurrence of prematurity.
METHODS
Meta-analysis with observational studies, selected by a systematic review in the bibliographic databases Medline and Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde with the descriptors: "Race or ethnic group" and "ethnicity and health" associated with the words "infant premature" and "obstetric labor premature". Articles published in the period from 2010 to 2014, of the observational epidemiological type, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, were included. Articles that did not have abstracts or that were review articles, theses, dissertations, and editorials were excluded. We adopted the relative risk and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI) as measures of effect, obtained through the random effect model and represented by the forest plot type graph. The Egger test and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, respectively, were used to analyze possible publication biases and the quality of the studies.
RESULTS
Of the 926 articles identified, 17 were eligible for the study. Of the 17 full texts published, seven were retrospective cohort studies, nine were cross-sectional studies, and one was a case-control study. Except for one study, the others reported a positive association between race/color of skin and prematurity. Compared with full-term newborns, the relative risk of the combined effect in those born preterm was 1.51 (95%CI 1.39-1.69). The funnel chart suggested publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS
The present meta-analysis indicated a positive association for the risk of prematurity according to race/skin color.
Topics: Black People; Brazil; Female; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Skin Pigmentation; White People
PubMed: 29641651
DOI: 10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000406