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PloS One 2015Numerous facial photogrammetric studies have been published around the world. We aimed to critically review these studies so as to establish population norms for various... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Numerous facial photogrammetric studies have been published around the world. We aimed to critically review these studies so as to establish population norms for various angular and linear facial measurements; and to determine inter-ethnic/racial facial variations.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
A comprehensive and systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was conducted to identify facial photogrammetric studies published before December, 2014. Subjects of eligible studies were either Africans, Asians or Caucasians. A Bayesian hierarchical random effects model was developed to estimate posterior means and 95% credible intervals (CrI) for each measurement by ethnicity/race. Linear contrasts were constructed to explore inter-ethnic/racial facial variations. We identified 38 eligible studies reporting 11 angular and 18 linear facial measurements. Risk of bias of the studies ranged from 0.06 to 0.66. At the significance level of 0.05, African males were found to have smaller nasofrontal angle (posterior mean difference: 8.1°, 95% CrI: 2.2°-13.5°) compared to Caucasian males and larger nasofacial angle (7.4°, 0.1°-13.2°) compared to Asian males. Nasolabial angle was more obtuse in Caucasian females than in African (17.4°, 0.2°-35.3°) and Asian (9.1°, 0.4°-17.3°) females. Additional inter-ethnic/racial variations were revealed when the level of statistical significance was set at 0.10.
CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive database for angular and linear facial measurements was established from existing studies using the statistical model and inter-ethnic/racial variations of facial features were observed. The results have implications for clinical practice and highlight the need and value for high quality photogrammetric studies.
Topics: Asian People; Black People; Databases, Factual; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Photogrammetry; White People
PubMed: 26247212
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134525 -
BMC Public Health Aug 2022Indigenous youth in Canada face profound health inequities which are shaped by the rippling effects of intergenerational trauma, caused by the historical and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Indigenous youth in Canada face profound health inequities which are shaped by the rippling effects of intergenerational trauma, caused by the historical and contemporary colonial policies that reinforce negative stereotypes regarding them. Moreover, wellness promotion strategies for these youth are replete with individualistic Western concepts that excludes avenues for them to access holistic practices grounded in their culture. Our scoping review explored strategies, approaches, and ways health and wellness can be enhanced by, for, and with Indigenous youth in Canada by identifying barriers/roadblocks and facilitators/strengths to enhancing wellness among Indigenous youth in Canada.
METHODS
We applied a systematic approach to searching and critically reviewing peer-reviewed literature using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews [PRISMA-ScR] as a reporting guideline. Our search strategy focused on specific keywords and MeSH terms for three major areas: Indigenous youth, health, and Canada. We used these keywords, to systematically search the following electronic databases published in English between January 01, 2017, to May 22, 2021: Medline [Ovid], PubMed, ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus, and iportal. We also used hand-searching and snowballing methods to identify relevant articles. Data collected were analysed for contents and themes.
RESULTS
From an initial 1695 articles collated, 20 articles met inclusion criteria for this review. Key facilitators/strengths to enhancing health and wellness by, for, and with Indigenous youth that emerged from our review included: promoting culturally appropriate interventions to engage Indigenous youth; using strength-based approaches; reliance on the wisdom of community Elders; taking responsibility; and providing access to wellness supports. Key barriers/roadblocks included: lack of community support for wellness promotion activities among Indigenous youth; structural/organizational issues within Indigenous communities; discrimination and social exclusion; cultural illiteracy among youth; cultural discordance with mainstream health systems and services; and addictions and risky behaviours.
CONCLUSION
This scoping review extracted 20 relevant articles about ways to engage Indigenous youth in health and wellness enhancement. Our findings demonstrate the importance of promoting health by, and with Indigenous youth, by engaging them in activities reflexive of their cultural norms, rather than imposing control measures that are incompatible with their value systems.
Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Canada; Health Promotion; Humans; Population Groups
PubMed: 36038858
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14047-2 -
Health Psychology : Official Journal of... Mar 2022In recent years, there has been growing interest in "moving beyond the individual" to measure area-level racism as a social determinant of health. Much of this work has...
BACKGROUND
In recent years, there has been growing interest in "moving beyond the individual" to measure area-level racism as a social determinant of health. Much of this work has aggregated racial prejudice data collected at the individual-level to the area-level.
OBJECTIVE
As this is a rapidly emerging area of research, we conducted a systematic literature review to describe evidence of the relationship between area-level racial prejudice and health, whether results differed by race/ethnicity, and to characterize key conceptual and methodological considerations to guide future research.
METHOD
We searched four interdisciplinary databases for US-based, peer-reviewed articles measuring area level racial prejudice by aggregating individual-level indicators of racial prejudice and examining associations with mental or physical health outcome(s). Data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines and also included theory and conceptualization, pathways to health, and strengths and limitations.
RESULTS
Fourteen of 14,632 identified articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Health outcomes spanned all-cause ( = 4) and cause-specific ( = 4) mortality, birth outcomes ( = 4), cardiovascular outcomes (n = 2), mental health ( = 1), and self-rated health ( = 1). All studies found a positive association between area-level racial prejudice and adverse health outcomes among racial/ethnic minoritized groups, with four studies also showing a similar association among Whites. Engagement with formal theory was limited and exposure conceptualization was mixed. Methodological considerations included unmeasured confounding and trade-offs between generalizability, self-censorship, and specificity of measurement.
CONCLUSIONS
Future research should continue to develop the conceptual and methodological rigor of this work and test hypotheses to inform evidence-based interventions to advance population health and reduce racial health inequities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Ethnicity; Humans; Mental Health; Prejudice; Racial Groups; Racism
PubMed: 35254858
DOI: 10.1037/hea0001141 -
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health... Dec 2022Previous systematic reviews have found that telehealth is an effective strategy for implementing interventions to improve glycemic control and other clinical outcomes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Previous systematic reviews have found that telehealth is an effective strategy for implementing interventions to improve glycemic control and other clinical outcomes for diabetes patients. However, these reviews have not meaningfully focused on Black and Hispanic patients-partly because of the lack of adequate representation of people from racial and ethnic minority groups in clinical trials. It is unclear whether telehealth interventions are effective at improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic patients given the disproportionate number of barriers they face accessing health care.
OBJECTIVES
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials that used telehealth interventions for improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic diabetes patients.
METHODS
We reviewed PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and clinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 2021. We used a narrative summary approach to describe key study characteristics and graded the quality of studies using two reviewers. The pooled net change in HbA1c values was estimated across studies using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
We identified 10 studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Only one study was rated as having low bias. Telehealth interventions were primarily delivered by telephone calls, text messages, web-based portals, and virtual visits. Most interventions involved delivering diabetes self-management education. Telehealth intervention pooled across studies with a mix of Black and Hispanic participants (> 50% sample) was associated with a - 0.465 ([CI: - 0.648 to - 0.282], p = 0.000) reduction in HbA1c.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest telehealth interventions are effective at improving glycemic control among Black and Hispanic diabetes patients.
Topics: Humans; Glycated Hemoglobin; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Telemedicine; Hispanic or Latino; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 35000144
DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01174-6 -
The British Journal of Psychiatry : the... Dec 2021An 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
An 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators.
AIMS
To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators.
METHOD
Four databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators.
RESULTS
Thirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.
Topics: Black People; Ethnicity; Humans; Minority Groups; Psychotic Disorders; Residence Characteristics
PubMed: 35048877
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.96 -
The International Journal of Eating... Apr 2022Eating disorders (EDs) were once conceptualized as primarily affecting affluent, White women, a misconception that informed research and practice for many years.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Eating disorders (EDs) were once conceptualized as primarily affecting affluent, White women, a misconception that informed research and practice for many years. Abundant evidence now discredits this stereotype, but it is unclear if prevailing "evidence-based" treatments have been evaluated in samples representative of the diversity of individuals affected by EDs. Our goal was to evaluate the reporting, inclusion, and analysis of sociodemographic variables in ED psychotherapeutic treatment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the US through 2020.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of ED psychotherapeutic treatment RCTs in the US and examined the reporting and inclusion of gender identity, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status (SES) of enrolled participants, as well as recruitment methods, power analyses, and discussion of limitations and generalizability.
RESULTS
Our search yielded 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria dating back to 1985. Reporting was at times incomplete, absent, or centered on the racial/gender majority group. No studies reported gender diverse participants, and men and people of color were underrepresented generally, with differences noted across diagnoses. A minority of papers considered sociodemographic variables in analyses or acknowledged limitations related to sample characteristics. Some progress was made across the decades, with studies increasingly providing full racial and ethnic data, and more men included over time. Although racial and ethnic diversity improved somewhat, progress appeared to stall in the last decade.
DISCUSSION
We summarize findings, consider context and challenges for RCT researchers, and offer suggestions for researchers, journal editors, and reviewers on improving representation, reporting, and analytic practices.
PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE
Randomized controlled trials of eating disorder psychotherapeutic treatment in the US are increasingly reporting full race/ethnicity data, but information on SES is inconsistent and sexual orientation absent. White women still comprise the overwhelming majority of participants, with few men and people of color, and no gender-diverse individuals. Findings underscore the need to improve reporting and increase representation to ensure evidence-based treatments are effective across and within diverse groups.
Topics: Ethnicity; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Psychotherapy; Racial Groups; United States
PubMed: 35288967
DOI: 10.1002/eat.23699 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2023This systematic review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the relations between race-related stress and trauma (RST) and emotion dysregulation,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the relations between race-related stress and trauma (RST) and emotion dysregulation, synthesize empirical research examining these associations in youth of color, and discuss clinical implications.
METHOD
We searched PubMed, ProQuest PsycInfo, and Web of Science for relevant articles on June 24, 2021. Eligible studies were empirical studies in peer-reviewed journals or from gray literature. They included a sample of participants (5-24 years of age) from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and at least 1 measure of RST and emotion dysregulation. We evaluated target studies using the Quality Assessment for Diverse Studies and extracted information on associations between RST and emotion dysregulation, as well as mediators and moderators.
RESULTS
Ultimately, 29 studies (78,173 participants) met inclusion criteria. A total of 28 studies were correlational, 16 were cross-sectional, and 12 were longitudinal. Greater RST was linked to greater emotion dysregulation in 78% of observed associations. Remaining associations were not significant. Relationships were mediated by types of coping, biological factors, and identity factors. RST was also related to several wellbeing outcomes through its relations with emotion dysregulation.
CONCLUSION
Results consistently demonstrated that greater exposure to RST is related to greater emotion dysregulation and decreased wellbeing in youth of color. These findings suggest that clinicians should incorporate the role of RST in case conceptualizations and treatment plans for this population. Future research should use multidimensional measures of RST and include experimental studies to examine the causal relationship between RST and emotion dysregulation.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Adaptation, Psychological; Emotions
PubMed: 35500785
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.04.013 -
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 2015To determine the cephalometric parameters and esthetic preferences of a pleasant face for the Japanese population. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To determine the cephalometric parameters and esthetic preferences of a pleasant face for the Japanese population.
METHODS
For the present study, the following databases were accessed: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. Initial inclusion criteria comprised studies written in English and quoting cephalometric norms and/or facial attractiveness in Japanese adults. No time period of publication was determined. The quality features evaluated were sample description, variables analyzed and how cephalometric standards or facial profile were evaluated.
RESULTS
Initially, 60 articles were retrieved. From the selected studies, 13 abstracts met the initial inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups; seven articles were included in Group I and six articles in Group II, according to the criteria of evaluation: cephalometric or facial analyses.
CONCLUSION
Japanese are characterized by having a less convex skeletal profile, bilabial protrusion, less prominent nose, more retruded chin and protruded mandibular incisor. Despite living in a society with homogeneous patterns, they seem to get an esthetic preference for white-like features. Therefore, in addition to ethnic normative values, patient's preferences to establish individual treatment plans should always be considered.
Topics: Asian People; Cephalometry; Esthetics; Face; Humans; White People
PubMed: 26691969
DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.20.6.043-051.oar -
American Journal of Health Behavior Jan 2015To summarize the effectiveness of interventions targeting psychosocial factors to increase physical activity (PA) among ethnic minority adults and explore theory use in... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To summarize the effectiveness of interventions targeting psychosocial factors to increase physical activity (PA) among ethnic minority adults and explore theory use in PA interventions.
METHODS
Studies (N = 11) were identified through a systematic review and targeted African American/Hispanic adults, specific psychosocial factors, and PA. Data were extracted using a standard code sheet and the Theory Coding Scheme.
RESULTS
Social support was the most common psychosocial factor reported, followed by motivational readiness, and self-efficacy, as being associated with increased PA. Only 7 studies explicitly reported using a theoretical framework.
CONCLUSIONS
Future efforts should explore theory use in PA interventions and how integration of theoretical constructs, including psychosocial factors, increases PA.
Topics: Black or African American; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Motivation; Motor Activity; Psychological Theory; Self Efficacy; Social Support
PubMed: 25290599
DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.39.1.8 -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Nov 2022The COVID-19 pandemic has had a complex impact on risks of suicide and non-fatal self-harm worldwide with some evidence of increased risk in specific populations...
OBJECTIVE
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a complex impact on risks of suicide and non-fatal self-harm worldwide with some evidence of increased risk in specific populations including women, young people, and people from ethnic minority backgrounds. This review aims to systematically address whether SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19 disease confer elevated risk directly.
METHOD
As part of a larger Living Systematic Review examining self-harm and suicide during the pandemic, automated daily searches using a broad list of keywords were performed on a comprehensive set of databases with data from relevant articles published between January 1, 2020 and July 18, 2021. Eligibility criteria for our present review included studies investigating suicide and/or self-harm in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 with or without manifestations of COVID-19 disease with a comparator group who did not have infection or disease. Suicidal and self-harm thoughts and behaviour (STBs) were outcomes of interest. Studies were excluded if they reported data for people who only had potential infection/disease without a confirmed exposure, clinical/molecular diagnosis or self-report of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Studies of news reports, treatment studies, and ecological studies examining rates of both SARS-CoV-2 infections and suicide/self-harm rates across a region were also excluded.
RESULTS
We identified 12 studies examining STBs in nine distinct samples of people with SARS-CoV-2. These studies, which investigated STBs in the general population and in subpopulations, including healthcare workers, generally found positive associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19 disease and subsequent suicidal/self-harm thoughts and suicidal/self-harm behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS
This review identified some evidence that infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or COVID-19 disease may be associated with increased risks for suicidal and self-harm thoughts and behaviours but a causal link cannot be inferred. Further research with longer follow-up periods is required to confirm these findings and to establish whether these associations are causal.
Topics: Adolescent; COVID-19; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Minority Groups; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Self-Injurious Behavior; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 35532916
DOI: 10.1177/07067437221094552