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Interactive Journal of Medical Research Jul 2023Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the common causes of chronic liver disease globally. Obesity, metabolic diseases, and exposure to some environmental... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the common causes of chronic liver disease globally. Obesity, metabolic diseases, and exposure to some environmental agents contribute to NAFLD. NAFLD is commonly considered a precursor for some types of cancers. Since the leading causes of death in people with NAFLD are cardiovascular disease and extrahepatic cancers, it is important to understand the mechanisms of the progression of NAFLD to control its progression and identify its association with extrahepatic cancers. Thus, this review aims to estimate the global prevalence of NAFLD in association with the risk of extrahepatic cancers.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to determine the prevalence of various cancers in NAFLD patients and the association between NAFLD and cancer.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to March 2022 to identify eligible studies reporting the prevalence of NAFLD and the risk of incident cancers among adult individuals (aged ≥18 years). Data from selected studies were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed using random effects models to obtain the pooled prevalence with the 95% CI. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
RESULTS
We identified 11 studies that met our inclusion criteria, involving 222,523 adults and 3 types of cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer, and other types of extrahepatic cancer. The overall pooled prevalence of NAFLD and cancer was 26% (95% CI 16%-35%), while 25% of people had NAFLD and HCC (95% CI 7%-42%). NAFLD and breast cancer had the highest prevalence out of the 3 forms of cancer at 30% (95% CI 14%-45%), while the pooled prevalence for NAFLD and other cancers was 21% (95% CI 12%-31%).
CONCLUSIONS
The review suggests that people with NAFLD may be at an increased risk of cancer that might not affect not only the liver but also other organs, such as the breast and bile duct. The findings serve as important evidence for policymakers to evaluate and recommend measures to reduce the prevalence of NAFLD through lifestyle and environmental preventive approaches.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42022321946; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=321946.
PubMed: 37467012
DOI: 10.2196/40653 -
PloS One 2015Multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent and represents a major challenge in primary care. Patients with multimorbidity are potentially more likely to experience safety... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent and represents a major challenge in primary care. Patients with multimorbidity are potentially more likely to experience safety incidents due to the complexity of their needs and frequency of their interactions with health services. However, rigorous syntheses of the link between patient safety incidents and multimorbidity are not available. This review examined the relationship between multimorbidity and patient safety incidents in primary care.
METHODS
We followed our published protocol (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014007434). Medline, Embase and CINAHL were searched up to May 2015. Study design and quality were assessed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for the associations between multimorbidity and two categories of patient safety outcomes: 'active patient safety incidents' (such as adverse drug events and medical complications) and 'precursors of safety incidents' (such as prescription errors, medication non-adherence, poor quality of care and diagnostic errors). Meta-analyses using random effects models were undertaken.
RESULTS
Eighty six relevant comparisons from 75 studies were included in the analysis. Meta-analysis demonstrated that physical-mental multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk for 'active patient safety incidents' (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.40 to 3.38) and 'precursors of safety incidents' (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.03). Physical multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk for active safety incidents (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.45 to 1.80) but was not associated with precursors of safety incidents (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.13). Statistical heterogeneity was high and the methodological quality of the studies was generally low.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between multimorbidity and patient safety is complex, and varies by type of multimorbidity and type of safety incident. Our analyses suggest that multimorbidity involving mental health may be a key driver of safety incidents, which has important implication for the design and targeting of interventions to improve safety. High quality studies examining the mechanisms of patient safety incidents in patients with multimorbidity are needed, with the goal of promoting effective service delivery and ameliorating threats to safety in this group of patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Errors; Middle Aged; Patient Safety; Primary Health Care
PubMed: 26317435
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135947 -
Cureus Sep 2022Many studies have shown that vitamin D is a crucial modulator of hypertension and cardiovascular illness, including heart failure. Heart failure (HF) is still the... (Review)
Review
Many studies have shown that vitamin D is a crucial modulator of hypertension and cardiovascular illness, including heart failure. Heart failure (HF) is still the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Patients with heart failure who have low vitamin D levels experience worse outcomes, which associate with known clinical correlations and biomarkers. Additionally, patients with low vitamin D levels are more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other precursor conditions to heart failure. There are some hints in recent experimental research on how vitamin D can have cardioprotective effects. Vitamin D supplementation might improve ventricular remodeling in heart failure patients, however, this is still unclear. It aims to evaluate the association between vitamin D and congestive heart failure (CHF). This systematic review used research from the previous ten years (January 2012-2022) retrieved from the following databases: PubMed/PMC (PubMed Central)/Medline and Cochrane Library. Using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, removing duplicates, screening of title and abstract, application of eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal, 13 articles were retained for systemic review. There were 10 randomized controlled trials and three observational studies. Vitamin D supplementation lowers serum inflammatory marker levels and improves the quality of life in CHF patients. Vitamin D treatment inhibits ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in a patient with CHF.
PubMed: 36225454
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28873 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2023Asparaginase has played a crucial role in the improvement of survival in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which is the commonest cancer among children.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Asparaginase has played a crucial role in the improvement of survival in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which is the commonest cancer among children. Survival rates have steadily increased over decades since the introduction of asparaginase to ALL therapy, and overall survival rates reach 90% with the best contemporary protocols. Currently, polyethylene glycolated native Escherichia coli-derived L-asparaginase (PEG-asparaginase) is the preferred first-line asparaginase preparation. Besides its clinical benefits, PEG-asparaginase is well known for severe toxicities. Agreement on the optimal dose, treatment duration, and frequency of administration has never been reached among clinicians.
OBJECTIVES
Primary objective To assess the effect of the number of PEG-asparaginase doses on survival and relapse in children and adolescents with ALL. Secondary objectives To assess the association between the number of doses of PEG-asparaginase and asparaginase-associated toxicities (e.g. hypersensitivity, thromboembolism, pancreatitis and osteonecrosis). To undertake a network meta-analysis at dose-level in order to generate rankings of the number of doses of PEG-asparaginase used in the treatment for ALL, according to their benefits (survival and relapse) and harms (toxicity).
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science databases and three trials registers in November 2021, together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different PEG-asparaginase treatment regimens in children and adolescents (< 18 years of age) with first-line ALL treated with multiagent chemotherapy including PEG-asparaginase.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Using a standardised data collection form, two review authors independently screened and selected studies, extracted data, assessed risk of bias for each outcome using a standardised tool (RoB 2.0) and assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. Primary outcomes included overall survival, event-free survival and leukaemic relapse. Secondary outcomes included asparaginase-associated toxicities (hypersensitivity, thromboembolism, pancreatitis, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and osteonecrosis as well as overall asparaginase-associated toxicity). We conducted the review and performed the analyses in accordance with the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
MAIN RESULTS
We included three RCTs in the review, and identified an additional four ongoing studies. We judged outcomes of two RCTs to be at low risk of bias in all the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2) domains. We rated the remaining study as having some concerns regarding bias. Due to concerns about imprecision, we rated all outcomes as having low- to moderate-certainty evidence. One study compared intermittent PEG-asparaginase treatment (eight doses of PEG-asparaginase, 1000 IU/m, intramuscular (IM) administration) versus continuous PEG-asparaginase treatment (15 doses of PEG-asparaginase, 1000 IU/m, IM) in 625 participants with non-high risk ALL aged 1.0 to 17.9 years. We found that treatment with eight doses probably results in little to no difference in event-free survival compared to treatment with 15 doses (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.06; moderate-certainty evidence). Compared to treatment with 15 doses, treatment with eight doses may result in either no difference or a slight reduction in hypersensitivity (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.93; low-certainty evidence), thromboembolism (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.36; low-certainty evidence) or osteonecrosis (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.32; low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, we found that treatment with eight doses probably reduces pancreatitis (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.75; moderate-certainty evidence) and asparaginase-associated toxicity (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.78; moderate-certainty evidence) compared to treatment with 15 doses. One study compared low-risk standard treatment with additional PEG-asparaginase (six doses, 2500 IU/m, IM) versus low-risk standard treatment (two doses, 2500 IU/m, IM) in 1857 participants aged one to nine years old with standard low-risk ALL. We found that, compared to treatment with two doses, treatment with six doses probably results in little to no difference in overall survival (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00; moderate-certainty evidence) and event-free survival (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.04; moderate-certainty evidence), and may result in either no difference or a slight increase in osteonecrosis (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.91 to 3.00; low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, we found that treatment with six doses probably increases hypersensitivity (RR 12.05, 95% CI 5.27 to 27.58; moderate-certainty evidence), pancreatitis (RR 4.84, 95% CI 2.15 to 10.85; moderate-certainty evidence) and asparaginase-associated toxicity (RR 4.49, 95% CI 3.05 to 6.59; moderate-certainty evidence) compared to treatment with two doses. One trial compared calaspargase (11 doses, 2500 IU/m, intravenous (IV)) versus PEG-asparaginase (16 doses, 2500 IU/m, IV) in 239 participants aged one to 21 years with standard- and high-risk ALL and lymphoblastic lymphoma. We found that treatment with 11 doses of calaspargase probably results in little to no difference in event-free survival compared to treatment with 16 doses of PEG-asparaginase (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.16; moderate-certainty evidence). However, treatment with 11 doses of calaspargase probably reduces leukaemic relapse compared to treatment with 16 doses of PEG-asparaginase (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.83; moderate-certainty evidence). Furthermore, we found that treatment with 11 doses of calaspargase results in either no difference or a slight reduction in hypersensitivity (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.13; low-certainty evidence), pancreatitis (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.52; low-certainty evidence), thromboembolism (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.42; low-certainty evidence), osteonecrosis (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.56; low-certainty evidence) and asparaginase-associated toxicity (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.40; low-certainty evidence) compared to treatment with 16 doses of PEG-asparaginase.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We were not able to conduct a network meta-analysis, and could not draw clear conclusions because it was not possible to rank the interventions. Overall, we found that different numbers of doses of PEG-asparaginase probably result in little to no difference in event-free survival across all studies. In two studies, we found that a higher number of PEG-asparaginase doses probably increases pancreatitis and asparaginase-associated toxicities.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Asparaginase; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Network Meta-Analysis; Pancreatitis; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Thromboembolism; Recurrence
PubMed: 37260073
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014570.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jan 2010Treatments for Barrett's oesophagus, the precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma, are available but whether these therapies effectively prevent the development of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Treatments for Barrett's oesophagus, the precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma, are available but whether these therapies effectively prevent the development of adenocarcinoma, and in some cases eradicate the Barrett's oesophagus segment, remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES
To summarise, quantify and compare the efficacy of pharmacological, surgical and endoscopic treatments for the eradication of dysplastic and non-dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus and prevention of these states from progression to adenocarcinoma.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2004, issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2008) and EMBASE (1980 to June 2008).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing medical, endoscopic or non-resectional surgical treatments for Barrett's oesophagus. The primary outcome measures were complete eradication of Barrett's and dysplasia at 12 months, and reduction in the number of patients progressing to cancer at five years or latest time point.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Three authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the trials included in the analysis.
MAIN RESULTS
Sixteen studies, including 1074 patients, were included. The mean number of participants in the studies was small (n = 49; range 8 to 208). Most studies did not report on the primary outcomes. Medical and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and sequelae of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) did not induce significant eradication of Barrett's oesophagus or dysplasia. Endoscopic therapies (photodynamic therapy (PDT with aminolevulinic acid or porfimer sodium), argon plasma coagulation (APC) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA)) all induced regression of Barrett's oesophagus and dysplasia. The data for photodynamic therapy were heterogeneous with a mean eradication rate of 51% for Barrett's oesophagus and between 56% and 100% for dysplasia, depending on the treatment regimens. The variation in photodynamic therapy eradication rates for dysplasia was dependent on the drug, source and dose of light. Radiofrequency ablation resulted in eradication rates of 82% and 94% for Barrett's oesophagus and dysplasia respectively, compared to a sham treatment. Endoscopic treatments were generally well tolerated, however all were associated with some buried glands, particularly following argon plasma coagulation and photodynamic therapy, as well as photosensitivity and strictures induced by porfimer sodium based photodynamic therapy in particular.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Despite their failure to eradicate Barrett's oesophagus, the role of medical and surgical interventions to reduce the troubling symptoms and sequelae of GORD is not questioned. Whether therapies for GORD reduce the cancer risk is not yet known. Ablative therapies have an increasing role in the management of dysplasia within Barrett's and current data would favour the use of radiofrequency ablation compared with photodynamic therapy. Radiofrequency ablation has been shown to yield significantly fewer complications than photodynamic therapy and is very efficacious at eradicating both dysplasia and Barrett's itself. However, long-term follow-up data are still needed before radiofrequency ablation can be used in routine clinical care without the need for very careful post-treatment surveillance. More clinical trial data and in particular randomised controlled trials are required to assess whether or not the cancer risk is reduced in routine clinical practice.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Barrett Esophagus; Catheter Ablation; Esophageal Neoplasms; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Laser Coagulation; Photochemotherapy; Precancerous Conditions; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 20091557
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004060.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2023Thalassaemia is a quantitative abnormality of haemoglobin caused by mutations in genes controlling production of alpha or beta globins. Abnormally unpaired globin chains... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Thalassaemia is a quantitative abnormality of haemoglobin caused by mutations in genes controlling production of alpha or beta globins. Abnormally unpaired globin chains cause membrane damage and cell death within organ systems and destruction of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, leading to haemolytic anaemia. The life-long management of the general health effects of thalassaemia is highly challenging, and failure to deal with dental and orthodontic complications exacerbates the public health, financial and personal burden of the condition. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines to help care seekers and providers manage such dental and orthodontic complications. This review aimed to evaluate the available evidence on methods for treating dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia to inform future recommendations. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2019.
OBJECTIVES
To assess different methods for treating dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register in September 2022, and we searched nine online databases and trials registries in January 2022. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews and contacted haematologists, experts in fields of dentistry, organisations, pharmaceutical companies and researchers working in this field.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated treatment of dental and orthodontic complications in individuals diagnosed with thalassaemia, irrespective of phenotype, severity, age, sex and ethnic origin.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened the 37,242 titles retrieved by the search. After deduplication, we identified two potentially relevant RCTs. On assessing their eligibility against our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we excluded one and included the other.
MAIN RESULTS
We included one parallel-design RCT conducted in Saudi Arabia and involving 29 participants (19 males, 10 females) with thalassaemia. It aimed to assess the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to conventional full-mouth ultrasonic scaling for the treatment of gingivitis. The average age of participants was around 23 years. There is very low-certainty evidence from this trial that full-mouth ultrasonic scaling plus photodynamic therapy compared to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling alone may improve gingival index score and bleeding on probing after 12 weeks in people with thalassaemia. We found no studies that assessed other interventions for the various dental or orthodontic complications of thalassaemia.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Although the included study showed greater reduction in gingivitis in the group treated with full-mouth ultrasonic scaling plus photodynamic therapy, the evidence is of very low certainty. The study had unclear risk of bias, a short follow-up period and no data on safety or adverse effects. We cannot make definitive recommendations for clinical practice based on the limited evidence of a single trial. Future studies will very likely affect the conclusions of this review. This review highlights the need for high-quality RCTs that investigate the effectiveness of various treatment modalities for dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia. It is crucial that future trials assess adverse effects of interventions.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Thalassemia; Gingivitis
PubMed: 36732291
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012969.pub3 -
Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Tryptophan (Tryp) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system (CNS). Tryp metabolism, the common... (Review)
Review
Tryptophan (Tryp) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system (CNS). Tryp metabolism, the common denominator linking serotonin (5-HT) dysfunctions and neuroinflammation, is involved in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. Interestingly, most of those conditions occur and progress in a sex-specific manner. Here, we explore the most relevant observations about the influence of biological sex on Tryp metabolism and its possible relation to neuropsychiatric diseases. Consistent evidence suggests that women have a higher susceptibility than men to suffer serotoninergic alterations due to changes in the levels of its precursor Tryp. Indeed, female sex bias in neuropsychiatric diseases is involved in a reduced availability of this amino acid pool and 5-HT synthesis. These changes in Tryp metabolism could lead to sexual dimorphism on the prevalence and severity of some neuropsychiatric disorders. This review identifies gaps in the current state of the art, thus suggesting future research directions. Specifically, there is a need for further research on the impact of diet and sex steroids, both involved in this molecular mechanism as they have been poorly addressed for this topic.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Tryptophan; Sex Characteristics; Serotonin; Amino Acids; Mental Disorders; Kynurenine
PubMed: 36983084
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24066010 -
Advances in Therapy Dec 2023Clofarabine monotherapy at a dose of 52 mg/m per day was approved in the USA in 2004 for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Clofarabine monotherapy at a dose of 52 mg/m per day was approved in the USA in 2004 for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) in patients aged 1-21 years after at least two prior regimens. To address a post-marketing requirement for additional evidence of the clinical benefit of clofarabine in its approved indication, a meta-analysis of patient-level data was conducted.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted, using the Dr.Evidence software platform, DOC Search, and Embase, to identify clinical trials with patients with R/R ALL who received clofarabine monotherapy at 52 mg/m. The primary endpoint was complete remission (CR). Secondary endpoints were overall remission (OR, defined by CR or CR with either incomplete platelet recovery or incomplete neutrophil and platelet recovery), duration of response, overall survival (OS), and safety.
RESULTS
A total of 754 patients in 12 clinical studies were analyzed including 682 patients with R/R ALL treated with clofarabine monotherapy at 52 mg/m; of them, 374 were aged < 22 years (pediatric population). Rates of CR and OR were 16% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7, 26) and 28% (95% CI 20, 37), respectively, in the pediatric population and 12% (95% CI 5, 21) and 21% (95% CI 13, 31) in the overall population. Median OS (evaluable in three studies in pediatric patients) was 3.7 months (95% CI 0.1, 31.4), reaching 10.1 months (95% CI 0.3, 68.9) for those achieving OR. Sensitivity analyses supported these findings. The most frequent grade 3-4 adverse events were liver abnormalities, anemia, diarrhea, and febrile neutropenia.
CONCLUSION
In this meta-analysis, CR duration and median OS in pediatric patients with R/R ALL appeared to be slightly longer than in the phase II study. No new safety signals were identified. Results support the use of clofarabine monotherapy in its approved indication.
Topics: Child; Humans; Acute Disease; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Clofarabine; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Recurrence; Clinical Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37819554
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02696-7 -
Brain Sciences Jan 2021While various modalities of chronic nicotine use have been associated with numerous negative consequences to human health, one possible benefit of nicotine exposure has... (Review)
Review
While various modalities of chronic nicotine use have been associated with numerous negative consequences to human health, one possible benefit of nicotine exposure has been uncovered. The discovery of an inverse correlation between smoking and Parkinson's disease, and later Alzheimer's disease as well, motivated investigation of nicotine as a neuroprotective agent. Some studies have demonstrated that nicotine elicits improvements in cognitive function. The hippocampus, along with the subventricular zone (SVZ), is a distinct brain region that allow for ongoing postnatal neurogenesis throughout adulthood and plays a major role in certain cognitive behaviors like learning and memory. Therefore, one hypothesis underlying nicotine-induced neuroprotection is possible effects on neural stem cells and neural precursor cells. On the other hand, nicotine withdrawal frequently leads to cognitive impairments, particularly in hippocampal-dependent behaviors, possibly suggesting an impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis with nicotine exposure. This review discusses the current body of evidence on nicotine's effects on neural stem cells and neural progenitors. Changes in neural stem cell proliferation, survival, intracellular dynamics, and differentiation following acute and chronic nicotine exposure are examined.
PubMed: 33573081
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020172 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Dec 2022Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis, also referred to as acute hemorrhagic edema of young children, is a rare small-vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis. This condition is... (Review)
Review
Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis, also referred to as acute hemorrhagic edema of young children, is a rare small-vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis. This condition is skin-limited, mainly affects infants up to 2 years of age and spontaneously remits. It has been suggested that an infection or a vaccine precede (by ≤ 14 days) this vasculitis. To better understand the interplay between infections or vaccines and Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis, we utilized the data contained in the Acute Hemorrhagic Edema BIbliographic Database AHEBID. The database, initiated in 2019, is being regularly updated, encompasses the entire original literature on Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis published after the original description and is attainable on request. The possible existence of an infectious or a vaccine precursor was addressed in 447 cases. Most cases were preceded by an infection (N = 384; 86%), by a vaccination (N = 20; 4.4%), or both an infection and a vaccination (N = 17; 3.8%). No precursor was reported in the remaining cases (N = 26; 5.8%). Two distinct infections preceded the onset of the vasculitis in 11 of the 381 cases with infection-associated Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis. The following infectious precursors were reported: upper respiratory tract infection (N = 292); acute gastroenteritis (N = 40); a benign febrile infection (N = 36); lower respiratory tract infection (N = 22); further infections (N = 8). The temporal relationship between the infectious precursor and the onset of the skin eruption was detailed in 336 cases: 54 cases developed before resolution and 282 after resolution of the infection. In conclusion, most cases of Finkelstein-Seidlmayer vasculitis are preceded by an infection. In a minority of cases, this skin vasculitis develops before resolution of the infection. In most cases, however, this vasculitis develops after resolution of the infection. More rarely, this vasculitis is preceded by a vaccination.
Topics: Child; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous; Skin; Edema; Exanthema; Hemorrhage; Vaccines
PubMed: 35553000
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08940-2