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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2023Bacteria have existed on Earth for billions of years, exhibiting ubiquity and involvement in various biological activities. To ensure survival, bacteria usually release... (Review)
Review
Bacteria have existed on Earth for billions of years, exhibiting ubiquity and involvement in various biological activities. To ensure survival, bacteria usually release and secrete effector proteins to acquire nutrients and compete with other microorganisms for living space during long-term evolution. Consequently, bacteria have developed a range of secretion systems, which are complex macromolecular transport machines responsible for transporting proteins across the bacterial cell membranes. Among them, one particular secretion system that stands out from the rest is the type V secretion system (T5SS), known as the "autotransporter". Bacterial activities mediated by T5SS include adherence to host cells or the extracellular matrix, invasion of host cells, immune evasion and serum resistance, contact-dependent growth inhibition, cytotoxicity, intracellular flow, protease activity, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation. In a bacterial body, it is not enough to rely on T5SS alone; in most cases, T5SS cooperates with other secretion systems to carry out bacterial life activities, but regardless of how good the relationship is, there is friction between the secretion systems. T5SS and T1SS/T2SS/T3SS/T6SS all play a synergistic role in the pathogenic processes of bacteria, such as nutrient acquisition, pathogenicity enhancement, and immune modulation, but T5SS indirectly inhibits the function of T4SS. This could be considered a love-hate relationship between secretion systems. This paper uses the systematic literature review methodology to review 117 journal articles published within the period from 1995 to 2024, which are all available from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and aim to elucidate the link between T5SS and other secretion systems, providing clues for future prevention and control of bacterial diseases.
Topics: Type V Secretion Systems; Bacteria; Bodily Secretions; Cell Aggregation; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 38203452
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010281 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the difference in the methylation of the gene in patients with abnormal versus normal conventional sperm parameters.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the difference in the methylation of the gene in patients with abnormal versus normal conventional sperm parameters. It also evaluates the effects of age and sperm concentration on methylation in spermatozoa using meta-regression analysis. It was performed according to the MOOSE guidelines for meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). The quality of the evidence reported in the studies included was assessed using the Cambridge Quality Checklists. A total of 11 articles met our inclusion criteria. Quantitative analysis showed that methylation levels were significantly lower in the group of infertile patients than in fertile controls. The reduction in methylation was much more pronounced in patients with oligozoospermia (alone or associated with other sperm parameter abnormalities) and in those with recurrent pregnancy loss. Meta-regression analysis showed the results to be independent of both patient age and sperm concentration. Therefore, the methylation pattern should be evaluated among couples accessing assisted reproductive techniques (ART), in order to gain prognostic information on ART outcome and offspring health.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; DNA Methylation; Genomic Imprinting; Histones; Infertility, Male; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Semen; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 37108386
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087224 -
BMC Gastroenterology Oct 2015The choice of infant formula is thought to play an important role on gastric emptying (GE) in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. It is known that many ingredients... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The choice of infant formula is thought to play an important role on gastric emptying (GE) in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. It is known that many ingredients impact on GE, including the type of protein and level of hydrolysis. In clinical practice, feeds are often recommended due to putative improved GE related to the type of protein and level of hydrolysis, however whether this is scientifically justified still needs to be established. A systematic review comparing the impact of protein type and hydrolysis on GE in children was therefore performed.
METHODS
The Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome system was used. A structured literature search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, searching PubMed, Cochrane databases and Google Scholar from 1990 to 2014. We only included articles published in full text English language using specific search terms, including both scintigraphy and C13-octanoic acid breath test.
RESULTS
We identified 126 publications of which 20 were eligible for inclusion but only 8 were included. Studies reviewed GE in both healthy children as well as those with neurodevelopmental delay and reflux. Two studies investigating GE of breast milk versus formula indicated a faster GE for breast milk. Four studies found that feeds containing whole whey in varying amounts emptied faster than predominant whole casein feeds and one study found no difference in GE. Five studies investigated a mix of whole versus hydrolysed protein and found conflicting results related to study population and hydrolysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Breast milk has a faster GE than formula milk. Although there seems to be a trend towards whey feeds emptying faster, different methodologies, feed compositions and patient groups makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Future studies should be performed with comparable feeds in populations where increased GE may be of clinical benefit.
Topics: Dietary Proteins; Gastric Emptying; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hydrolysis; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 26472544
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0369-0 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2016We aimed to comprehensively compare two compartmented oral proteomes, the salivary and the dental pellicle proteome. Systematic review and datamining was used to obtain... (Review)
Review
We aimed to comprehensively compare two compartmented oral proteomes, the salivary and the dental pellicle proteome. Systematic review and datamining was used to obtain the physico-chemical, structural, functional and interactional properties of 1,515 salivary and 60 identified pellicle proteins. Salivary and pellicle proteins did not differ significantly in their aliphatic index, hydrophaty, instability index, or isoelectric point. Pellicle proteins were significantly more charged at low and high pH and were significantly smaller (10-20 kDa) than salivary proteins. Protein structure and solvent accessible molecular surface did not differ significantly. Proteins of the pellicle were more phosphorylated and glycosylated than salivary proteins. Ion binding and enzymatic activities also differed significantly. Protein-protein-ligand interaction networks relied on few key proteins. The identified differences between salivary and pellicle proteins could guide proteome compartmentalization and result in specialized functionality. Key proteins could be potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic application.
Topics: Animals; Data Mining; Dental Enamel Proteins; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Proteome; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 27966577
DOI: 10.1038/srep38882 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a pleiotropic hormone secreted mainly by the liver in response to metabolic and nutritional challenges. Physiologically, fibroblast growth... (Review)
Review
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a pleiotropic hormone secreted mainly by the liver in response to metabolic and nutritional challenges. Physiologically, fibroblast growth factor 21 plays a key role in mediating the metabolic responses to fasting or starvation and acts as an important regulator of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in part by its direct action on the central nervous system. Accordingly, pharmacological recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 therapies have been shown to counteract obesity and its related metabolic disorders in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this systematic review, we discuss how fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates metabolism and its interactions with the central nervous system. In addition, we also state our vision for possible therapeutic uses of this hepatic-brain axis.
Topics: Animals; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Liver; Insulin Resistance; Brain; Energy Metabolism
PubMed: 36362103
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113318 -
Biomolecules Nov 2022The antioxidant activity of protein-derived peptides was one of the first to be revealed among the more than 50 known peptide bioactivities to date. The exploitation... (Review)
Review
The antioxidant activity of protein-derived peptides was one of the first to be revealed among the more than 50 known peptide bioactivities to date. The exploitation value associated with food-derived antioxidant peptides is mainly attributed to their natural properties and effectiveness as food preservatives and in disease prevention, management, and treatment. An increasing number of antioxidant active peptides have been identified from a variety of renewable sources, including terrestrial and aquatic organisms and their processing by-products. This has important implications for alleviating population pressure, avoiding environmental problems, and promoting a sustainable shift in consumption. To identify such opportunities, we conducted a systematic literature review of recent research advances in food-derived antioxidant peptides, with particular reference to their biological effects, mechanisms, digestive stability, and bioaccessibility. In this review, 515 potentially relevant papers were identified from a preliminary search of the academic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. After removing non-thematic articles, articles without full text, and other quality-related factors, 52 review articles and 122 full research papers remained for analysis and reference. The findings highlighted chemical and biological evidence for a wide range of edible species as a source of precursor proteins for antioxidant-active peptides. Food-derived antioxidant peptides reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, besides activating endogenous antioxidant defense systems in cellular and animal models. The intestinal absorption and metabolism of such peptides were elucidated by using cellular models. Protein hydrolysates (peptides) are promising ingredients with enhanced nutritional, functional, and organoleptic properties of foods, not only as a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Peptides; Protein Hydrolysates; Food Handling; Food Additives
PubMed: 36358972
DOI: 10.3390/biom12111622 -
The Journal of Nutrition Mar 2016Protein intake may influence important health outcomes in later life. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Protein intake may influence important health outcomes in later life.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate current evidence on the effects of infant formulas and follow-on formulas with different protein concentrations on infants' and children's growth, body composition, and later risk of overweight and obesity.
METHODS
In this systematic review, we searched electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) up until November 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Eligible studies had to include children aged 0-3 y who represented the general population and were fed cow milk-based infant formulas with variations in protein concentration. Control groups received lower-protein cow milk-based formulas (as defined by the authors). The primary outcomes were growth, overweight, obesity, and adiposity. Various time points for outcomes assessment were accepted for inclusion. If possible, a meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS
Twelve RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Different formula protein concentrations did not affect linear growth other than a transient effect on mean length at 3 mo observed in a meta-analysis of 4 studies (mean difference, - 0.27 cm; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.02). Lower mean weight and weight z scores obtained from the infants fed lower-protein formulas were observed only from 6 to 12 mo of age. Data from one large RCT showed that consumption of a lower-protein infant formula may reduce body mass index at 12 mo of age and later (12 mo, 24 mo, and 6y) and the risk of obesity at 6 y. Effects on body composition remained unclear.
CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence is insufficient for assessing the effects of reducing the protein concentration in infant formulas on long-term outcomes, but, if confirmed, this could be a promising intervention for reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in children. In view of the limited available evidence, more studies replicating effects on long-term health outcomes are needed.
Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Milk; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26865649
DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223651 -
Complementary Therapies in Medicine Nov 2022This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize available findings on the associations between dietary protein... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize available findings on the associations between dietary protein intake and prostate cancer risk as well as the dose-response associations of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake with prostate cancer risk.
METHODS
This study followed the 2020 PRISMA guideline. We conducted a systematic search in the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar to detect eligible prospective studies published to October 2021 that assessed total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake in relation to prostate cancer risk.
RESULTS
Overall, 12 articles containing prospective studies with a total sample size of 388,062 individuals and 30,165 cases of prostate cancer were included. The overall relative risks (RRs) of prostate cancer, comparing the highest and lowest intakes of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake, were 0.99 (95% CI: 92-1.07, I =12.8%), 0.99 (95% CI: 95-1.04, I =0), 1.01 (95% CI: 96-1.06, I =0), and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00-1.16, I =38.1%), respectively, indicating a significant positive association for dairy protein intake (P = 0.04) and non-significant associations for other protein types. However, this positive association was seen among men who consumed ≥ 30 gr/day of dairy protein, such that a 20 g/d increase in dairy protein intake (equal to 2.5 cups milk or yogurt) was associated with a 10% higher risk of prostate cancer (Pooled RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20, I = 42.5%). Such dose-response association was not seen for total, animal, and plant protein intake.
CONCLUSION
Overall, dairy protein intake may increase the risk of prostate cancer in men who consumed > 30 gr/day of dairy protein. Larger, well-designed studies are still required to further evaluation of this association.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Male; Milk; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35820576
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102851 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Jul 2022Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the... (Review)
Review
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
Topics: Acantholysis; Autoantibodies; Blister; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Keratinocytes; Pemphigus; Phosphorylation
PubMed: 35616233
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2023Serving whey protein before a meal in order to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations is known as a premeal. The underlying mechanisms are only partly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Serving whey protein before a meal in order to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations is known as a premeal. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood but may involve stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and insulin secretion together with a slower gastric emptying rate.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review all randomized clinical trials investigating premeals with whey protein in comparison with a nonactive comparator (control) that evaluated plasma glucose, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and/or gastric emptying rate. Secondary aims included subgroup analyses on the timing and dose of the premeal together with the metabolic state of the participants [lean, obese, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)].
METHODS
We searched EMBASE, CENTRAL, PUBMED, and clinicaltrials.gov and found 16 randomized crossover trials with a total of 244 individuals. The last search was performed on 9 August, 2022.
RESULTS
Whey protein premeals lowered peak glucose concentration by -1.4 mmol/L [-1.9 mmol/L; -0.9 mmol/L], and the area under the curve for glucose was -0.9 standard deviation (SD) [-1.2 SD; -0.6 SD] compared with controls (high certainty). In association with these findings, whey protein premeals elevated GLP-1 (low certainty) and peak insulin (high certainty) concentrations and slowed gastric emptying rate (high certainty) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed a more pronounced and prolonged glucose-lowering effect in individuals with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM. The available evidence did not elucidate the role of GIP. The protein dose used varied between 4 and 55 g, and meta-regression analysis showed that the protein dose correlated with the glucose-lowering effects.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, whey protein premeals lower postprandial blood glucose, reduce gastric emptying rate, and increase peak insulin. In addition, whey protein premeals may elevate plasma concentrations of GLP-1. Whey protein premeals may possess clinical potential, but the long-term effects await future clinical trials.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Whey Proteins; Glucagon; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Water; Insulin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Glucose; Gastric Emptying; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37536867
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.012