-
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2022A growing body of evidence indicates that napping is common among older adults. However, a systematic review on the effect of napping on the elderly is lacking. The aim...
UNLABELLED
A growing body of evidence indicates that napping is common among older adults. However, a systematic review on the effect of napping on the elderly is lacking. The aim of this systematic review was to (i) determine how studies evaluated napping behavior in older adults (frequency, duration and timing); (ii) explore how napping impacts perceptual measures, cognitive and psychomotor performance, night-time sleep and physiological parameters in the elderly (PROSPERO CRD42022299805). A total of 738 records were screened by two researchers using the PICOS criteria. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria with a mean age ranging from 60.8 to 78.3 years and a cumulative sample size of = 326. Daytime napping had an overall positive impact on subjective measures (i.e., sleepiness and fatigue), psychomotor performances (i.e., speed and accuracy) and learning abilities (i.e., declarative and motor learning). Additionally, studies showed (i) consistency between nap and control conditions regarding sleep duration, efficiency and latency, and proportion of sleep stages, and (ii) increase of 24 h sleep duration with nap compared to control condition. Based on the findings of the present review, there is minimal evidence to indicate that napping is detrimental for older adults' nighttime sleep. Future studies should consider involving repeated naps during a micro-cycle in order to investigate the chronic effect of napping on older adults.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
identifier: CRD42022299805.
PubMed: 36337699
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1000707 -
Journal of the American Medical... Jun 2016Poor gait performance predicts risk of developing dementia. No structured critical evaluation has been conducted to study this association yet. The aim of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Poor gait performance predicts risk of developing dementia. No structured critical evaluation has been conducted to study this association yet. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically examine the association of poor gait performance with incidence of dementia.
METHODS
An English and French Medline search was conducted in June 2015, with no limit of date, using the medical subject headings terms "Gait" OR "Gait Disorders, Neurologic" OR "Gait Apraxia" OR "Gait Ataxia" AND "Dementia" OR "Frontotemporal Dementia" OR "Dementia, Multi-Infarct" OR "Dementia, Vascular" OR "Alzheimer Disease" OR "Lewy Body Disease" OR "Frontotemporal Dementia With Motor Neuron Disease" (Supplementary Concept). Poor gait performance was defined by standardized tests of walking, and dementia was diagnosed according to international consensus criteria. Four etiologies of dementia were identified: any dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and non-AD (ie, pooling VaD, mixed dementias, and other dementias). Fixed effects meta-analyses were performed on the estimates in order to generate summary values.
RESULTS
Of the 796 identified abstracts, 12 (1.5%) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Poor gait performance predicted dementia [pooled hazard ratio (HR) combined with relative risk and odds ratio = 1.53 with P < .001 for any dementia, pooled HR = 1.79 with P < .001 for VaD, HR = 1.89 with P value < .001 for non-AD]. Findings were weaker for predicting AD (HR = 1.03 with P value = .004).
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis provides evidence that poor gait performance predicts dementia. This association depends on the type of dementia; poor gait performance is a stronger predictor of non-AD dementias than AD.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dementia; Female; Gait; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 26852960
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.12.092 -
Applied Ergonomics Sep 2023While the biomechanical effects of exoskeletons are well studied, research about potential side-effects and adverse events are limited. The aim of this systematic review... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
While the biomechanical effects of exoskeletons are well studied, research about potential side-effects and adverse events are limited. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the side-effects and adverse events on shoulder- and back-support exoskeletons during work tasks.
METHODS
Four in-field studies and 32 laboratory studies were included in this review, reporting on n = 18 shoulder exoskeletons, n = 9 back exoskeletons, n = 1 full body with a supernumerary arm, and n = 1 combination of shoulder and back exoskeleton.
RESULTS
The most frequent side-effect reported is discomfort (n = 30), followed by a limited usability of the exoskeleton (n = 16). Other identified side-effects and adverse events were changes in muscle activity, mobility, task performance, balance and posture, neurovascular supply, gait parameters and precision. An incorrect fit of the exoskeleton and the decreased degrees of freedom are most often reported as causes of these side-effects. Two studies did not find any side-effects. This review also showed that there are differences in the occurrence of side-effects in gender, age, and physical fitness. Most studies (89%) were conducted in a laboratory setting. Most studies (97%) measured short-term effects only. Psychological and social side-effects or adverse events were not reported. Side-effects and adverse events for active exoskeletons were understudied (n = 4).
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the evidence for side-effects and adverse events is limited. If available, it mainly consists of reports of mild discomfort and limited usability. Generalisation is limited because studies were conducted in lab settings and measured short term only, and most participants were young male workers.
Topics: Humans; Male; Shoulder; Exoskeleton Device; Upper Extremity; Posture; Task Performance and Analysis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Electromyography
PubMed: 37146320
DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104042 -
Applied Nursing Research : ANR Feb 2022To examine the effect of sleep deprivation (total and partial) on neurobehavioral function compared to a healthy sleep opportunity (7-9 h) in young adults 18-30 years.
AIM
To examine the effect of sleep deprivation (total and partial) on neurobehavioral function compared to a healthy sleep opportunity (7-9 h) in young adults 18-30 years.
BACKGROUND
More than one-third of young adults are sleep deprived, which negatively affects a range of neurobehavioral functions, including psychomotor vigilance performance (cognitive), affect, and daytime sleepiness.
METHODS
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral function. Multiple electronic databases (Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant RCTs published in English from the establishment of each database to December 31, 2020.
RESULTS
Nineteen RCTs were selected (N = 766, mean age = 23.7 ± 3.1 years; 44.8% female). Seven were between-person (5 were parallel-group designs and 2 had multiple arms), and 12 were within-person designs (9 were cross over and 3 used a Latin square approach). Total sleep deprivation had the strongest detrimental effect on psychomotor vigilance performance, with the largest effects on vigilance tasks in young adults in the included studies.
CONCLUSION
Acute sleep deprivation degrades multiple dimensions of neurobehavioral function including psychomotor vigilance performance, affect, and daytime sleepiness in young adults. The effect of chronic sleep deprivation on the developing brain and associated neurobehavioral functions in young adults remains unclear.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Wakefulness; Young Adult
PubMed: 35034695
DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151552 -
Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience :... Nov 2013Endophenotypes in genetic psychiatry may increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease risk and its manifestations. We sought to investigate... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Endophenotypes in genetic psychiatry may increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease risk and its manifestations. We sought to investigate the link between neuropsychological impairments and brain structural abnormalities associated with the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review using studies identified in PubMed and MEDLINE (from the date of the first available article to July 2012). Our review examined evidence of an association between the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism and both neuropsychological performance and brain structure in patients with psychosis, in their relatives and in healthy individuals (step 1). The review also explored whether the neuropsychological tasks and brain structures identified in step 1 met the criteria for an endophenotype (step 2). Then we evaluated evidence that the neuropsychological endophenotypes identified in step 2 are associated with the brain structure endophenotypes identified in that step (step 3). Finally, we propose a neurobiological interpretation for this evidence.
RESULTS
A poorer performance on the n-back task and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and smaller temporal and frontal brain areas were associated with the COMT Val allele in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives and met most of the criteria for an endophenotype. It is possible that the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism therefore contributes to the development of these neuropsychological and brain structural endophenotypes of schizophrenia, in which the prefrontal cortex may represent the neural substrate underlying both n-back and CPT performances.
LIMITATIONS
The association between a single genetic variant and an endophenotype does not necessarily imply a causal relationship between them.
CONCLUSION
This evidence and the proposed interpretation contribute to explain, at least in part, the biological substrate of 4 important endophenotypes that characterize schizophrenia.
Topics: Atrophy; Brain; Catechol O-Methyltransferase; Endophenotypes; Frontal Lobe; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Psychomotor Performance; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 23527885
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120178 -
European Journal of Sport Science May 2023Previous research has explored the demands of amateur boxing-specific activity; however, no holistic review of the acute responses to such activity currently exists.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Previous research has explored the demands of amateur boxing-specific activity; however, no holistic review of the acute responses to such activity currently exists. This paper aimed to provide a systematic review of the available literature on the acute physiological, endocrine, biochemical, and performance responses to amateur boxing-specific activity. Following a search of EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, 25 studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria for the review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed via a modified Downs and Black checklist. Random-effects meta-analysis of standardised mean differences (SMD) revealed large (SMD = 4.62) increases in pre-post blood lactate (BLa), cortisol (SMD = 1.33), myoglobin (Mb) (SMD = 1.43), aspartate transaminase (AST) (SMD = 1.37), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (SMD = 0.97), in addition to moderate increases in creatine kinase (CK) (SMD = 0.65). Small pre-post increases in counter-movement jump (CMJ) height (SMD = 0.33) were observed. Consistently greater pre-post alterations were observed in competitive bouts, followed by sparring, and less so in boxing-specific simulations. Considerable physiological, endocrine, and biochemical responses are elicited following amateur boxing. Interestingly, neuromuscular and task-specific performance may not deteriorate following boxing-specific activity. The findings of the review may assist in the designing and periodising of boxing-specific training, dependent on the desired physical adaptations, training phase, and recovery status of the amateur boxer.Amateur boxing elicits a considerable acute physiological, hormonal, and biochemical response.Such responses are typically greater in competitive bouts, followed by sparring, and less so in simulated activity.The considerable demands of amateur boxing-specific activity do not appear to negatively affect neuromuscular or task-specific performance.Amateur boxers may be conditioned to preserve performance despite the acute demands of the sport, or the lack of performance decrement may reflect the short duration of amateur boxing.
Topics: Humans; Boxing; Athletes; Physical Examination; Movement; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 35380916
DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2063072 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) May 2017Coaches, sport scientists, clinicians and medical personnel face a constant challenge to prescribe sufficient training load to produce training adaption while minimising... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Coaches, sport scientists, clinicians and medical personnel face a constant challenge to prescribe sufficient training load to produce training adaption while minimising fatigue, performance inhibition and risk of injury/illness.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between injury and illness and longitudinal training load and fatigue markers in sporting populations.
METHODS
Systematic searches of the Web of Science and PubMed online databases to August 2015 were conducted for articles reporting relationships between training load/fatigue measures and injury/illness in athlete populations.
RESULTS
From the initial 5943 articles identified, 2863 duplicates were removed, followed by a further 2833 articles from title and abstract selection. Manual searching of the reference lists of the remaining 247 articles, together with use of the Google Scholar 'cited by' tool, yielded 205 extra articles deemed worthy of assessment. Sixty-eight studies were subsequently selected for inclusion in this study, of which 45 investigated injury only, 17 investigated illness only, and 6 investigated both injury and illness. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings, including disparity within the literature regarding the use of various terminologies such as training load, fatigue, injury and illness. Athletes are at an increased risk of injury/illness at key stages in their training and competition, including periods of training load intensification and periods of accumulated training loads.
CONCLUSIONS
Further investigation of individual athlete characteristics is required due to their impact on internal training load and, therefore, susceptibility to injury/illness.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Biomarkers; Humans; Muscle Fatigue; Physical Conditioning, Human; Physical Education and Training; Sports; Task Performance and Analysis; Weight-Bearing; Workload
PubMed: 27677917
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0619-5 -
Journal of Surgical Oncology Aug 2021Over the past 30 years, there have been numerous, noteworthy successes in the development, validation, and implementation of clinical skills assessments. Despite this...
Over the past 30 years, there have been numerous, noteworthy successes in the development, validation, and implementation of clinical skills assessments. Despite this progress, the medical profession has barely scratched the surface towards developing assessments that capture the true complexity of hands-on skills in procedural medicine. This paper highlights the development implementation and new discoveries in performance metrics when using sensor technology to assess cognitive and technical aspects of hands-on skills.
Topics: Clinical Competence; General Surgery; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Laparoscopy; Physical Examination; Simulation Training; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Task Performance and Analysis; United States; Video Recording; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 34245582
DOI: 10.1002/jso.26519 -
Ageing Research Reviews Jul 2021To synthesize evidence on the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cognitive impairment in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To synthesize evidence on the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cognitive impairment in older adults.
DESIGN
Meta-analysis.
PARTICIPANTS
Adults aged 50 years or older.
METHODS
In this systematic literature review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and APA/PsycNet for studies published before July 21, 2020, that assessed the association between HIV-infection and cognitive impairment. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) of cognitive impairment for people living with HIV (PLWH) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effect models and calculated pooled mean difference (MD) for major cognitive domains between PLWH and HIV-uninfected adults. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Of the 4432 studies identified, 21 cross-sectional studies were eligible for the meta-analysis, including 15 examining global cognitive impairment. The meta-analysis showed that older PLWH were more likely to be cognitively impaired than HIV-uninfected controls (OR = 2.44, 95 % CI = [1.69, 3.53], number of estimates (k) = 15, I = 71 %). This higher likelihood was shown in studies from high income countries (OR = 2.63, 95 % CI = [1.76, 3.94], k = 12, I = 55 %), but not from upper-middle income countries (OR = 1.96, 95 % CI = [0.26, 14.68], k = 3, I = 91 %). PLWH had lower scores than HIV-uninfected adults in 5 out of 7 major cognitive domains, including executive function (MD = -0.42, 95 % CI = [-0.72, -0.11], k = 5, I = 32 %), processing speed (MD = -0.33, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.08], k = 6, I = 16 %), verbal (MD=-0.29, 95 % CI = [-0.48, -0.10], k = 6, I = 0%), recall (MD = -0.24, 95 % CI = [-0.38, -0.10], k = 6, I = 0%) and motor/psychomotor (MD = -0.38, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.16], k = 5, I = 31 %) performance.
CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Our meta-analysis provides empirical evidence that HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment among older adults, especially in cognitive domains of executive function, processing speed, verbal, recall, and motor/psychomotor.
Topics: Aged; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 33640473
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101310 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2010Uncertainty exists regarding the effects of iron supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the absence of anemia. (Review)
Review
Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND
Uncertainty exists regarding the effects of iron supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the absence of anemia.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women and in nonanemic healthy children aged <3 y on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children.
DESIGN
In this systematic review, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched through December 2009 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
RESULTS
None of 5 RCTs individually showed a beneficial effect of iron supplementation during early life on the Mental Developmental Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at different ages throughout the first 18 mo. Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n = 561) showed that, compared with placebo, supplementation with iron had no significant effect on children's Mental Developmental Index at approximately 12 mo of age (weighted mean difference: 1.66; 95% CI: -0.14, 3.47). Three of 5 RCTs showed a beneficial effect of iron supplementation on the Psychomotor Development Index at some time points, whereas 2 did not. Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n = 561) showed significant improvement on the Psychomotor Development Index at approximately 12 mo of age in the iron-supplemented group compared with the control group (weighted mean difference: 4.21; 95% CI: 2.31, 6.12). Two RCTs showed no effect of iron supplementation on behavior. Neither of the 2 RCTs that addressed the influence of prenatal iron supplementation showed an effect of iron on either the intelligence quotient or behavioral status of the children.
CONCLUSION
Limited available evidence suggests that iron supplementation in infants may positively influence children's psychomotor development, whereas it does not seem to alter their mental development or behavior.
Topics: Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Pregnancy; Psychomotor Performance; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 20410098
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29191