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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2017Staphylococcus aureus causes pulmonary infection in young children with cystic fibrosis. Prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed hoping to prevent such infection and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus aureus causes pulmonary infection in young children with cystic fibrosis. Prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed hoping to prevent such infection and lung damage. Antibiotics have adverse effects and long-term use might lead to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is an update of a previously published review.
OBJECTIVES
To assess continuous oral antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus versus no prophylaxis in people with cystic fibrosis, we tested these hypotheses. Prophylaxis:1. improves clinical status, lung function and survival;2. causes adverse effects (e.g. diarrhoea, skin rash, candidiasis);3. leads to fewer isolates of common pathogens from respiratory secretions;4. leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and colonisation of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register, comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Companies manufacturing anti-staphylococcal antibiotics were contacted.Most recent search of the Group's Register: 29 September 2016.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials of continuous oral prophylactic antibiotics (given for at least one year) compared to intermittent antibiotics given 'as required', in people with cystic fibrosis of any disease severity.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The authors assessed studies for eligibility and methodological quality and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
We included four studies, with a total of 401 randomised participants aged zero to seven years on enrolment; one study is ongoing. The two older included studies generally had a higher risk of bias across all domains, but in particular due to a lack of blinding and incomplete outcome data, than the two more recent studies. We only regarded the most recent study as being generally free of bias, although even here we were not certain of the effect of the per protocol analysis on the study results. Evidence was downgraded based on GRADE assessments and outcome results ranged from moderate to low quality. Downgrading decisions were due to limitations in study design (all outcomes); for imprecision (number of people needing additional antibiotics); and for inconsistency (weight z score).Fewer children receiving anti-staphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis had one or more isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (low quality evidence). There was no significant difference between groups in infant or conventional lung function (moderate quality evidence). We found no significant effect on nutrition (low quality evidence), hospital admissions, additional courses of antibiotics (low quality evidence) or adverse effects (moderate quality evidence). There was no significant difference in the number of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between groups (low quality evidence), though there was a trend towards a lower cumulative isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the prophylaxis group at two and three years and towards a higher rate from four to six years. As the studies reviewed lasted six years or less, conclusions cannot be drawn about the long-term effects of prophylaxis.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Anti-staphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis leads to fewer children having isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, when commenced early in infancy and continued up to six years of age. The clinical importance of this finding is uncertain. Further research may establish whether the trend towards more children with CF with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after four to six years of prophylaxis, is a chance finding and whether choice of antibiotic or duration of treatment might influence this.
Topics: Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 28417451
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001912.pub4 -
PloS One 2017Many studies have explored the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) demonstrating increased risk of TB among patients with DM and poor... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Many studies have explored the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) demonstrating increased risk of TB among patients with DM and poor prognosis of patients suffering from the association of DM/TB. Owing to a paucity of studies addressing this question, it remains unclear whether patients with DM and TB are more likely than TB patients without DM to be grouped into molecular clusters defined according to the genotype of the infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus. That is, whether there is convincing molecular epidemiological evidence for TB transmission among DM patients. Objective: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the propensity for patients with DM and pulmonary TB (PTB) to cluster according to the genotype of the infecting M. tuberculosis bacillus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE and LILACS from 1990 to June, 2016 with the following combinations of key words "tuberculosis AND transmission" OR "tuberculosis diabetes mellitus" OR "Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular epidemiology" OR "RFLP-IS6110" OR "Spoligotyping" OR "MIRU-VNTR". Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (i) studies based on populations from defined geographical areas; (ii) use of genotyping by IS6110- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and spoligotyping or mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) or other amplification methods to identify molecular clustering; (iii) genotyping and analysis of 50 or more cases of PTB; (iv) study duration of 11 months or more; (v) identification of quantitative risk factors for molecular clustering including DM; (vi) > 60% coverage of the study population; and (vii) patients with PTB confirmed bacteriologically. The exclusion criteria were: (i) Extrapulmonary TB; (ii) TB caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria; (iii) patients with PTB and HIV; (iv) pediatric PTB patients; (v) TB in closed environments (e.g. prisons, elderly homes, etc.); (vi) diabetes insipidus and (vii) outbreak reports. Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between DM with molecular clustering of cases with TB. In order to evaluate the degree of heterogeneity a statistical Q test was done. The publication bias was examined with Begg and Egger tests. Review Manager 5.3.5 CMA v.3 and Biostat and Software package R were used.
RESULTS
Selection criteria were met by six articles which included 4076 patients with PTB of which 13% had DM. Twenty seven percent of the cases were clustered. The majority of cases (48%) were reported in a study in China with 31% clustering. The highest incidence of TB occurred in two studies from China. The global OR for molecular clustering was 0.84 (IC 95% 0.40-1.72). The heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2 = 55%, p = 0.05), although there was no publication bias (Beggs test p = 0.353 and Eggers p = 0.429).
CONCLUSION
There were very few studies meeting our selection criteria. The wide confidence interval indicates that there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions about the association. Clustering of patients with DM in TB transmission chains should be investigated in areas where both diseases are prevalent and focus on specific contexts.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Genotype; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 28902922
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184675 -
The European Respiratory Journal Dec 2011In order to ensure the availability of resources for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV management and control, it is imperative that countries monitor and plan for co-infection... (Review)
Review
In order to ensure the availability of resources for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV management and control, it is imperative that countries monitor and plan for co-infection in order to identify, treat and prevent TB-HIV co-infection, thereby reducing TB burden and increasing the years of healthy life of people living with HIV. A systematic review was undertaken to determine the burden of TB-HIV infection in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). Data on the burden of HIV infection in TB patients and risk factors for TB-HIV co-infection in the EU/EEA were extracted from studies that collected information in 1996 and later, regardless of the year of initiation of data collection, and a narrative synthesis presented. The proportion of HIV-co-infected TB patients varied from 0 to 15%. Western and eastern countries had higher levels and increasing trends of infection over time compared with central EU/EEA countries. Groups at higher risk of TB-HIV co-infection were males, young adults, foreign-born persons, the homeless, injecting drug users and prisoners. Further research is needed into the burden and associated risk factors of co-infection in Europe, to help plan effective control measures. Increased HIV testing of TB patients and targeted and informed strategies for control and prevention could help curb the co-infection epidemic.
Topics: Coinfection; Drug Users; Emigrants and Immigrants; European Union; Female; HIV Infections; Ill-Housed Persons; Humans; Incidence; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Prisoners; Sex Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 21737549
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00198410 -
Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical... 2022The gold standard for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is microbiological confirmation by reverse... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The gold standard for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is microbiological confirmation by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) most commonly done using oropharyngeal (OP) and nasopharyngeal swabs (NP). But in suspected cases, where these samples are false-negative, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may prove diagnostic.
OBJECTIVES
Hence, the diagnostic yield of BAL for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in cases of non-diagnostic upper respiratory tract samples is reviewed.
METHODS
Databases such as MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using a systematic search strategy. The current study has been in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and has been registered with the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020224088).
RESULTS
911 records were identified at initial database extraction, of which 317 duplicates were removed and, 596 records were screened for inclusion eligibility. We included total 19 studies in the systematic review, and 17 were included in metanalysis. The pooled estimate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in BAL was 11% (95%CI: 0.01-0.24). A sensitivity analysis also showed that the results appear to be robust and minimal risk of bias amongst the studies.
CONCLUSION
The current study demonstrates that BAL can be used to diagnose additional cases primary disease and superadded infections in patients with severe COVID-19 lower respiratory tract infection.
Topics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage; COVID-19; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34929538
DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.11.011 -
Anesthesiology Aug 2013Intraoperative high inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) is thought to reduce the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) and postoperative nausea and vomiting, and to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Effect of intraoperative high inspired oxygen fraction on surgical site infection, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pulmonary function: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND
Intraoperative high inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) is thought to reduce the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) and postoperative nausea and vomiting, and to promote postoperative atelectasis.
METHODS
The authors searched for randomized trials (till September 2012) comparing intraoperative high with normal FIO2 in adults undergoing surgery with general anesthesia and reporting on SSI, nausea or vomiting, or pulmonary outcomes.
RESULTS
The authors included 22 trials (7,001 patients) published in 26 reports. High FIO2 ranged from 80 to 100% (median, 80%); normal FIO2 ranged from 30 to 40% (median, 30%). In nine trials (5,103 patients, most received prophylactic antibiotics), the incidence of SSI decreased from 14.1% with normal FIO2 to 11.4% with high FIO2; risk ratio, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.59-1.00). After colorectal surgery, the incidence of SSI decreased from 19.3 to 15.2%; risk ratio, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.60-1.02). In 11 trials (2,293 patients), the incidence of nausea decreased from 24.8% with normal FIO2 to 19.5% with high FIO2; risk ratio, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.66-0.93). In patients receiving inhalational anesthetics without prophylactic antiemetics, high FIO2 provided a significant protective effect against both nausea and vomiting. Nine trials (3,698 patients) reported on pulmonary outcomes. The risk of atelectasis was not increased with high FIO2.
CONCLUSIONS
Intraoperative high FIO2 further decreases the risk of SSI in surgical patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics, has a weak beneficial effect on nausea, and does not increase the risk of postoperative atelectasis.
Topics: Humans; Intraoperative Period; Lung; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 23719611
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829aaff4 -
Annals of Hepatology 2017Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis. As a result of chronic inflammatory response to the virus, HCV-infected patients may be at a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis. As a result of chronic inflammatory response to the virus, HCV-infected patients may be at a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the data on this association is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with the aims to summarize all available evidence.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to April 2016. Studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios, or hazard ratios comparing the risk of VTE among HCV-infected patients vs. subjects without HCV infection were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.
RESULTS
Three studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in analysis. The pooled RR of VTE in HCV-infected patients vs. subjects without HCV infection was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.08-1.77, I2 = 40%). Subgroup analysis showed that risk was increased for both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) even though without adequate power to demonstrate statistical significance (Pooled RR of 1.34, 95% CI, 0.67-2.66 for PE and pooled RR 1.45, 95% CI, 0.93-2.77 for DVT).
CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrated a significantly increased risk of VTE among HCV-infected patients. Further studies are required to clarify how this risk should be addressed in clinical practice.
Topics: Blood Coagulation; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Pulmonary Embolism; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Venous Thromboembolism; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 28611268
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.0279 -
Viruses Mar 2023Τhe COVID-19 pandemic highly impacted the circulation, seasonality, and morbidity burden of several respiratory viruses. We reviewed published cases of SARS-CoV-2 and... (Review)
Review
Τhe COVID-19 pandemic highly impacted the circulation, seasonality, and morbidity burden of several respiratory viruses. We reviewed published cases of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections as of 12 April 2022. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infections were reported almost exclusively during the first pandemic wave. It is possible that the overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections is higher because of the paucity of co-testing for respiratory viruses during the first pandemic waves when mild cases might have been missed. Animal models indicate severe lung pathology and high fatality; nevertheless, the available literature is largely inconclusive regarding the clinical course and prognosis of co-infected patients. Animal models also indicate the importance of considering the sequence timing of each respiratory virus infection; however, there is no such information in reported human cases. Given the differences between 2020 and 2023 in terms of epidemiology and availability of vaccines and specific treatment against COVID-19, it is rational not to extrapolate these early findings to present times. It is expected that the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections will evolve in the upcoming seasons. Multiplex real-time PCR-based assays have been developed in the past two years and should be used to increase diagnostic and infection control capacity, and also for surveillance purposes. Given that COVID-19 and influenza share the same high-risk groups, it is essential that the latter get vaccinated against both viruses. Further studies are needed to elucidate how SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory virus co-infections will be shaped in the upcoming years, in terms of impact and prognosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Coinfection; Influenza, Human; Pandemics; Influenza Vaccines
PubMed: 37112844
DOI: 10.3390/v15040865 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2014Staphylococcus aureus causes pulmonary infection in young children with cystic fibrosis. Prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed hoping to prevent such infection and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus aureus causes pulmonary infection in young children with cystic fibrosis. Prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed hoping to prevent such infection and lung damage. Antibiotics have adverse effects and long-term use might lead to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OBJECTIVES
To assess continuous oral antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus versus no prophylaxis in people with cystic fibrosis, we tested these hypotheses. Prophylaxis:1. improves clinical status, lung function and survival;2. causes adverse effects (e.g. diarrhoea, skin rash, candidiasis);3. leads to fewer isolates of common pathogens from respiratory secretions;4. leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and colonisation of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register, comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Companies manufacturing anti-staphylococcal antibiotics were contacted.Most recent search of Register: 04 September 2014.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials of continuous oral prophylactic antibiotics (given for at least one year) compared to intermittent antibiotics given 'as required', in people with cystic fibrosis of any disease severity.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The authors assessed studies for eligibility and methodological quality and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
We included four studies, totaling 401 randomised participants aged zero to seven years on enrolment. The two older studies generally had a higher risk of bias across all domains, but in particular due to a lack of blinding and incomplete outcome data, than the two more recent studies. We only regarded the most recent study as being generally free of bias, although even here we were not certain of the effect of the per protocol analysis on the study results.Fewer children receiving anti-staphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis had one or more isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. There was no significant difference between groups in infant or conventional lung function. We found no significant effect on nutrition, hospital admissions, additional courses of antibiotics or adverse effects. There was no significant difference in the number of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between groups, though there was a trend towards a lower cumulative isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the prophylaxis group at two and three years and towards a higher rate from four to six years. As the studies reviewed lasted six years or less, conclusions cannot be drawn about the long-term effects of prophylaxis.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Anti-staphylococcal antibiotic prophylaxis leads to fewer children having isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, when commenced early in infancy and continued up to six years of age. The clinical importance of this finding is uncertain. Further research may establish whether the trend towards more children with CF with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after four to six years of prophylaxis, is a chance finding and whether choice of antibiotic or duration of treatment might influence this.
Topics: Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 25419599
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001912.pub3 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Oct 2022To summarise latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management strategies among household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Strategies to detect and manage latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB patients in high TB burden countries - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To summarise latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management strategies among household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in high-TB burden countries.
METHODS
PubMed/MEDLINE (NCBI) and Scopus were searched (January 2006 to December 2021) for studies reporting primary data on LTBI management. Study selection, data management and data synthesis were protocol-driven (PROSPERO-CRD42021208715). Primary outcomes were the proportions of LTBI, initiating and completing tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT). Reported factors influencing the LTBI care cascade were qualitatively synthesised.
RESULTS
From 3694 unique records retrieved, 58 studies from 23 countries were included. Most identified contacts were screened (median 99%, interquartile range [IQR] 82%-100%; 46 studies). Random-effects meta-analysis yielded pooled proportions for: LTBI 41% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33%-49%; 21,566 tested contacts); TPT initiation 91% (95% CI 79%-97%; 129,573 eligible contacts, 34 studies); TPT completion 65% (95% CI 54%-74%; 108,679 TPT-initiated contacts, 28 studies). Heterogeneity was significant (I ≥ 95%-100%) and could not be explained in subgroup analyses. Median proportions (IQR) were: LTBI 44% (28%-59%); TPT initiation 86% (60%-100%); TPT completion 68% (44%-82%). Nine broad themes related to diagnostic testing, health system structure and functions, risk perception, documentation and adherence were considered likely to influence the LTBI care cascade.
CONCLUSION
The proportions of household contacts screened, detected with LTBI and initiated on TPT, though variable was high, but the proportions completing TPT were lower indicating current strategies used for LTBI management in high TB burden countries are not sufficient.
Topics: Humans; Latent Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 35927930
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13808 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2023'Neurodisability' refers to a group of conditions that result primarily from a neurological problem (e.g. cerebral palsy), neuromuscular problem (e.g. a muscular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
'Neurodisability' refers to a group of conditions that result primarily from a neurological problem (e.g. cerebral palsy), neuromuscular problem (e.g. a muscular dystrophy) or developmental problems (e.g. developmental impairment, Down syndrome). Children and young people with these conditions may have similar problems with mobility, feeding and airway clearance. Chest and breathing problems (including pulmonary infections) are commonly experienced by children and young people with neurodisabilities and are often a cause for them requiring hospital care. For those who are unable to completely clear their airway of secretions, or have frequent infections, pulmonary infections may not be able to be completely eradicated and therefore become chronic. It is unclear what treatment is best for children and young people in this position.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness and adverse effects of antibiotic treatment for chronic pulmonary infection in children and young people living with a neurodisability, including quality-of-life measures, effects on hospitalisation and healthcare contacts.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group Register of Trials (CARIGRT), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), OpenGrey (www.opengrey.eu) and three trials registries up to 8 February 2022. Additionally, we identified related systematic reviews through Epistemonikos.org (8 February 2022) and searched reference lists of these.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials of antibiotic therapy for chronic pulmonary infection in children and young people up to the age of 18 living with a neurodisability were eligible.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two independent review authors screened results of the searches against predetermined inclusion criteria, resolving any discrepancies by discussion.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified a total of 1968 independent records through our searches, of which we assessed six full-text articles for eligibility. We identified one ongoing study as well as one related substudy but did not identify any completed studies eligible for inclusion in this systematic review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this systematic review highlight a lack of evidence in the antibiotic treatment of chronic pulmonary infection in children and young people up to the age of 18 living with a neurodisability. Further research examining this topic is therefore required.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Respiration Disorders; Hospitalization; Pneumonia; Neurodevelopmental Disorders
PubMed: 36757320
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013813.pub2