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International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and typically interact with specific target mRNAs through complementary base pairing, affecting their... (Review)
Review
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and typically interact with specific target mRNAs through complementary base pairing, affecting their translation and/or stability. MiRNAs regulate nearly all cellular functions, including the cell fate of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). It is now accepted that various pathologies arise at the stem level, and, in this scenario, the role played by miRNAs in the fate of MSCs becomes of primary concern. Here we have considered the existing literature in the field of miRNAs, MSCs and skin diseases, classified as inflammatory (such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-AD) and neoplastic (melanoma and non-melanoma-skin-cancer including squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma) diseases. In this scoping review article, the evidence recovered indicates that this topic has attracted attention, but it is still a matter of opinion. A protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number "CRD42023420245". According to the different skin disorders and to the specific cellular mechanisms considered (cancer stem cells, extracellular vesicles, inflammation), miRNAs may play a pro- or anti-inflammatory, as well as a tumor suppressive, or supporting, role, indicating a complex regulation of their function. It is evident that the mode of action of miRNAs is more than a switch on-off, and all the observed effects of their dysregulated expression must be checked in a detailed analysis of the targeted proteins. The involvement of miRNAs has been studied mainly for squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, and much less in psoriasis and AD; different mechanisms have been considered, such as miRNAs included in extracellular vesicles derived both from MSCs or tumor cells, miRNAs involved in cancer stem cells formation, up to miRNAs as candidates to be new therapeutic tools.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation; Skin Diseases; Neoplasms; Psoriasis
PubMed: 37239847
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108502 -
Cancers May 2022Background: The use of thiazide diuretics is associated with skin cancer risk; however, whether this applies to all skin cancer types is unclear. Methods: In this... (Review)
Review
Background: The use of thiazide diuretics is associated with skin cancer risk; however, whether this applies to all skin cancer types is unclear. Methods: In this meta-analysis, we searched multiple electronic databases and gray literature up to 10 April 2022, with no language restrictions, to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies (cohort, case-control) that investigated the association between thiazide diuretics and skin cancer. The primary outcomes of interest were malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma [BCC], squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]). Secondary outcomes included other skin cancers (lip cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, malignant adnexal skin tumors, oral cavity cancer, and precursors of skin cancer). We used a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pooled adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty non-randomized studies (17 case-control, 13 cohort, no RCTs) were included. Thiazide diuretic users had a higher risk of malignant melanoma (17 studies; n = 10,129,196; pooled adjusted OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04−1.15; p < 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect), BCC (14 studies; n = 19,780,476; pooled adjusted OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02−1.09; p = 0.003; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect), and SCC (16 studies; n = 16,387,862; pooled adjusted OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.22−1.48; p < 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect) than non-users. Thiazide diuretic use was also associated with a higher risk of lip cancer (5 studies; n = 161,491; pooled adjusted OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.52−2.42; p < 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; small harmful effect), whereas other secondary outcomes were inconclusive. Conclusions: Thiazide diuretics are associated with the risk of all skin cancer types, including malignant melanoma; thus, they should be used with caution in clinical practice.
PubMed: 35626169
DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102566 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2019Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is constantly rising. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce patient... (Review)
Review
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is constantly rising. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce patient morbidity and healthcare costs. The value of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosis is still under debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of RCM in primary BCC. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to July 05, 2019, to collect articles concerning primary BCC diagnosis through RCM. The studies' methodological quality was assessed by the QUADAS-2 tool. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 13.0, RevMan 5.0, and MetaDisc 1.4 software. We included 15 studies totaling a number of 4163 lesions. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.95; I= 85.27%) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.85-0.97; I= 94.61%), the pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 13.51 (95% CI, 5.8-31.37; I= 91.01%) and 0.08 (95% CI, 0.05-0.14; I= 84.83%), and the pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 160.31 (95% CI, 64.73-397.02; I=71%). Despite the heterogeneity and risk of bias, this study demonstrates that RCM, through its high sensitivity and specificity, may have a significant clinical impact on the diagnosis of primary BCC.
PubMed: 31540342
DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091462 -
Journal of Cancer 2024There remains a scarcity of published data on the clinical significance of paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A systematic... (Review)
Review
There remains a scarcity of published data on the clinical significance of paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A systematic search of MEDLINE was performed in December 2022. Inclusion criteria comprised studies reporting on patients with HCC, who had paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations. Outcomes of interests comprise survival and response to cancer-directed and/or skin directed therapy. A total of 48 studies comprising 60 HCC patients were included in the analysis. The most frequent reported skin abnormalities were dermatomyositis, pityriasis rotunda, and porphyria. Most patients presented with dermatomyositis had underlying viral hepatitis, while all reported porphyria and acanthosis cases were associated with metabolic causes of HCC, such as steatosis. Paraneoplastic skin changes were more common in patients with metastatic disease. Pityriasis Rotunda was associated with the lowest risk of death, (OR: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.003 to 0.89; p = 0.04), while dermatomyositis had a statistically significant higher risk of death (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.01-12.1; p = 0.03). Most patients showed an improvement in their cutaneous abnormalities, following cancer-directed therapy. Paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations are reported more frequently in patients with a higher burden of disease, especially presence of metastases. Certain cutaneous manifestations have prognostic implication.
PubMed: 38230223
DOI: 10.7150/jca.88931 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Jul 2010Based on empirical evidence, a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for other cancers. Others hypothesize that... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Based on empirical evidence, a personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for other cancers. Others hypothesize that NMSC may be a marker of high cutaneous vitamin D synthesis and therefore inversely associated with risk of other malignancies. To reconcile these divergent views, we carried out a systematic review to determine the association between NMSC and subsequent risk of other cancers.
METHODS
Bibliographic databases were searched through March 2009. Studies were included if sufficient information was presented to estimate the risk of developing other cancers following NMSC. Studies were reviewed and data were abstracted independently in duplicate with disagreements resolved by consensus.
RESULTS
Of the 21 included studies, 15 reported the association between NMSC and risk of all other cancers combined. NMSC was significantly associated with increased risk of another malignancy among cohort studies based on cancer registries summary random-effects relative risk (SRR), 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.17; n = 12 studies) and those with individual-level data (SRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.12-1.98; n = 3). In stratified analyses of registry studies, this association held true for both squamous (SRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.23; n = 7) and basal cell carcinoma (SRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17; n = 7), and both men (SRR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.20; n = 12) and women (SRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.15; n = 12).
CONCLUSIONS
Strong, consistent evidence indicates that a personal history of NMSC is associated with increased risk of developing other malignancies.
IMPACT
For unknown reasons, NMSC may be a risk factor for other cancers.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Risk Factors; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 20570907
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0243 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Sep 2004To assess the effects of treatments for basal cell carcinoma. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of treatments for basal cell carcinoma.
METHODS
Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Recurrence of basal cell carcinoma at three years or beyond, assessed clinically.
STUDIES REVIEWED
Randomised controlled trials of interventions for histologically confirmed basal cell carcinoma (published and unpublished material; no language restrictions).
RESULTS
25 studies were identified, covering seven therapeutic categories. Only one study of surgical excision versus radiotherapy contained primary outcome data, which showed significantly more persistent tumours and recurrences in the radiotherapy group compared with surgery (odds ratio 0.09, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.67). One study compared cryotherapy with surgery, with inconclusive results at one year. In a comparison of radiotherapy with cryotherapy, significantly more recurrences occurred at one year in the cryotherapy group. Preliminary studies suggest a short term success rate of 87-88% for imiquimod cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma, although this cream has not been compared with surgery. No consistent evidence was found for the other treatment modalities.
CONCLUSIONS
Little good quality research has been done on the treatments used for the most common cancer in humans. Most trials have included only people with basal cell carcinoma occurring at low risk sites. Only one trial measured recurrence at four years; recurrence rates at one year should be interpreted with caution. Surgery and radiotherapy seem to be the most effective treatments; surgery showed the lowest failure rates. Other treatments might have some use but need to be compared with surgery.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cryotherapy; Humans; Photochemotherapy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Skin Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 15364703
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38219.515266.AE -
Frontiers in Oncology 2022The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus(MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma(MCC) and non-MCC skin lesions and its possible role in the etiology of other skin diseases...
The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus(MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma(MCC) and non-MCC skin lesions and its possible role in the etiology of other skin diseases remain controversial. To systematically assess the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search for eligible studies was conducted using Medline Ovid, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases until August 2021; references were searched to identify additional studies. Observational studies that investigated the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) as a detection method and provided sufficient data to calculate the prevalence of MCPyV positivity. A total of 50 articles were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. Two reviewers independently reviewed and assessed the eligibility of the studies, and all disagreements were resolved by consensus. To determine the association between MCPyV and MCC, overall odds ratio (OR) were calculated with 95% CI using a random-effects model. Single-arm meta-analyses were performed to examine the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. The primary analysis was the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions and normal skin. A total of 50 studies involving 5428 patients were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, MCPyV infection was significantly associated with MCC (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 2.96 - 4.05). The global prevalence of MCPyV+ in MCC, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, seborrheic keratosis, and normal skin was 80%, 4%, 15%, 15%, 21%, 6%, 20%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. The current results suggest that MCPyV infection is significantly associated with an increased risk of MCC. However, the low prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions does not exclude a pathogenic association of this virus with the development of non-MCC skin lesions.
PubMed: 35392226
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868781 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024Standard non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treatment involves surgery, recently combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy in cases of advanced tumors. EVs, including... (Review)
Review
Standard non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treatment involves surgery, recently combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy in cases of advanced tumors. EVs, including exosomes, are integral to carcinogenesis, and are found in NMSC releasing mediators impacting tumor progression. Nevertheless, the precise intercellular signaling role of NMSC-derived EVs remains unclear. This review aims to elucidate their potential role in NMSC diagnosis and treatment. This systematic review encompassed literature searches in electronic databases from inception to September 2023, based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria, addressing NMSC-derived EVs, their molecular cargo, and their implications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of NMSC. Key components were identified. Extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins and RNA have emerged as diagnostic biomarkers in EV-based liquid biopsy. Circular RNA CYP24A1, known for its molecular stability, holds promise as a diagnostic biomarker. Long noncoding RNAs (lincRNA-PICSAR) and Desmoglein 2 (DSg2) are linked to drug resistance, serving as prognostic biomarkers. EV mediators are being actively investigated for their potential role as drug delivery agents. In conclusion, this systematic review showed that NMSC-derived EVs display promise as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Further research is imperative to fully comprehend EV mechanisms and explore their potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Liquid Biopsy; Skin Neoplasms; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38473864
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052617 -
Cancers Jun 2022Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treated with nonsurgical therapies can be monitored with noninvasive skin imaging. The precision of dermoscopy, reflectance confocal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treated with nonsurgical therapies can be monitored with noninvasive skin imaging. The precision of dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting clearance is unclear. We aim to report the proportion of persisting tumors identified with noninvasive technologies available in the literature.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted on the PubMed and Cochrane Public Library Databases for articles published prior to November 2021. Statistical analyses were conducted with MedCalc 14.8.1 software.
RESULTS
A total of eight studies (352 lesions) reporting noninvasive imaging for NMSC clearance following nonsurgical treatment were included. Most ( = 7) reported basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and one study reported squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) clearance. A meta-analysis of the BCC clearance revealed that the summary effect for RCM was higher, as compared to the other techniques. Interestingly, the sensitivity and specificity for OCT were 86.4% (95% CI: 65.1-97.1) and 100% (95% CI: 94.8-100.0), respectively, whilst, for RCM, they reached 100% (95%CI: 86.8-100) and 72.5% (95% CI: 64.4-79.7), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Routine clinical examination and dermoscopy underperform when employed for NMSC clearance monitoring, although they represent the first approach to the patient. OCT and RCM seem to improve the detection of persistent BCC after medical treatment.
PubMed: 35740502
DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122836 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Dec 2015To summarize the current knowledge about the potential relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the risk of several extra-liver cancers. (Review)
Review
AIM
To summarize the current knowledge about the potential relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the risk of several extra-liver cancers.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the literature, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement. We extracted the pertinent articles, published in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, using the following search terms: neoplasm/cancer/malignancy/tumor/carcinoma/adeno-carcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, kidney/renal-, cholangio-, pancreatic-, thyroid-, breast-,oral-, skin-, prostate-, lung-, colon-, stomach-, haematologic. Case series, case-series with control-group, case-control, cohort-studies as well as meta-analyses, written in English were collected. Some of the main characteristics of retrieved trials, which were designed to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection in each type of the above-mentioned human malignancies were summarised. A main table was defined and included a short description in the text for each of these tumours, whether at least five studies about a specific neoplasm, meeting inclusion criteria, were available in literature. According to these criteria, we created the following sections and the corresponding tables and we indicated the number of included or excluded articles, as well as of meta-analyses and reviews: (1) HCV and haematopoietic malignancies; (2) HCV and cholangiocarcinoma; (3) HCV and pancreatic cancer; (4) HCV and breast cancer; (5) HCV and kidney cancer; (6) HCV and skin or oral cancer; and (7) HCV and thyroid cancer.
RESULTS
According to available data, a clear correlation between regions of HCV prevalence and risk of extra-liver cancers has emerged only for a very small group of types and histological subtypes of malignancies. In particular, HCV infection has been associated with: (1) a higher incidence of some B-cell Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma types, in countries, where an elevated prevalence of this pathogen is detectable, accounting to a percentage of about 10%; (2) an increased risk of intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma; and (3) a correlation between HCV prevalence and pancreatic cancer (PAC) incidence.
CONCLUSION
To date no definitive conclusions may be obtained from the analysis of relationship between HCV and extra-hepatic cancers. Further studies, recruiting an adequate number of patients are required to confirm or deny this association.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26668515
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i45.12896