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Addiction & Health Jul 2023Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU.
METHODS
Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed.
FINDINGS
The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.
PubMed: 38026725
DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1395 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Apr 2023The first human brain organoid protocol was presented in the beginning of the previous decade, and since then, the field witnessed the development of many new brain...
BACKGROUND
The first human brain organoid protocol was presented in the beginning of the previous decade, and since then, the field witnessed the development of many new brain region-specific models, and subsequent protocol adaptations and modifications. The vast amount of data available on brain organoid technology may be overwhelming for scientists new to the field and consequently decrease its accessibility. Here, we aimed at providing a practical guide for new researchers in the field by systematically reviewing human brain organoid publications.
METHODS
Articles published between 2010 and 2020 were selected and categorised for brain organoid applications. Those describing neurodevelopmental studies or protocols for novel organoid models were further analysed for culture duration of the brain organoids, protocol comparisons of key aspects of organoid generation, and performed functional characterisation assays. We then summarised the approaches taken for different models and analysed the application of small molecules and growth factors used to achieve organoid regionalisation. Finally, we analysed articles for organoid cell type compositions, the reported time points per cell type, and for immunofluorescence markers used to characterise different cell types.
RESULTS
Calcium imaging and patch clamp analysis were the most frequently used neuronal activity assays in brain organoids. Neural activity was shown in all analysed models, yet network activity was age, model, and assay dependent. Induction of dorsal forebrain organoids was primarily achieved through combined (dual) SMAD and Wnt signalling inhibition. Ventral forebrain organoid induction was performed with dual SMAD and Wnt signalling inhibition, together with additional activation of the Shh pathway. Cerebral organoids and dorsal forebrain model presented the most cell types between days 35 and 60. At 84 days, dorsal forebrain organoids contain astrocytes and potentially oligodendrocytes. Immunofluorescence analysis showed cell type-specific application of non-exclusive markers for multiple cell types.
CONCLUSIONS
We provide an easily accessible overview of human brain organoid cultures, which may help those working with brain organoids to define their choice of model, culture time, functional assay, differentiation, and characterisation strategies.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Organoids; Prosencephalon; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Neurons; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 37061699
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03302-x -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Apr 2015To assess effectiveness, complications, recurrence rate, and recent improvements of the anterior rectopexy procedure for treatment of total rectal prolapse. (Review)
Review
AIM
To assess effectiveness, complications, recurrence rate, and recent improvements of the anterior rectopexy procedure for treatment of total rectal prolapse.
METHODS
MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and other relevant database were searched to identify studies. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized studies and original articles in English language, with more than 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse, with a follow-up over 3 mo were considered for the review.
RESULTS
Twelve non-randomized case series studies with 574 patients were included in the review. No surgical mortality was described. Conversion was needed in 17 cases (2.9%), most often due to difficult adhesiolysis. Twenty eight patients (4.8%) presented with major complications. Seven (1.2%) mesh-related complications were reported. Most frequent complications were urinary tract infection and urinary retention. Mean recurrence rate was 4.7% with a median follow-up of 23 mo. Improvement of constipation ranged from 3%-72% of the patients and worsening or new onset occurred in 0%-20%. Incontinence improved in 31%-84% patients who presented fecal incontinence at various stages. Evaluation of functional score was disparate between studies.
CONCLUSION
Based on the low long-term recurrence rate and favorable outcome data in terms of low de novo constipation rate, improvement of anal incontinence, and low complications rate, laparoscopic anterior rectopexy seems to emerge as an efficient procedure for the treatment of patients with total rectal prolapse.
Topics: Constipation; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Fecal Incontinence; Humans; Laparoscopy; Postoperative Complications; Recovery of Function; Rectal Prolapse; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25945021
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i16.5049 -
Biological Research For Nursing Jan 2020Eating disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology and maintenance of eating-disorder symptoms are not well understood. Evidence suggests...
BACKGROUND
Eating disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology and maintenance of eating-disorder symptoms are not well understood. Evidence suggests that there may be gustatory alterations in patients with eating disorders.
OBJECTIVE
This article systematically reviews research assessing gustatory differences in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED).
METHOD
A systematic review was performed, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, examining taste and eating disorders. We reviewed electronic databases and identified 1,490 peer-reviewed English-language studies. Of these, 49 met inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Studies employed psychophysical measures ( = 27), self-reported questionnaires ( = 5), and neuroimaging techniques (i.e., electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging; = 17). Psychophysical studies showed that individuals with BN, in general, had greater preference for sweetness than healthy controls, and those with AN had a greater aversion for fat than controls. In neuroimaging studies, findings suggested that predictable administration of sweet-taste stimuli was associated with reduced activation in taste-reward regions of the brain among individuals with AN (e.g., insula, ventral, and dorsal striatum) but increased activation in BN and BED.
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to synthesize literature on taste differences in AN, BN, and BED. The inconsistency and variability in methods used across studies increased difficulties in comparing studies and disease processes. Further studies with well-defined population parameters are warranted to better understand how taste varies in patients with eating disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Brain; Bulimia Nervosa; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taste; Young Adult
PubMed: 31833410
DOI: 10.1177/1099800419872824 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Nov 2023Mass closure with a continuous suture using large bite stitching technique has been widely accepted for midline laparotomy wound closures. However, emerging evidence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Mass closure with a continuous suture using large bite stitching technique has been widely accepted for midline laparotomy wound closures. However, emerging evidence suggests the use of small bite technique to reduce rates of incisional ventral hernia, surgical site infection (SSI) and burst abdomen. This meta-analysis aims to compare small versus large bite stitching techniques to assess complication rates in midline laparotomy wound closures. A comprehensive multi-database search (OVID EBM Reviews, OVID Medline, EMBASE, Scopus) was conducted from database inception to 11th October 2021 according to PRISMA guidelines. We included studies comparing post-operative complication rates of small bite versus large bite stitching techniques for midline laparotomy wound closure. Extracted data was pooled for meta-analysis evaluating rates of incisional ventral hernia, SSI and burst abdomen. We included five randomized controlled trials (RCT) in the meta-analysis and three prospective cohort studies for qualitative analysis. A total of 1977 participants composed of 961 small bite and 1016 large bite technique patients were included from the five RCTs. There was a significant reduction in the rates of incisional ventral hernia and SSI with the small bite stitch technique with odds ratios (OR) of 0.39 (95% CI [0.21-0.71]) and 0.68 (95% CI [0.51-0.91]) respectively, and a trend in favour of reduced incidence of burst abdomen with OR of 0.60 (95% CI [0.15-2.48]). Small bite stitch technique in midline laparotomy wound closure may be superior over conventional mass closure using the large bite stitch technique, with statistically significant lower rates of incisional ventral hernia and SSI.
Topics: Humans; Laparotomy; Suture Techniques; Abdominal Wound Closure Techniques; Incisional Hernia; Hernia, Ventral; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 37652773
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.08.124 -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Apr 2013Depression is often not optimally treated during pregnancy, partially because of conflicting data regarding antidepressant medication risk. This meta-analysis was... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Depression is often not optimally treated during pregnancy, partially because of conflicting data regarding antidepressant medication risk. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether antenatal antidepressant exposure is associated with congenital malformations and to assess the effect of known methodological limitations.
DATA SOURCES
EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE were searched from their start dates to June 2010. Keywords of various combinations were used, including, but not limited to depressive/mood disorder, pregnancy, antidepressant drug/agent, congenital malformation, and cardiac malformation.
STUDY SELECTION
English language studies reporting congenital malformations associated with antidepressants were included. Of 3,074 abstracts reviewed, 735 studies were retrieved and 27 studies were included.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two reviewers working independently assessed article quality. Data on use of any antidepressant, including fluoxetine and paroxetine specifically, were extracted. Outcomes included congenital malformations, major congenital malformations, cardiovascular defects, septal heart defects (ventral septal defects and atrial septal defects), and ventral septal defects only.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies were above quality threshold and make up the primary meta-analyses. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were derived by using random-effects methods. Antidepressant exposure was not associated with congenital malformations (RR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.85-1.02; P = .113) or major malformations (RR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.99-1.17; P = .095). However, increased risk for cardiovascular malformations (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08-1.71; P = .008) and septal heart defects (RR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.77; P = .005) were found; the RR for ventral septal defects was similar to septal defects, although not significant (RR = 1.54; 95% CI, 0.71-3.33; P = .274). Pooled effects were significant for paroxetine and cardiovascular malformations (RR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.08-1.88; P = .012). These results are contrasted with those addressing methodological limitations but are typically consistent.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, antidepressants do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, but statistical significance was found for cardiovascular malformations. Results were robust in several sensitivity analyses. Given that the RRs are marginal, they may be the result of uncontrolled confounders. Although the RRs were statistically significant, none reached clinically significant levels.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 23656855
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.12r07966 -
Surgery Sep 2021The primary objective was to assess the perioperative efficacy of the preoperative use of progressive pneumoperitoneum or Botulinum Toxin A injections in ventral hernia... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The primary objective was to assess the perioperative efficacy of the preoperative use of progressive pneumoperitoneum or Botulinum Toxin A injections in ventral hernia repair.
METHODS
Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Studies in English reporting on fascial closure, indications, complications or postoperative outcomes in adult patients that had undergone progressive pneumoperitoneum, Botulinum Toxin A injections, or both before ventral hernia repair were included. Study quality was assessed with the Oxford Levels of Evidence guidelines and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. A pooled fascial closure rate and recurrence rate were calculated with random effects models.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included from the 905 identified, comprising the use progressive pneumoperitoneum (n = 11), Botulinum Toxin A (n = 6), and both techniques (n = 3). The overall fascial closure rate was 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.89-0.98). Indications for the use of progressive pneumoperitoneum or Botulinum Toxin A were based on objective (eg, computed tomography measurements) or subjective measures (eg, foreseen surgical problems). In contrast to the use of Botulinum Toxin A, reported complications with the use of progressive pneumoperitoneum were ample and sometimes severe. The cumulative reported recurrence rate was 0.03 (95% confidence interval 0.01-0.06).
CONCLUSION
Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum and Botulinum Toxin A can facilitate fascial closure without causing significant numbers of adverse events. Botulinum Toxin A qualifies for low-threshold use, yet progressive pneumoperitoneum should be used cautiously owing to a larger number of complications. Definitive recommendations cannot be made as the quality of included studies is low, bias is present, and comparative information is scarce. Registration number Information about the design and conduct of this systematic review has been registered on PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020181679.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Fascia; Hernia, Ventral; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Neuromuscular Agents; Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; Preoperative Care; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 33888320
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.03.027 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Sheep ovariectomy (OVX) alone or associated to steroid therapy, deficient diet, or hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection has proven to be of critical importance for... (Review)
Review
Sheep ovariectomy (OVX) alone or associated to steroid therapy, deficient diet, or hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection has proven to be of critical importance for osteoporosis research in orthopedics. However, the impact of specific variables, such as breed, age, diet, time after OVX, and other variables, should be monitored. Thus, the design of comparative studies is mandatory to minimize the impact of these variables or to recognize the presence of unwanted variables as well as to better characterize bone remodeling in this model. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of the last 10 years on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge considering only studies on OVX sheep where a control group was present. Of the 123 records screened, 18 studies were included and analyzed. Results showed that (i) Merino sheep are the most exploited breed; (ii) 5-6 years of age is the most used time for inducing OVX; (iii) ventral midline laparotomy is the most common approach to induce OVX; (iv) OVX associated to steroid therapy is the most widely used osteoporosis model; and (v) success of OVX was mostly verified 12 months after surgery. In detail, starting from 12 months after OVX a significant decline in bone mineral density and in microarchitectural bone parameters as well as in biochemical markers were detected in all studies in comparison to control groups. Bone alteration was also site-specific on a pattern as follows: lumbar vertebra, femoral neck, and ribs. Before 12 months from OVX and starting from 3-5 months, microarchitectural bone changes and biochemical marker alterations were present when osteoporosis was induced by OVX associated to steroid therapy. In conclusion, OVX in sheep influence bone metabolism causing pronounced systemic bone loss and structural deterioration comparable to the situation found in osteoporosis patients. Data for treating osteoporosis patients are based not only on good planning and study design but also on a correct animal use that, as suggested by 3Rs principles and by ARRIVE guidelines, includes the use of control groups to be directly contrasted with the experimental group.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Steroids
PubMed: 36012173
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168904 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... Dec 2020Within the past decade, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) biosynthetic mesh has been introduced as a potential alternative to traditional biologic and synthetic mesh in...
UNLABELLED
Within the past decade, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) biosynthetic mesh has been introduced as a potential alternative to traditional biologic and synthetic mesh in ventral hernia repair (VHR). The aim of this study was to systematically assess clinical outcomes with the P4HB in VHR.
METHODS
A literature search identified all articles published in 2000 involving the use of P4HB in VHR. Descriptive statistics were used to synthesize collective data points, including postoperative outcomes. A pooled analysis of postoperative outcomes was performed using chi-square test and Fisher exact test.
RESULTS
Across 7 studies, the P4HB was used in 453 patients. The mean rate of surgical site infection (SSI) was 6.8% (31/453), reoperation 10.7% (30/281), and recurrence 9.1% (41/453). At an average follow-up of 26.8 months, the incidence of recurrence was 10.4% (28/270). Onlay was significantly associated with increased recurrence (14.2% versus 4.4%, = 0.001). Among sublay placements, there was no difference in recurrence in clean (Center for Disease Control [CDC] 1) or contaminated (CDC >1) wounds (2.7% versus 6.1%, = 0.585), but contaminated wounds were associated with increased SSI (2.7% versus 15.2%, = 0.028). Ventral Hernia Working Group grade 2 and 3 did not have different incidences of recurrence (8.0% versus 5.1%, = 0.526) nor SSI (5.1% versus 14.6%, = 0.265).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, clinical outcomes of the P4HB mesh in VHR are acceptable. The P4HB mesh serves as a reliable alternative to traditional synthetic and biologic mesh across a range of defect characteristics and patient health conditions. Further research is needed to better understand the conditions in which it may provide a clinical benefit over traditional mesh types.
PubMed: 33425570
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000003158 -
Cureus Jan 2024Abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) is a surgical procedure performed to address various conditions such as hernias, incisional hernias, and complex abdominal wall... (Review)
Review
Abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) is a surgical procedure performed to address various conditions such as hernias, incisional hernias, and complex abdominal wall defects. Mesh fixation plays a crucial role in providing mechanical reinforcement to the weakened abdominal wall during AWR. Traditionally, suturing has been the preferred method for mesh fixation; however, adhesion techniques using tissue adhesives or glues have gained attention as an alternative approach. This systematic review aims to compare suturing and adhesion techniques for mesh fixation in AWR and assess their effectiveness in preventing hernia recurrence. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across relevant databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Studies that fulfilled the predetermined eligibility criteria were included. The primary outcome measure of interest was hernia recurrence rates. Secondary outcomes included mesh-related complications, surgical site infections, patient-reported outcomes, and functional outcomes. A risk of bias assessment was performed for the included studies, and data were synthesized qualitatively. Overall, the results of the included studies suggest that atraumatic mesh fixation with glue may have the potential to reduce chronic groin pain (CGP). However, there were significant variations in patient selection criteria, glue administration techniques, and hernia repair methods among the trials, which limited the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Additionally, the definitions of CGP and measurement scales for postoperative pain varied across studies, making it challenging to compare outcomes. The limitations of the review include the small sample sizes in some trials, relatively short follow-up durations, and the lack of standardized criteria for assessing variables such as foreign body sensation and groin compliance. Furthermore, the economic implications of using glue fixation compared to traditional suture fixation need to be considered.
PubMed: 38304671
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51535