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PloS One 2021While multiple studies have examined the brain functional correlates of reward, meta-analyses have either focused on studies using the monetary incentive delay (MID)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
While multiple studies have examined the brain functional correlates of reward, meta-analyses have either focused on studies using the monetary incentive delay (MID) task, or have adopted a broad strategy, combining data from studies using both monetary and non-monetary reward, as probed using a wide range of tasks.
OBJECTIVE
To meta-analyze fMRI studies that used monetary reward and in which there was a definable cue-reward contingency. Studies were limited to those using monetary reward in order to avoid potential heterogeneity from use of other rewards, especially social rewards. Studies using gambling or delay discounting tasks were excluded on the grounds that reward anticipation is not easily quantifiable.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY
English-language fMRI studies (i) that reported fMRI findings on healthy adults; (ii) that used monetary reward; and (iii) in which a cue that was predictive of reward was compared to a no win (or lesser win) condition. Only voxel-based studies were included; those where brain coverage was incomplete were excluded.
DATA SOURCES
Ovid, Medline and PsycInfo, from 2000 to 2020, plus checking of review articles and meta-analyses.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Data were pooled using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI). Heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I2 statistic. Publication bias was examined using funnel plots and statistical examination of asymmetries. Moderator variables including whether the task was pre-learnt, sex distribution, amount of money won and width of smoothing kernel were examined.
RESULTS
Pooled data from 45 studies of reward anticipation revealed activations in the ventral striatum, the middle cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area and the insula. Pooled data from 28 studies of reward delivery again revealed ventral striatal activation, plus cortical activations in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. There was relatively little evidence of publication bias. Among moderating variables, only whether the task was pre-learnt exerted an influence.
CONCLUSIONS
According to this meta-analysis monetary reward anticipation and delivery both activate the ventral but not the dorsal striatum, and are associated with different patterns of cortical activation.
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motivation; Reward
PubMed: 34351957
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255292 -
Human Brain Mapping Oct 2006The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) has consistently been associated with both phonologic and semantic operations in functional neuroimaging studies. Two main... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) has consistently been associated with both phonologic and semantic operations in functional neuroimaging studies. Two main theories have proposed a different functional organization in the LIFG for these processes. One theory suggests an anatomic parcellation of phonologic and semantic operations within the LIFG. An alternative theory proposes that both processes are encompassed within a supramodal executive function in a single region in the LIFG. To test these theories, we carried out a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies employing phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. Seventeen articles meeting our pre-established criteria were found, consisting of 22 relevant experiments with 197 healthy subjects and a total of 41 peak activations in the LIFG. We determined 95% confidence intervals of the mean location (x, y, and z coordinates) of peaks of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses from published phonologic and semantic verbal fluency studies using the nonparametric technique of bootstrap analysis. Significant differences were revealed in dorsal-ventral (z-coordinate) localizations of the peak BOLD response: phonologic verbal fluency peak BOLD response was significantly more dorsal to the peak associated with semantic verbal fluency (confidence interval of difference: 1.9-17.4 mm). No significant differences were evident in antero-posterior (x-coordinate) or medial-lateral (y-coordinate) positions. The results support distinct dorsal-ventral locations for phonologic and semantic processes within the LIFG. Current limitations to meta-analytic integration of published functional neuroimaging studies are discussed.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Verbal Behavior
PubMed: 16511886
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20221 -
Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro de... 2016The damage control surgery, with emphasis on laparostomy, usually results in shrinkage of the aponeurosis and loss of the ability to close the abdominal wall, leading to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The damage control surgery, with emphasis on laparostomy, usually results in shrinkage of the aponeurosis and loss of the ability to close the abdominal wall, leading to the formation of ventral incisional hernias. Currently, various techniques offer greater chances of closing the abdominal cavity with less tension. Thus, this study aims to evaluate three temporary closure techniques of the abdominal cavity: the Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy - VAC, the Bogotá Bag and the Vacuum-pack. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, selecting 28 articles published in the last 20 years. The techniques of the bag Bogotá and Vacuum-pack had the advantage of easy access to the material in most centers and low cost, contrary to VAC, which, besides presenting high cost, is not available in most hospitals. On the other hand, the VAC technique was more effective in reducing stress at the edges of lesions, removing stagnant fluids and waste, in addition to acting at the cellular level by increasing proliferation and cell division rates, and showed the highest rates of primary closure of the abdominal cavity. RESUMO A cirurgia de controle de danos, com ênfase em peritoneostomia, geralmente resulta em retração da aponeurose e perda da capacidade de fechar a parede abdominal, levando à formação de hérnias ventrais incisionais. Atualmente, várias técnicas oferecem maiores chances de fechamento da cavidade abdominal, com menor tensão. Deste modo, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar três técnicas de fechamento temporário da cavidade abdominal: fechamento a vácuo (Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy - VAC), Bolsa de Bogotá e Vacuum-pack. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura com seleção de 28 artigos publicados nos últimos 20 anos. As técnicas de Bolsa de Bogotá e Vacuum-pack tiveram como vantagem o acesso fácil ao material, na maioria dos centros, e baixo custo, ao contrário do que se observa na terapia a vácuo, VAC, que além de apresentar alto custo, não está disponível em grande parte dos hospitais. A técnica VAC, por outro lado, foi mais eficaz na redução da tensão nas bordas das lesões, ao remover fluidos estagnados e detritos, além de exercer ação a nível celular, aumentando as taxas de proliferação e divisão celular, e apresentou as maiores taxas de fechamento primário da cavidade abdominal.
Topics: Abdominal Cavity; Abdominal Wound Closure Techniques; Humans; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy; Polyvinyl Chloride; Time Factors
PubMed: 27982331
DOI: 10.1590/0100-69912016005015 -
Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro de... 2024Abdominal wall hernias encompass both ventral and incisional hernias, often poorly classified regarding complexity in general. This study aims to conduct a review on the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Abdominal wall hernias encompass both ventral and incisional hernias, often poorly classified regarding complexity in general. This study aims to conduct a review on the primary topics related to defining the complexity of ventral hernias.
METHODS
this is a scope review conducted following the guidelines recommended by the PRISMA-ScR directive. Searches were carried out in electronic databases including PubMed, LILACS, and EMBASE, using the descriptors: Abdominal Hernia, Hernia, Ventral Hernia, Incisional Hernia, Complex, Classification, Classify, Grade, Scale, and Definition. Combinations of these terms were employed when appropriate. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles with definitions and classifications of complex hernias, as well as those utilizing these classifications to guide treatments and patient allocation. Synonyms and related topics were also considered. Articles outside the scope or lacking the themes in their title or abstract were excluded. The database search was conducted up to July 29, 2023.
RESULTS
several hernia classifications were identified as useful in predicting complexity. For this study, we considered six main criteria: size and location, loss of domain, use of abdominal wall relaxation techniques, characteristics of imaging exams, status of the subcutaneous cellular tissue, and likelihood of recurrence.
CONCLUSION
complex abdominal wall hernias can be defined by characteristics analyzed collectively, relating to the patients previous clinical status, size and location of the hernia defect, status of subcutaneous cellular tissue, myofascial release techniques, and other complicating factors.
Topics: Humans; Hernia, Ventral; Incisional Hernia; Abdominal Wall; Recurrence
PubMed: 38716916
DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20243670-en -
Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019There is growing scientific interest in understanding the biological mechanisms affecting and/or underlying violent behaviors in order to develop effective treatment... (Review)
Review
There is growing scientific interest in understanding the biological mechanisms affecting and/or underlying violent behaviors in order to develop effective treatment and prevention programs. In recent years, neuroscientific research has tried to demonstrate whether the intrinsic activity within the brain at rest in the absence of any external stimulation (resting-state functional connectivity; RSFC) could be employed as a reliable marker for several cognitive abilities and personality traits that are important in behavior regulation, particularly, proneness to violence. This review aims to highlight the association between the RSFC among specific brain structures and the predisposition to experiencing anger and/or responding to stressful and distressing situations with anger in several populations. The scientific literature was reviewed following the PRISMA quality criteria for reviews, using the following digital databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, and Dialnet. The identification of 181 abstracts and retrieval of 34 full texts led to the inclusion of 17 papers. The results described in our study offer a better understanding of the brain networks that might explain the tendency to experience anger. The majority of the studies highlighted that diminished RSFC between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala might make people prone to reactive violence, but that it is also necessary to contemplate additional cortical (i.e. insula, gyrus [angular, supramarginal, temporal, fusiform, superior, and middle frontal], anterior and posterior cingulated cortex) and subcortical brain structures (i.e. hippocampus, cerebellum, ventral striatum, and nucleus centralis superior) in order to explain a phenomenon as complex as violence. Moreover, we also described the neural pathways that might underlie proactive violence and feelings of revenge, highlighting the RSFC between the OFC, ventral striatal, angular gyrus, mid-occipital cortex, and cerebellum. The results from this synthesis and critical analysis of RSFC findings in several populations offer guidelines for future research and for developing a more accurate model of proneness to violence, in order to create effective treatment and prevention programs.
PubMed: 30650635
DOI: 10.3390/bs9010011 -
Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and... Apr 2022The surgical implantation of polypropylene (PP) meshes has been linked to the occurrence of systemic autoimmune disorders. We performed a systematic review to determine... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
The surgical implantation of polypropylene (PP) meshes has been linked to the occurrence of systemic autoimmune disorders. We performed a systematic review to determine whether PP implants for inguinal, ventral hernia or pelvic floor surgery are associated with the development of systemic autoimmune syndromes.
METHODS
We searched Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, clinicaltrialsregister.eu, clinicaltrails.gov and WHO-ICTR platform. Last search was performed on November 24th 2021. All types of studies reporting systemic inflammatory/autoimmune response in patients having a PP implant for either pelvic floor surgery, ventral or inguinal hernia repair were included. Animal studies, case reports and articles without full text were excluded. We intended to perform a meta-analysis. The quality of evidence was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. This study was registered at Prospero (CRD42020220705).
RESULTS
Of 2137 records identified, 4 were eligible. Two retrospective matched cohort studies focused on mesh surgery for vaginal prolapse or inguinal hernia compared to hysterectomy and colonoscopy, respectively. One cohort study compared the incidence of systemic conditions in women having urinary incontinence surgery with and without mesh. These reports had a low risk of bias. A meta-analysis showed no association when comparing systemic disease between mesh and control groups. Calculated risk ratio was 0.9 (95% CI 0.82-0.98). The fourth study was a case series with a high risk of bias, with a sample of 714 patients with systemic disease, 40 of whom had PP mesh implanted.
CONCLUSION
There is no evidence to suggest a causal relationship between being implanted with a PP mesh and the occurrence of autoimmune disorders.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Cohort Studies; Female; Hernia, Inguinal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Polypropylenes; Retrospective Studies; Surgical Mesh; Syndrome
PubMed: 35020091
DOI: 10.1007/s10029-021-02553-y -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Apr 2017Hereditary proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe neuromuscular disease of childhood caused by homozygous loss of function of the survival motor neuron (SMN)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hereditary proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe neuromuscular disease of childhood caused by homozygous loss of function of the survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene. The presence of a second, nearly identical SMN gene (SMN2) in the human genome ensures production of residual levels of the ubiquitously expressed SMN protein. Alpha-motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord are most vulnerable to reduced SMN concentrations but the development or function of other tissues may also be affected, and cardiovascular abnormalities have frequently been reported both in patients and SMA mouse models.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed reported cardiac pathology in relation to SMN deficiency. To investigate the relevance of the possible association in more detail, we used clinical classification systems to characterize structural cardiac defects and arrhythmias.
CONCLUSIONS
Seventy-two studies with a total of 264 SMA patients with reported cardiac pathology were identified, along with 14 publications on SMA mouse models with abnormalities of the heart. Structural cardiac pathology, mainly septal defects and abnormalities of the cardiac outflow tract, was reported predominantly in the most severely affected patients (i.e. SMA type 1). Cardiac rhythm disorders were most frequently reported in patients with milder SMA types (e.g. SMA type 3). All included studies lacked control groups and a standardized approach for cardiac evaluation. The convergence to specific abnormalities of cardiac structure and function may indicate vulnerability of specific cell types or developmental processes relevant for cardiogenesis. Future studies would benefit from a controlled and standardized approach for cardiac evaluation in patients with SMA.
Topics: Heart; Humans; Motor Neurons; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal; Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood; Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein; Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein
PubMed: 28399889
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0613-5 -
Danish Medical Journal Jul 2016Hernia formation is a multifactorial disease involving important endogenous factors possibly affected by exogenous factors. Alterations in collagen composition seem to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hernia formation is a multifactorial disease involving important endogenous factors possibly affected by exogenous factors. Alterations in collagen composition seem to contribute to abdominal wall hernia formation, possibly related to increased collagen breakdown. The collagen composition appears altered in fascial tissue but also in skin biopsies, suggesting that the collagen alterations are systemic. More pronounced collagen alterations are found in patients with hernia recurrences. Hypothetically, primary inguinal hernias are formed due to a systemic predisposition to altered connective tissue, whereas impaired healing influences on the development of incisional hernias and hernia recurrences. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate the collagen turnover systemically and locally in patients with primary inguinal hernia, multiple hernias and incisional hernia.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In a systematic literature review, a total of 55 original articles were reviewed evaluating connective tissue alterations in patients with abdominal wall hernias. Patients with inguinal and incisional hernias exhibit a decreased type I to III collagen ratio in fascia and skin biopsies with the most pronounced alterations found in patients with direct inguinal hernia and hernia recurrence. An increased level of MMP-2 was reported in patients with inguinal hernias. In a nationwide study from the Danish Hernia Database, 92,283 patients with an inguinal hernia repair were identified from January 1998 until June 2010. A total of 843 patients were also registered with a ventral hernia repair. Direct (OR = 1.28 [95% C.I. 1.08-1.51]) and recurrent (OR = 1.76 [95% C.I. 1.39-2.23]) inguinal hernia repairs were significantly associated with ventral hernia repair compared to indirect inguinal hernia repair after adjustment for gender, age and surgical approach. In a multivariable subgroup analysis, direct and recurrent inguinal hernia repair were associated with primary ventral hernia surgery, whereas only recurrent inguinal hernia repair was associated with secondary ventral hernia surgery. In a cohort of 305 patients followed up a median of 3.7 years after emergency or elective laparotomy, a total of 79 patients were identified with an incisional hernia. Patients were subgrouped based on the identified risk factors male gender and smoking in eight groups with nine patients in each. Pooled serum samples were screened for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, MMP-13, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4 with a multiarray and zymography. The screening indicated differences in MMP-9 and TIMP-1, which were measured in serum samples of the whole patient cohort with ELISA. There were no differences in systemic MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels between patients with and without incisional hernia. Patients were enrolled consecutively in four groups: 1) patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy without hernias (N = 18), patients operated on for 2) primary unilateral inguinal hernia (N = 17), 3) multiple hernias defined as three or more primary hernias (N = 21) and 4) incisional hernia (N = 25). Venous blood was collected preoperatively. Pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were measured in serum by gelatine zymography, and there were no significant differences between hernia patients and controls. Furthermore, serological biomarkers for type I, III, IV and V collagen turnover were measured in serum by solid-phase competitive immunoassays. In patients with inguinal hernia, type III and V collagen turnover were significantly decreased, whereas type IV collagen turnover was significantly increased. In incisional hernia patients, type V collagen turnover was significantly decreased, whereas type IV collagen turnover was significantly increased. Type IV collagen turnover seem to predict the presence of both inguinal and incisional hernia. An ePTFE tube was implanted perioperatively in all four patient groups and explanted on the tenth post-operative day. Newly synthesized granulation tissue in the ePFTE tube represents the patients' wound healing potential. Hydroxyproline levels were measured as a marker for total collagen deposition and were unaltered in hernia patients compared to controls. Pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 levels in the PTFE tubes did not differ between hernia patients and controls. A fascia transversalis biopsy was excised perioperatively in all four patient groups. There were no significant differences between hernia patients and controls in total collagen concentration or morphology of the fascia transversalis.
CONCLUSIONS
Direct and recurrent inguinal hernia repair are associated with ventral hernia repair, suggesting a systemic predisposition to the hernia disease. MMPs are not suitable as serum biomarkers for inguinal or incisional hernia disease. Serum biomarkers for collagen turnover are altered in both inguinal and incisional hernia patients; specifically markers for type IV collagen turnover seem to predict the presence of hernias. A systemic biomarker predicting hernia disease would be useful to plan a tailored surgical strategy for the individual patient.
Topics: Biopsy; Collagen; Hernia, Abdominal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans
PubMed: 27399987
DOI: No ID Found -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Nov 2009There is a growing literature on brain activity in the nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia as measured using functional imaging. This... (Review)
Review
There is a growing literature on brain activity in the nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia as measured using functional imaging. This systematic review examined 20 studies in 4 domains of cognition, including cognitive control (7 samples), working memory (5 samples), long-term memory (4 samples), and language (4 samples). While the literature was widely divergent, these studies did consistently find activation differences between patients' relatives and controls. The most consistent increases in activation within hemisphere were found in right ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right parietal cortex. Abnormal activity, defined as significant increases or decreases in activation relative to controls irrespective of hemisphere, was found in about two-thirds of contrasts in the cerebellum, dorsal prefrontal, lateral temporal, and parietal cortices, and thalamus, with basal ganglia and ventral PFC showing abnormalities in approximately half of those contrasts. Anterior cingulate was generally spared in patients' relatives. The diversity of findings in studies of patients' relatives may derive from differences between the cognitive demands across studies. We identify avenues for building a more accurate and cumulative literature, including symmetrical inclusion criteria for relatives and controls, recording in-scanner responses, using both a priori and whole-brain tests, explicitly reporting threshold values, reporting main effects of task, reporting effect sizes, and quantifying the risk of false negatives. While functional imaging in the relatives of schizophrenia patients remains a promising methodology for understanding the impact of the unexpressed genetic liability to schizophrenia, no single region or mechanism of abnormalities has yet emerged.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Gene Expression; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; Phenotype; Prefrontal Cortex; Problem Solving; Reaction Time; Retention, Psychology; Saccades; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Verbal Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 18556667
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn053 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2008Incisional hernias occur frequently after abdominal surgery and can cause serious complications. The choice of a type of open operative repair is controversial.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Incisional hernias occur frequently after abdominal surgery and can cause serious complications. The choice of a type of open operative repair is controversial. Determining the type of open operative repair is controversial, as the recurrence rate may be as high as 54%.
OBJECTIVES
To identify the best available open operative techniques for incisional hernias.
SEARCH STRATEGY
Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from 1990 to 2007 and trials were identified from the known trial reference lists.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were randomized trials comparing different techniques for open operative techniques for incisional hernias.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Statistical analyses were performed using the fixed effects model. Results were expressed as relative risk for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean difference for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals.
MAIN RESULTS
Eight trials comparing different open repairs for incisional hernias were identified; one trial was excluded. The included studies enrolled 1,141 patients. The results of three trials comparing suture repair versus mesh repair were pooled. Hernia recurrence was more frequent, wound infection less frequent in the direct suture group compared to the onlay or sublay mesh groups. The recurrence rates of two trials comparing onlay and sublay positions were pooled. This comparison yielded no difference in recurrences (two studies pooled), although operation time was shorter in the onlay group (one study). No difference was found in recurrence, satisfaction with cosmetics, or infection between the onlay standard mesh and skin autograft groups, following analysis pooling the two treatment arms. However, the analysis demonstrated less pain in the skin autograft group. Other trials comparing different mesh materials or different positions of the mesh, or comparing mesh with the components separation technique are described individually. The comparison between lightweight and standard mesh showed a trend for more recurrences in the lightweight group. The comparison between onlay and intraperitoneal mesh positions resulted in non significant fewer hernia recurrences, less seroma formation and more postoperative pain in the intraperitoneal group. No differences in the recurrence rates between the components separation and the intraperitoneal mesh technique.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is good evidence from three trials that open mesh repair is superior to suture repair in terms of recurrences, but inferior when considering wound infection. Six trials yielded insufficient evidence as to which type of mesh or which mesh position (on- or sublay) should be used. There was also insufficient evidence to advocate the use of the components separation technique.
Topics: Abdominal Wall; Hernia, Ventral; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recurrence; Surgical Mesh; Suture Techniques
PubMed: 18646155
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006438.pub2