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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Dry eye inflammation is a key step in a vicious circle and needs to be better understood in order to break it. The goals of this work were to, first, characterize...
Dry eye inflammation is a key step in a vicious circle and needs to be better understood in order to break it. The goals of this work were to, first, characterize alarmins and cytokines released by ocular surface cells in the hyperosmolar context and, second, study the role of NFAT5 in this process. Finally, we studied the potential action of these alarmins in ocular surface epithelial cells and macrophages via RAGE pathways. HCE and WKD cell lines were cultured in a NaCl-hyperosmolar medium and the expression of alarmins (S100A4, S100A8, S100A9, and HMGB1), cytokines (IL6, IL8, TNFα, and MCP1), and NFAT5 were assessed using RT-qPCR, ELISA and multiplex, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and luciferase assays. In selected experiments, an inhibitor of RAGE (RAP) or NFAT5 siRNAs were added before the hyperosmolar stimulations. HCE and WKD cells or macrophages were treated with recombinant proteins of alarmins (with or without RAP) and analyzed for cytokine expression and chemotaxis, respectively. Hyperosmolarity induced epithelial cell inflammation depending on cell type. NFAT5, but not RAGE or alarmins, participated in triggering epithelial inflammation. Furthermore, the release of alarmins induced macrophage migration through RAGE. These in vitro results suggest that NFAT5 and RAGE have a role in dry eye inflammation.
Topics: Humans; Alarmins; Inflammation; Cytokines; Dry Eye Syndromes; Macrophages; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 37446230
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311052 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Mar 2021Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease affecting tear quality and/or production and eye surface and is one of the most common eye disorders found in clinical... (Review)
Review
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease affecting tear quality and/or production and eye surface and is one of the most common eye disorders found in clinical practice. The association between psychiatric disorders and dry eye has been the subject of several studies since patients with this syndrome present a tendency toward a depressive mood. This narrative review aims to demonstrate the relationship between depression and DED, which is due to the side effects of psychotropic drugs or the tendency of the low pain threshold of the depressive patient. The work was produced from the analysis of 13 articles published during the last decade on this subject and demonstrated that the depressive state is linked to the appearance or worsening of DED resulting from chronic eye pain. Also, the treatment of depression with selective inhibitors of serotonin receptors causes inflammatory cytokine secretion with subsequent inflammation and apoptosis of cells on the ocular surface. The need for new studies on optimization of psychiatric treatment in patients with ophthalmic diseases, such as DED, was verified, aiming at the relief of symptoms and the reduction of psychological and eye damage caused by them.
Topics: Chronic Pain; Depression; Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Mental Disorders; Tears
PubMed: 34468615
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20200888 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023We compared the efficacy and safety of autologous-serum (AS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) eye drops for dry eye (DE) treatment in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS).... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
We compared the efficacy and safety of autologous-serum (AS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) eye drops for dry eye (DE) treatment in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). This prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study included patients diagnosed with primary SS DE. Thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to the AS or PRP groups. Corneal and conjunctival staining scores, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks. Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) metaplasia grade and goblet cell density grade at 12 weeks were compared with those at baseline. Corneal and conjunctival staining scores and TBUT significantly improved at 4 and 12 weeks in both groups (all p < 0.005). No significant difference between the AS and PRP groups was observed at 4 and 12 weeks. The Schirmer I values, OSDI scores, CIC metaplasia grade, and goblet cell density grade did not significantly change at 4 and 12 weeks in either group. Both AS and PRP eye drops are effective for primary SS DE without a significant difference. Considering that the preparation time of PRP is shorter than that of AS, PRP can be a good alternative treatment for primary SS DE.
Topics: Humans; Dry Eye Syndromes; Metaplasia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Prospective Studies; Sjogren's Syndrome; Tears
PubMed: 37935760
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46671-2 -
Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 2020Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is an autoimmune ocular disease that causes severe dry eye syndrome, conjunctival scarring with inferior fornix shortening and...
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is an autoimmune ocular disease that causes severe dry eye syndrome, conjunctival scarring with inferior fornix shortening and entropion along with trichiasis. Corneal keratinization and corneal ulcers may lead to permanent vision loss. The therapeutic approach of OCP is a challenging one. Thus, the treatment consists of a systemic therapy that includes immunosuppressive as well as corticosteroid medication. Also, surgical procedures for modifications of eyelid position, symblepharon and cataract may aggravate the evolution of the disease. Dry eye syndrome, which is known to be a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface secondary to qualitative or quantitative alteration of the tear film, is a severe and frequent complication of OCP. In this article, we presented 3 patients diagnosed with OCP, who developed severe dry eye syndrome, entropion, corneal erosions and ultimately, permanent vision loss.
Topics: Aged; Cornea; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Male; Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 32685792
DOI: No ID Found -
Middle East African Journal of... 2015To assess the comorbidity of dry eye syndrome (DES) and changes in corneal curvature in children with allergies. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Observational Study
PURPOSE
To assess the comorbidity of dry eye syndrome (DES) and changes in corneal curvature in children with allergies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This prospective, comparative, and observational interventional study included 49 patients, who presented to the Ophthalmology Clinic of a State Hospital in Turkey. There were 25 patients with clinically diagnosed seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (AC) (with complaints of itching and papilla formation of conjunctiva; AC group) and 24 healthy children (control group). There with no significant differences in age between groups. Using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, we performed tear film break-up time (BUT), central reflex tear meniscus height (TMH-R) measurement, Schirmer test on both groups and evaluated keratometry (K1, K2) and spherical equivalent (SE).
RESULTS
Patients ranged in age from 6 to 18 years (median age, 11.79 years; 46.9% male; 53.1% female). The papillary reaction was severe in 10% of patients with AC. The prevalence of dry eye in children with AC was 12%. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for K1, K2, and SE (P > 0.05, all comparisons). BUT was statistically different (P = 0.004) between groups, indicating that a higher OSDI the tear film BUT was lower (ρ = 0.567). Statistically, significant negative moderate correlations were found between papillary reaction and the Schirmer test, BUT, and TMH-R (ρ = 0.454, -0.412, -0.419, and P = 0.001, 0.003, 0.002, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The evaluation of pediatric patients with AC requires further attention to ensure an adequate diagnosis of DES.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Cornea; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tears
PubMed: 26692719
DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.167814 -
Current Opinion in Ophthalmology Sep 2022Artificial intelligence has advanced rapidly in recent years and has provided powerful tools to aid with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of ophthalmic diseases.... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Artificial intelligence has advanced rapidly in recent years and has provided powerful tools to aid with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of ophthalmic diseases. This article aims to review the most current clinical artificial intelligence applications in anterior segment diseases, with an emphasis on microbial keratitis, keratoconus, dry eye syndrome, and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.
RECENT FINDINGS
Most current artificial intelligence approaches have focused on developing deep learning algorithms based on various imaging modalities. Algorithms have been developed to detect and differentiate microbial keratitis classes and quantify microbial keratitis features. Artificial intelligence may aid with early detection and staging of keratoconus. Many advances have been made to detect, segment, and quantify features of dry eye syndrome and Fuchs. There is significant variability in the reporting of methodology, patient population, and outcome metrics.
SUMMARY
Artificial intelligence shows great promise in detecting, diagnosing, grading, and measuring diseases. There is a need for standardization of reporting to improve the transparency, validity, and comparability of algorithms.
Topics: Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Dry Eye Syndromes; Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy; Humans; Keratitis; Keratoconus
PubMed: 35819899
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000885 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2023Dry eye disease (DED) is a multi-factorial ocular surface condition driven by compromised ocular lubrication and inflammation which leads to itching, dryness, and vision... (Review)
Review
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multi-factorial ocular surface condition driven by compromised ocular lubrication and inflammation which leads to itching, dryness, and vision impairment. The available treatment modalities primarily target the acquired symptoms of DED including tear film supplements, anti-inflammatory drugs, mucin secretagogues, etc., However, the underlying etiology is still an area of active research, especially in regard to the diverse etiology and symptoms. Proteomics is a robust approach that has been playing major role in understanding the causative mechanism and biochemical changes in DED by identifying the changes in protein expression profile in tears. Tears are a complex fluid composed of several biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, lipids, mucins, and metabolites secreted from lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, cornea, and vascular sources. Over the past two decades, tears have emerged as a bona-fide source for biomarker identification in many ocular conditions because of the minimally invasive and simple sample collection procedure. However, the tear proteome can be altered by several factors, which increases the complexity of the approach. The recent advancements in untargeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics could overcome such shortcomings. Also, these technological advancements help to distinguish the DED profiles based on its association with other complications such as Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and meibomian gland dysfunction. This review summarizes the important molecular profiles found in proteomics studies to be altered in DED which have added to the understanding of its pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Dry Eye Syndromes; Tears; Sjogren's Syndrome; Lacrimal Apparatus; Mucins
PubMed: 37026251
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2851_22 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Jan 2021Dry eye syndrome in which tear fluid quality or abnormality, or kinetic abnormality is caused by various reasons, resulting in decreased tear film stability. In recent...
OBJECTIVE
Dry eye syndrome in which tear fluid quality or abnormality, or kinetic abnormality is caused by various reasons, resulting in decreased tear film stability. In recent years, more and more results from the studies indicate that miRNA alterations are involved in dry eye syndrome. And miRNA-146a-5p is a key regulator to regulate the inflammatory response. In this paper, we demonstrated whether miRNA-146a-5p could cure dry eye syndrome by regulating target genes based on network analysis.
METHODS
In current study, we collected the blood of patients with dry eye disease served as a model group; the blood of healthy people was served as control group. The expression of miRNA-146a-5p in the patients was detected by RT-PCR, the genes controlled by miRNA-146a-5p were predicted by TargetScan, miRDB, miRWalk, and PicTar databases, and the genes regulated by miRNA-146a-5p which relative with dry eye disease were selected by drawing Venn diagram.
RESULTS
The comparison of the general information between patients and healthy people was no significant difference, and it indicated that the two groups were comparable. The results of databases showed that IRAK1 was one of the target genes regulated by miRNA-146a-5p, and it is related to dry eye disease. The expression of miRNA-146a-5p was negatively related to IRAK1 mRNA and protein, while IRAK1 had a positive correlation with IL-6, TNF-α, and CBP proteins.
CONCLUSION
These results emphasized that miRNA-146a-5p could inhibit the expression of IRAK1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CBP to help reduce the inflammatory response in dry eye syndrome.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cells, Cultured; Computational Biology; Cytokines; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases; Lacrimal Apparatus; Male; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; Rats
PubMed: 32935891
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23571 -
The Ocular Surface Oct 2023To identify and assess the quality of current validated questionnaires that could be used to evaluate ocular neuropathic pain and its associated aetiologies. (Review)
Review
AIM
To identify and assess the quality of current validated questionnaires that could be used to evaluate ocular neuropathic pain and its associated aetiologies.
METHODS
A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and The Cochrane Library. Articles evaluating questionnaires for ocular neuropathic pain and its associated aetiologies were included. Data on psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the questionnaires was extracted and analysed using a set of quality criteria. Clinical and demographical associations with ocular neuropathic pain were also reviewed.
RESULTS
The search generated 1738 results with 61 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. The 61 publications covered 28 questionnaires including 3 ocular pain, 12 dry eye disease, 2 blepharitis, 2 refractive surgery, 3 contact lens wear, 3 Sjogren's Syndrome, and 3 that were non-disease-specific. Only 57 publications provided enough data on psychometric properties and validity of the questionnaire to be included for quality assessment. The Contact Lens Discomfort Index (CLDI) had the highest rated psychometric properties, whereas the English version of the Ocular Comfort Index (OCI) provided the most data on psychometric properties (9 out of 10 criteria). Most ocular pain and disease-specific questionnaires contained appropriate items to assess ocular pain in specific populations. However, non-disease-specific ophthalmic questionnaires demonstrated poor reliability and validity when evaluating ocular pain.
CONCLUSION
Ocular pain questionnaires can potentially diagnose ocular neuropathic pain. Disease-specific questionnaires were limited to their target populations, and non-disease-specific ophthalmic questionnaires were unreliable. Further studies are required to determine the most appropriate questionnaire to evaluate ocular neuropathic pain.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Neuralgia; Dry Eye Syndromes; Sjogren's Syndrome; Refractive Surgical Procedures; Eye Pain; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37748645
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.009 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2021To evaluate the concentration of tear lysozyme in individuals with Sjogren´s syndrome, meibomian gland dysfunction, and non-dry-eye disease.
PURPOSE
To evaluate the concentration of tear lysozyme in individuals with Sjogren´s syndrome, meibomian gland dysfunction, and non-dry-eye disease.
METHODS
Ninety subjects were recruited for this study, including 30 with Sjogren´s syndrome, 30 with meibomian gland dysfunction, and 30 with non-dry-eye disease. All subjects were referred to participate in the study based on a "dry eye" investigation. They underwent a complete ocular surface ophthalmic examination encompassing ocular surface disease index, biomicroscopy, tear break-up time, Schirmer test type I, conjunctival vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, tear lysozyme concentration, and impression cytology.
RESULTS
Clinical tests yielded the following results: ocular surface disease index Sjogren´s syndrome: 64.5 ± 22.6 meibomian gland dysfunction: 43.5 ± 21.4, non-dry-eye disease: 6.7 ± 4.3 (p=0.02 between groups); Schirmer I test (mm/5 min): Sjogren´s syndrome: 4.95 ± 2.25, meibomian gland dysfunction: 13.28 ± 1.53, non-dry-eye disease 13.70 ± 1.39 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); tear break-up time (seconds): Sjogren´s syndrome: 3.97 ± 1.47, meibomian gland dysfunction: 3.95 ± 0.86, non-dry-eye disease: 7.25 ± 1.90 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); Lissamine green score: Sjogren´s syndrome-dry-eye: 6.18 ± 2.14, meibomian gland dysfunction-dry-eye: 5.27 ± 1.27, non-dry-eye disease: 1.52 ± 0.97 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); impression cytology score: Sjogren´s syndrome: 1.88 ± 0.92, meibomian gland dysfunction: 1.67 ± 0.56, non-dry-eye: 0.45 ± 0.44 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease) and; tear lysozyme concentration (µg/mL): Sjogren´s syndrome: 751.25 ± 244.73, meibomian gland dysfunction: 1423.67 ± 182.75, non-dry-eye disease: 1409.90 ± 188.21 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. meibomian gland dysfunction).
CONCLUSION
The concentration of lysozyme in the tears was lower in Sjögren's syndrome patients than in meibomian gland dysfunction and non-dry-eye disease groups. Hence, the lacrimal lysozyme could be considered as a simple, non-invasive, and economical biomarker to differentiate between Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction dry eye disease.
Topics: Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Meibomian Gland Dysfunction; Meibomian Glands; Muramidase; Sjogren's Syndrome; Tears
PubMed: 34431892
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20220017