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Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 2014The objective of the article is to assess the epidemiological situation of legionellosis in Poland in 2012 in comparison to the preceding years. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the article is to assess the epidemiological situation of legionellosis in Poland in 2012 in comparison to the preceding years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The analysis of epidemiological situation was based on the data published in the annual bulletin: "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2012" and its prior versions as well as the legionellosis case reports sent to the Department of Epidemiology of NIPH-NIH.
RESULTS
In Poland, all cases of legionellosis, including Legionnaires' disease - a form of disease accompanied by pneumonia and mild, influenza-like form of infection - Pontiac fever are routinely reported to the surveillance. In 2012, a total of 10 legionellosis cases were reported (8 cases of Legionnaires' disease and 2 cases of Pontiac fever); the incidence was 0.026 per 100 000 population which compared to the previous year and median incidence for 2006-2010 was 45% and 65% lower, respectively. The infections were reported in 6 provinces. The incidence in males (0.03 per 100 000) was slightly higher compared to females (0.02). No legionellosis outbreaks were registered - all infections were of sporadic nature. All cases were hospitalized. The sanitary inspection reported two fatal cases over the age of 60. Of these infections, seven were developed in the country, including one hospital- and one sanatorium-acquired infection. Two infections were associated with travels abroad (one to Spain and one to Egypt) and one infection occurred in driver while transporting the goods to the Netherlands.
CONCLUSIONS
In 2012, no changes of fundamental features of legionellosis epidemiological situation in Poland were observed. It is recommended to enhance the surveillance for legionellosis, with emphasis on conducting environmental investigation in areas where infections have occurred.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Legionellosis; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Poland; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Sex Factors; Travel; Urban Population
PubMed: 25135503
DOI: No ID Found -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Legionellosis is a generic term describing the pneumonic (Legionnaires' disease, LD) and non-pneumonic (Pontiac fever, PF) forms of infection with bacteria belonging to...
Legionellosis is a generic term describing the pneumonic (Legionnaires' disease, LD) and non-pneumonic (Pontiac fever, PF) forms of infection with bacteria belonging to the genus . Currently, the techniques used to detect spp. in water samples have certain limitations and drawbacks, and thus, there is a need to identify new tools to carry out low-cost and rapid analysis. In this regard, several studies demonstrated that a volatolomics approach rapidly detects and discriminates different species of microorganisms via their volatile signature. In this paper, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pattern emitted in vitro by cultures is characterized and compared to those produced by other species and by , using a gas sensor array and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Bacterial cultures were measured at the 3rd and 7th day after the incubation. Sensor array data analyzed via the K-nearest neighbours (k-NN) algorithm showed a sensitivity to identification at around 89%. On the other hand, GC-MS identified a bouquet of VOCs, mainly alcohols and ketones, that enable the differentiation of in respect to other waterborne microorganisms.
Topics: Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Pilot Projects; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Legionnaires' Disease; Legionella
PubMed: 36772440
DOI: 10.3390/s23031401 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2021Healthcare-related Legionnaires' disease has a devastating impact on high risk patients, with a case fatality rate of 30-50%. Legionella prevention and control in...
Healthcare-related Legionnaires' disease has a devastating impact on high risk patients, with a case fatality rate of 30-50%. Legionella prevention and control in hospitals is therefore crucial. To control Legionella water colonisation in a hospital setting we evaluated the effect of pipeline improvements and temperature increase, analysing 237 samples over a 2-year period (first year: 129, second year: 108). In the first year, 25.58% of samples were positive for Legionella and 16.67% for amoeba. Assessing the distance of the points analysed from the hot water tank, the most distal points presented higher proportion of Legionella colonisation and lower temperatures (nearest points: 6.4% colonised, and temperature 61.4 °C; most distal points: 50% and temperature 59.1 °C). After the first year, the hot water system was repaired and the temperature stabilised. This led to a dramatic reduction in Legionella colonisation, which was negative in all the samples analysed; however, amoeba colonisation remained stable. This study shows the importance of keeping the temperature stable throughout the circuit, at around 60 °C. Special attention should be paid to the most distal points of the circuit; a fall in temperature at these weak points would favour the colonisation and spread of Legionella, because amoeba (the main Legionella reservoir) are not affected by temperature.
Topics: Amoeba; Cross Infection; Hospitals; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; Temperature; Water Microbiology; Water Supply
PubMed: 33479467
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81625-6 -
New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2007
Topics: Aged; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Middle Aged; New South Wales; Public Health Practice; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17649607
DOI: 10.1071/nb07033 -
The Journal of Extra-corporeal... Sep 2021is a common cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Its increasing frequency and reemergence as a pathogen of interest in the intensive care unit is likely...
is a common cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Its increasing frequency and reemergence as a pathogen of interest in the intensive care unit is likely due to increased awareness, recognition, and diagnostic test availability (1). Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for refractory cardiopulmonary failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in concert with conventional modalities or when these have failed to adequately support the patient. The breadth of applications for this technology are ever-expanding as our collective knowledge and experience grows. With a particularly high mortality rate among immunocompromised patients, Legionnaires' disease should be considered early in the differential diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobials initiated (1). We present the case of an adolescent patient with pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) requiring ECMO support for septic shock and ARDS due to disseminated . To our knowledge, this is the first case describing an immunocompromised pediatric patient supported with ECMO for Legionnaires' disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34658413
DOI: 10.1182/ject-2100020 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jan 2022Legionella pneumophila is the cause of Legionnaires' disease, a life-threatening pneumonia that occurs after inhalation of aerosolized water containing the bacteria.... (Review)
Review
Legionella pneumophila is the cause of Legionnaires' disease, a life-threatening pneumonia that occurs after inhalation of aerosolized water containing the bacteria. Legionella growth occurs in stagnant, warm-to-hot water (77°F-113°F) that is inadequately disinfected. Piped hot spring water in Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, USA, has naturally high temperatures (>135°F) that prevent Legionella growth, and Legionnaires' disease has not previously been associated with the park or other hot springs in the United States. During 2018-2019, Legionnaires' disease occurred in 5 persons after they visited the park; 3 of these persons were potentially exposed in spa facilities that used untreated hot spring water. Environmental testing revealed Legionella bacteria in piped spring water, including 134°F stagnant pipe water. These findings underscore the importance of water management programs to reduce Legionella growth in plumbing through control activities such as maintaining hot water temperatures, reducing stored water age, and ensuring adequate water flow.
Topics: Arkansas; Hot Springs; Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Parks, Recreational; United States; Water; Water Microbiology; Water Supply
PubMed: 34932451
DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211090 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2022In children, the incidence of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is unknown, hospital-acquired LD is associated with clinical risk factors and environmental risk, and children...
In children, the incidence of Legionnaires' disease (LD) is unknown, hospital-acquired LD is associated with clinical risk factors and environmental risk, and children with cell-mediated immune deficiency are at high risk of infection. Both newborns were born in the same delivery room; stayed in the same hospital room where they were cared for, bathed, and breastfed; were male; were born on time, with normal birth weight, and with high Apgar score at birth; and survived this severe infection (, serogroup 2-15) but with different clinical courses. In neonate 1, bleeding in the brain, thrombosis of deep pelvic veins, and necrosis of the lungs, which left behind cystic and cavernous changes in the lungs, were found, while neonate 2 suffered from pneumonia alone. The only difference in risk factors for LD between these two newborns is the number of days of illness until the start of azithromycin treatment (sixth versus the third day of illness). We suggest that a change in the guidelines for diagnosing and treating community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia in newborns is needed in terms of mandatory routine testing for . Early initiation of macrolide therapy is crucial for the outcome of LD in the newborn.
Topics: Azithromycin; Child; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Hospitals, Maternity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Pregnancy
PubMed: 36143827
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091150 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Oct 2018Legionella pneumonia is occasionally accompanied by renal complications; however, the cause of this remains unknown. We herein report a 70-year-old Japanese man with...
Legionella pneumonia is occasionally accompanied by renal complications; however, the cause of this remains unknown. We herein report a 70-year-old Japanese man with Legionella pneumonia who presented with hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and hypouricemia. The levels of urinary β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were remarkably high, indicating severe renal tubular damage. The presence of glycosuria and aminoaciduria as well as increased fractional excretion of uric acid and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate indicated that the patient's condition was complicated with Fanconi syndrome. After antimicrobial therapy, the electrolyte abnormalities and renal tubular damage were completely resolved.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asian People; Fanconi Syndrome; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypophosphatemia; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Pneumonia; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29877286
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0942-18 -
International Journal of Infectious... Oct 2014Legionella pneumophila sequence type (ST) 47 was isolated from soil in a garden. We speculate that this strain was transmitted from soil to the whirlpool in the garden...
Legionella pneumophila sequence type (ST) 47 was isolated from soil in a garden. We speculate that this strain was transmitted from soil to the whirlpool in the garden where it caused an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever. In the Netherlands, ST47 is frequently isolated from patients, but hardly ever from environmental sources. It is possible that human pathogenic Legionella strains, with ST47 as one of the predominant strains, are transmitted to humans from sources such as natural soil that are currently not targeted in outbreak investigations.
Topics: Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 25130616
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.009 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Nov 2017The incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States has been increasing since 2000. Outbreaks and clusters are associated with decorative, recreational,...
The incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States has been increasing since 2000. Outbreaks and clusters are associated with decorative, recreational, domestic, and industrial water systems, with the largest outbreaks being caused by cooling towers. Since 2006, 6 community-associated Legionnaires' disease outbreaks have occurred in New York City, resulting in 213 cases and 18 deaths. Three outbreaks occurred in 2015, including the largest on record (138 cases). Three outbreaks were linked to cooling towers by molecular comparison of human and environmental Legionella isolates, and the sources for the other 3 outbreaks were undetermined. The evolution of investigation methods and lessons learned from these outbreaks prompted enactment of a new comprehensive law governing the operation and maintenance of New York City cooling towers. Ongoing surveillance and program evaluation will determine if enforcement of the new cooling tower law reduces Legionnaires' disease incidence in New York City.
Topics: Air Conditioning; Disease Outbreaks; Education, Medical, Continuing; Humans; Incidence; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; New York City; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 29049017
DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.161584