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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020Three types of new coronaviruses (CoVs) have been identified recently as the causative viruses for the severe pneumonia-like respiratory illnesses, severe acute... (Review)
Review
Three types of new coronaviruses (CoVs) have been identified recently as the causative viruses for the severe pneumonia-like respiratory illnesses, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Neither therapeutic agents nor vaccines have been developed to date, which is a major drawback in controlling the present global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in more than 20,439,814 cases and 744,385 deaths. Each of the 3C-like (3CL) proteases of the three CoVs is essential for the proliferation of the CoVs, and an inhibitor of the 3CL protease (3CL) is thought to be an ideal therapeutic agent against SARS, MERS, or COVID-19. Among these, SARS-CoV is the first corona-virus isolated and has been studied in detail since the first pandemic in 2003. This article briefly reviews a series of studies on SARS-CoV, focusing on the development of inhibitors for the SARS-CoV 3CL based on molecular interactions with the 3CL protease. Our recent approach, based on the structure-based rational design of a novel scaffold for SARS-CoV 3CL inhibitor, is also included. The achievements summarized in this short review would be useful for the design of a variety of novel inhibitors for corona-viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Catalytic Domain; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Humans; Kinetics; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Molecular Docking Simulation; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Protease Inhibitors; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Substrate Specificity; Thermodynamics; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 32867349
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173920 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Nov 2010The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 led to an intense and effective global response that stopped the spread of the disease by July... (Review)
Review
The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 led to an intense and effective global response that stopped the spread of the disease by July 2003. There was also an intensive and very productive research effort to identify the aetiological agent, characterise the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease, understand the pathogenesis of the disease and the molecular biology of the virus, and design antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent the disease. In parallel with the SARS research effort there have been continuous improvements in our ability to detect and characterise other novel viruses. The SARS outbreak illustrates the importance of such detection tools in the response to public health threats. Studies since the SARS outbreak suggest that many novel viruses exist in animals and some, but probably not many, will present a risk to humans.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Humans; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Viral Vaccines; Zoonoses
PubMed: 20801001
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.016 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Dec 2003The 114-day epidemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) swept 29 countries, affected a reported 8,098 people, left 774 patients dead and almost paralyzed... (Review)
Review
The 114-day epidemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) swept 29 countries, affected a reported 8,098 people, left 774 patients dead and almost paralyzed the Asian economy. Aggressive quarantine measures, possibly aided by rising summer temperatures, successfully terminated the first eruption of SARS and provided at least a temporal break, which allows us to consolidate what we have learned so far and plan for the future. Here, we review the genomics of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), its phylogeny, antigenic structure, immune response and potential therapeutic interventions should the SARS epidemic flare up again.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Humans; Phylogeny; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 15035025
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro775 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community... (Review)
Review
The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. Potential antiviral natural products (NPs) have been discovered from plants of the global biodiversity, including extracts, compounds and categories of compounds with activity against several viruses of the respiratory tract such as HCoVs. However, the scarcity of natural products (NPs) and small-molecules (SMs) used as antiviral agents, especially for HCoVs, is notable. This is a review of 203 publications, which were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, evaluates the available literature since the discovery of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s; it summarizes important aspects of structure, function, and therapeutic targeting of HCoVs as well as NPs (19 total plant extracts and 204 isolated or semi-synthesized pure compounds) with anti-HCoV activity targeting viral and non-viral proteins, while focusing on the advances on the discovery of NPs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and providing a critical perspective.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Biological Products; Coronavirus 229E, Human; Coronavirus Infections; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 33467029
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020448 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2007Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic transmissible disease of previously unknown aetiology in the twenty-first century. Early epidemiologic... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic transmissible disease of previously unknown aetiology in the twenty-first century. Early epidemiologic investigations suggested an animal origin for SARS-CoV. Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Recently, horseshoe bats in the genus Rhinolophus have been identified as natural reservoir of SARS-like coronaviruses. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Animals, Wild; Chiroptera; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Species Specificity; Viverridae; Zoonoses
PubMed: 17848070
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13 -
Journal of Biomedical Science 2003Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus caused a severe outbreak in several regions of the world in 2003. The virus is a novel coronavirus, which may have an... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus caused a severe outbreak in several regions of the world in 2003. The virus is a novel coronavirus, which may have an origin in wild animals such as civet cats in southern China. Its genome structure, gene expression pattern and protein profiles are similar to those of other coronaviruses. However, distinct patterns of several open reading frames in the SARS virus genome may contribute to its severe virulence. The potential mutability of the coronavirus genome may pose problems in the control of future SARS outbreaks. The mechanism of SARS pathogenesis may involve both direct viral cytocidal effects on the target cells and immune-mediated mechanisms. The life cycle of the SARS virus is largely unknown; however, based on the analogy with other coronaviruses, several potential targets for antiviral development are identified. Vaccines offer an important preventive measure for possible future recurrences of SARS, but the prospect for their development is still unknown because of the uncertainty regarding the role of immune responses in SARS virus pathogenesis. The comparative studies of other coronaviruses offer insights into the understanding of SARS virus.
Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Gene Expression; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Viral Structural Proteins
PubMed: 14631105
DOI: 10.1159/000074077 -
Viruses Feb 2020After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; China; Chiroptera; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Eutheria; Genome, Viral; Global Health; Humans; Infectious Disease Incubation Period; Pneumonia, Viral; Proteome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Sequence Alignment; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32098422
DOI: 10.3390/v12020244 -
Antiviral Research Mar 2015Over 10 years have passed since the deadly human coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) emerged from the Guangdong Province of China.... (Review)
Review
Over 10 years have passed since the deadly human coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) emerged from the Guangdong Province of China. Despite the fact that the SARS-CoV pandemic infected over 8500 individuals, claimed over 800 lives and cost billions of dollars in economic loss worldwide, there still are no clinically approved antiviral drugs, vaccines or monoclonal antibody therapies to treat SARS-CoV infections. The recent emergence of the deadly human coronavirus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) is a sobering reminder that new and deadly coronaviruses can emerge at any time with the potential to become pandemics. Therefore, the continued development of therapeutic and prophylactic countermeasures to potentially deadly coronaviruses is warranted. The coronaviral proteases, papain-like protease (PLpro) and 3C-like protease (3CLpro), are attractive antiviral drug targets because they are essential for coronaviral replication. Although the primary function of PLpro and 3CLpro are to process the viral polyprotein in a coordinated manner, PLpro has the additional function of stripping ubiquitin and ISG15 from host-cell proteins to aid coronaviruses in their evasion of the host innate immune responses. Therefore, targeting PLpro with antiviral drugs may have an advantage in not only inhibiting viral replication but also inhibiting the dysregulation of signaling cascades in infected cells that may lead to cell death in surrounding, uninfected cells. This review provides an up-to-date discussion on the SARS-CoV papain-like protease including a brief overview of the SARS-CoV genome and replication followed by a more in-depth discussion on the structure and catalytic mechanism of SARS-CoV PLpro, the multiple cellular functions of SARS-CoV PLpro, the inhibition of SARS-CoV PLpro by small molecule inhibitors, and the prospect of inhibiting papain-like protease from other coronaviruses. This paper forms part of a series of invited articles in Antiviral Research on "From SARS to MERS: 10years of research on highly pathogenic human coronaviruses."
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Coronavirus; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; Cytokines; Genome, Viral; Humans; Models, Molecular; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Ubiquitin; Ubiquitins; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25554382
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015 -
Genomics Jan 2021The coronavirus pandemic became a major risk in global public health. The outbreak is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family. Though the images of the...
The coronavirus pandemic became a major risk in global public health. The outbreak is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family. Though the images of the virus are familiar to us, in the present study, an attempt is made to hear the coronavirus by translating its protein spike into audio sequences. The musical features such as pitch, timbre, volume and duration are mapped based on the coronavirus protein sequence. Three different viruses Influenza, Ebola and Coronavirus were studied and compared through their auditory virus sequences by implementing Haar wavelet transform. The sonification of the coronavirus benefits in understanding the protein structures by enhancing the hidden features. Further, it makes a clear difference in the representation of coronavirus compared with other viruses, which will help in various research works related to virus sequence. This evolves as a simplified and novel way of representing the conventional computational methods.
Topics: Algorithms; Amino Acid Sequence; COVID-19; Cluster Analysis; Coronavirus; Ebolavirus; Genome, Viral; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Music; Orthomyxoviridae; Pandemics; RNA, Viral; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Proteins; Wavelet Analysis
PubMed: 33069829
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.009 -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Nov 2003Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus, called the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Over 95% of well characterized cohorts of SARS have... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus, called the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Over 95% of well characterized cohorts of SARS have evidence of recent SARS-CoV infection. The genome of SARS-CoV has been sequenced and it is not related to any of the previously known human or animal coronaviruses. It is probable that SARS-CoV was an animal virus that adapted to human-human transmission in the recent past. The virus can be found in nasopharyngeal aspirate, urine and stools of SARS patients. Second generation reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays are able to detect SARS-CoV in nasopharyngeal aspirates of approximately 80% of patients with SARS within the first 3 days of illness. Seroconversion for SARS-CoV using immunofluorescence on infected cells is an excellent method of confirming the diagnosis, but antibody responses only appear around day 10 of the illness. Within the first 10 days the histological picture is that of acute phase diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with a mixture of inflammatory infiltrate, oedema and hyaline membrane formation. Desquamation of pneumocytes is prominent and consistent. After 10 days of illness the picture changes to one of organizing DAD with increased fibrosis, squamous metaplasia and multinucleated giant cells. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of SARS is still unclear.
Topics: Histological Techniques; Humans; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
PubMed: 15018126
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00517.x