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Abdominal Radiology (New York) Mar 2017Dual-energy CT imaging has many potential uses in abdominal imaging. It also has unique requirements for protocol creation depending on the dual-energy scanning... (Review)
Review
Dual-energy CT imaging has many potential uses in abdominal imaging. It also has unique requirements for protocol creation depending on the dual-energy scanning technique that is being utilized. It also generates several new types of images which can increase the complexity of image creation and image interpretation. The purpose of this article is to review, for rapid switching and dual-source dual-energy platforms, methods for creating dual-energy protocols, different approaches for efficiently creating dual-energy images, and an approach to navigating and using dual-energy images at the reading station all using the example of a pancreatic multiphasic protocol. It will also review the three most commonly used types of dual-energy images: "workhorse" 120kVp surrogate images (including blended polychromatic and 70 keV monochromatic), high contrast images (e.g., low energy monochromatic and iodine material decomposition images), and virtual unenhanced images. Recent developments, such as the ability to create automatically on the scanner the most common dual-energy images types, namely new "Mono+" images for the DSDECT (dual-source dual-energy CT) platform will also be addressed. Finally, an approach to image interpretation using automated "hanging protocols" will also be covered. Successful dual-energy implementation in a high volume practice requires careful attention to each of these steps of scanning, image creation, and image interpretation.
Topics: Clinical Protocols; Humans; Radiography, Abdominal; Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 28070657
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-1035-x -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Apr 1999CT performed without oral or intravenous contrast is the initial imaging study of choice in many situations for the detection of hemorrhage anywhere in the abdomen and... (Review)
Review
CT performed without oral or intravenous contrast is the initial imaging study of choice in many situations for the detection of hemorrhage anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis. The presence or absence of hemorrhage can be determined rapidly, and the amount and precise location of hemorrhage can also be evaluated. This article reviews the appearances and the common and unusual etiologies of abdominal and pelvic hemorrhage on unenhanced CT. The role of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT in patients with known or suspected abdominal and pelvic hemorrhage is also examined.
Topics: Abdomen; Abdominal Injuries; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Hemorrhage; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Pelvis; Radiography, Abdominal; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 10222518
DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2171(99)90041-0 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Jul 2016Automated analysis of abdominal CT has advanced markedly over just the last few years. Fully automated assessment of organs, lymph nodes, adipose tissue, muscle, bowel,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Automated analysis of abdominal CT has advanced markedly over just the last few years. Fully automated assessment of organs, lymph nodes, adipose tissue, muscle, bowel, spine, and tumors are some examples where tremendous progress has been made. Computer-aided detection of lesions has also improved dramatically.
CONCLUSION
This article reviews the progress and provides insights into what is in store in the near future for automated analysis for abdominal CT, ultimately leading to fully automated interpretation.
Topics: Automation; Forecasting; Humans; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Radiography, Abdominal; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 27101207
DOI: 10.2214/AJR.15.15996 -
Journal of Digital Imaging Aug 2019Assess the efficacy of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in detection of critical enteric feeding tube malpositions on radiographs. 5475 de-identified HIPAA...
Assess the efficacy of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in detection of critical enteric feeding tube malpositions on radiographs. 5475 de-identified HIPAA compliant frontal view chest and abdominal radiographs were obtained, consisting of 174 x-rays of bronchial insertions and 5301 non-critical radiographs, including normal course, normal chest, and normal abdominal x-rays. The ground-truth classification for enteric feeding tube placement was performed by two board-certified radiologists. Untrained and pretrained deep convolutional neural network models for Inception V3, ResNet50, and DenseNet 121 were each employed. The radiographs were fed into each deep convolutional neural network, which included untrained and pretrained models. The Tensorflow framework was used for Inception V3, ResNet50, and DenseNet. Images were split into training (4745), validation (630), and test (100). Both real-time and preprocessing image augmentation strategies were performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) on the test data were used to assess the models. Statistical differences among the AUCs were obtained. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The pretrained Inception V3, which had an AUC of 0.87 (95 CI; 0.80-0.94), performed statistically significantly better (p < .001) than the untrained Inception V3, with an AUC of 0.60 (95 CI; 0.52-0.68). The pretrained Inception V3 also had the highest AUC overall, as compared with ResNet50 and DenseNet121, with AUC values ranging from 0.82 to 0.85. Each pretrained network outperformed its untrained counterpart. (p < 0.05). Deep learning demonstrates promise in differentiating critical vs. non-critical placement with an AUC of 0.87. Pretrained networks outperformed untrained ones in all cases. DCNNs may allow for more rapid identification and communication of critical feeding tube malpositions.
Topics: Deep Learning; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Medical Errors; Neural Networks, Computer; Radiography; Radiography, Abdominal; Radiography, Thoracic
PubMed: 31073816
DOI: 10.1007/s10278-019-00229-9 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Jan 1955
Topics: Biliary Tract; Cholangiography; Contrast Media; Humans; Radiography, Abdominal
PubMed: 13230992
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Apr 1965
Topics: Humans; Phlebography; Radiography, Abdominal
PubMed: 14262188
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5441.1013 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Oct 1952
Topics: Phlebography; Portal System; Radiography, Abdominal; Veins
PubMed: 13003983
DOI: No ID Found -
Singapore Medical Journal Dec 2011Little attention is usually paid to the heart on non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging of the thorax and abdomen. The... (Review)
Review
Little attention is usually paid to the heart on non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging of the thorax and abdomen. The current MDCT systems have fast scanning capabilities that render non-ECG-gated images with reduced cardiac motion artefacts due to greater temporal and spatial resolution. This has allowed for better evaluation of the cardiac structures. We present a pictorial review of incidental cardiac abnormalities found on MDCT imaging of the thorax and abdomen performed in our institution. We systematically describe abnormalities involving the pericardium, myocardium, cardiac valves, cardiac chambers, coronary artery and congenital heart disease. Some of these images have echocardiograph and magnetic resonance imaging correlation. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to draw attention to cardiac abnormalities found incidentally on non-ECG-gated MDCT imaging of the thorax and abdomen, which may or may not be related to the patient's symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Neoplasms; Pericardial Effusion; Pericardium; Radiography, Abdominal; Radiography, Thoracic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 22159935
DOI: No ID Found -
Radiology Apr 2016To evaluate the performance of a prototype photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) system for abdominal CT in humans and to compare the results with a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To evaluate the performance of a prototype photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) system for abdominal CT in humans and to compare the results with a conventional energy-integrating detector (EID).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was HIPAA-compliant and institutional review board-approved with informed consent. Fifteen asymptomatic volunteers (seven men; mean age, 58.2 years ± 9.8 [standard deviation]) were prospectively enrolled between September 2 and November 13, 2015. Radiation dose-matched delayed contrast agent-enhanced spiral and axial abdominal EID and PCD scans were acquired. Spiral images were scored for image quality (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) in five regions of interest by three radiologists blinded to the detector system, and the axial scans were used to assess Hounsfield unit accuracy in seven regions of interest (paired t test). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess reproducibility. PCD images were also used to calculate iodine concentration maps. Spatial resolution, noise-power spectrum, and Hounsfield unit accuracy of the systems were estimated by using a CT phantom.
RESULTS
In both systems, scores were similar for image quality (median score, 4; P = .19), noise (median score, 3; P = .30), and artifact (median score, 1; P = .17), with good interrater agreement (image quality, noise, and artifact ICC: 0.84, 0.88, and 0.74, respectively). Hounsfield unit values, spatial resolution, and noise-power spectrum were also similar with the exception of mean Hounsfield unit value in the spinal canal, which was lower in the PCD than the EID images because of beam hardening (20 HU vs 36.5 HU; P < .001). Contrast-to-noise ratio of enhanced kidney tissue was improved with PCD iodine mapping compared with EID (5.2 ± 1.3 vs 4.0 ± 1.3; P < .001).
CONCLUSION
The performance of PCD showed no statistically significant difference compared with EID when the abdomen was evaluated in a conventional scan mode. PCD provides spectral information, which may be used for material decomposition.
Topics: Aged; Contrast Media; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Photons; Prospective Studies; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Radiography, Abdominal; Semiconductors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 26840654
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152601 -
Radiologia May 2016Bowel obstruction is the most common abdominal emergency in newborns. Managing bowel obstruction is a challenge for both clinicians and radiologists. The clinical...
Bowel obstruction is the most common abdominal emergency in newborns. Managing bowel obstruction is a challenge for both clinicians and radiologists. The clinical presentation is nonspecific, and both the diagnosis and subsequent management are based on imaging studies. The traditional approach to studying obstructed newborns consists of plain-film abdominal X-rays and contrast-based studies of the gastrointestinal tract. Ultrasonography has proven useful in bowel obstruction, thus avoiding the use of ionizing radiation in certain cases, so diagnostic strategies should include it as a first-line technique. Using an appropriate combination of these techniques, it is possible to reach an accurate diagnosis quickly, orienting treatment and decreasing complications.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Obstruction; Radiography, Abdominal; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27086549
DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.02.005