-
Scientific Reports Feb 2022Clinical diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies requires expert knowledge. Recent studies have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) based facial analysis can match the...
Clinical diagnosis of craniofacial anomalies requires expert knowledge. Recent studies have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) based facial analysis can match the diagnostic capabilities of expert clinicians in syndrome identification. In general, these systems use 2D images and analyse texture and colour. They are powerful tools for photographic analysis but are not suitable for use with medical imaging modalities such as ultrasound, MRI or CT, and are unable to take shape information into consideration when making a diagnostic prediction. 3D morphable models (3DMMs), and their recently proposed successors, mesh autoencoders, analyse surface topography rather than texture enabling analysis from photography and all common medical imaging modalities and present an alternative to image-based analysis. We present a craniofacial analysis framework for syndrome identification using Convolutional Mesh Autoencoders (CMAs). The models were trained using 3D photographs of the general population (LSFM and LYHM), computed tomography data (CT) scans from healthy infants and patients with 3 genetically distinct craniofacial syndromes (Muenke, Crouzon, Apert). Machine diagnosis outperformed expert clinical diagnosis with an accuracy of 99.98%, sensitivity of 99.95% and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic precision of this technique supports its potential inclusion in clinical decision support systems. Its reliance on 3D topography characterisation make it suitable for AI assisted diagnosis in medical imaging as well as photographic analysis in the clinical setting.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Computer Simulation; Craniosynostoses; Face; Head; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Infant; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35140239
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02411-y -
BMC Plant Biology Sep 2023Color-leaved O. fragrans is a variety of Osmanthus fragrans, which has both the fragrance of Osmanthus and the color of color-leaved plants. However, the molecular...
BACKGROUND
Color-leaved O. fragrans is a variety of Osmanthus fragrans, which has both the fragrance of Osmanthus and the color of color-leaved plants. However, the molecular mechanism of color change of color-leaved O. fragrans is not clear. In this study, we analyzed the regulatory mechanism of four different color leaves of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' through physiological, transcriptome and metabolome levels.
RESULTS
Firstly, we measured the leaf pigments content and leaf chromatic parameters for correlation analysis, indicating a significant correlation between them. Overall, the content of chlorophyll a + b is low and the content of anthocyanin is high in T1 and T2 leaves, along with low expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes (HEMA, CHLG, and CAO, etc.) and high expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes (F3H, F3'H, DFR and ANS, etc.), resulting purple red and light purple in T1 and T2 leaves, respectively. It was also found that the pigment closely related to the color leaves of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' was cyanidin. The content anthocyanins, may be regulated by two putative MYB activators (OfMYB3 and OfMYB4) and two putative MYB repressors (OfMYB1 and OfMYB2). In contrast, the content of chlorophyll a + b is high and the content of anthocyanin is low in T3 and T4 leaves, along with high expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes and low expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes, resulting yellow green and dark green in T3 and T4 leaves, respectively. And abnormal chloroplast development affects chlorophyll content in T1, T2, and T3 leaves. Although the content of carotenoids first dropped in T2 leaves, it then rapidly accumulated in T4 leaves, in sync with the increase in the expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis (ZDS, LHYB, and ZEP, for example). Analysis of photosynthetic, carbohydrate and hormone-related differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) and DEGs found that they may participate in the regulation of leaf color change of 'Ziyan Gongzhu' by affecting pigment synthesis.
CONCLUSION
Our results pave the way for a comprehensive knowledge of the regulatory processes governing leaf color in 'Ziyan Gongzhu' and identify possible genes for application regarding molecular colored-leaf cultivar breeding.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Transcriptome; Chlorophyll A; Gene Expression Profiling; Chlorophyll; Plant Leaves; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Color
PubMed: 37752431
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04457-8 -
Journal of Vision Feb 2022Pattern-induced flicker colors (PIFCs) are subjective colors that can be elicited with rotation of an achromatic stimulus such as the Benham disk. The perceptive...
Pattern-induced flicker colors (PIFCs) are subjective colors that can be elicited with rotation of an achromatic stimulus such as the Benham disk. The perceptive mechanisms underlying PIFCs are not well-understood, but are thought to be generated primarily by retinal cell types which may be dysfunctional in glaucoma. Using a custom computer-based system, we tested PIFC perception across several Benham disk parameters, including the rates of acceleration and deceleration, rotational direction, and image contrast in both control and glaucoma subjects. We defined the Benham perception limit (BPL) during acceleration as the rotational speed at which PIFCs were first detected (Benham perception limit for acceleration) and the BPL during deceleration as the rotational speed at which PIFCs were extinguished (Benham perception limit for deceleration). In general, we found that glaucoma subjects perceived PIFCs less frequently than control subjects. For all subjects, we found that slower rates of acceleration and deceleration resulted in a lower Benham perception limit for acceleration and a higher Benham perception limit for deceleration, suggesting that PIFCs were both more easily detected and extinguished. Finally, subjects with glaucoma required increased rotational speeds during acceleration to detect PIFCs under certain conditions. Further study is needed to determine if these findings can be used to enhance clinical detection strategies.
Topics: Acceleration; Color; Color Perception; Glaucoma; Humans; Retina
PubMed: 35133432
DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.2.5 -
PeerJ 2021(Oleaceae) is one of the most important ornamental plant species in China. Many cultivars with different leaf color phenotypes and good ornamental value have recently...
Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal that critical genes involved in pigment biosynthesis influence leaf color changes in a new sweet osmanthus cultivar 'Qiannan Guifei'.
BACKGROUND
(Oleaceae) is one of the most important ornamental plant species in China. Many cultivars with different leaf color phenotypes and good ornamental value have recently been developed. For example, a new cultivar 'Qiannan Guifei', presents a rich variety of leaf colors, which change from red to yellow-green and ultimately to green as leaves develop, making this cultivar valuable for landscaping. However, the biochemical characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color changes of these phenotypes have not been elucidated. It has been hypothesized that the biosynthesis of different pigments in might change during leaf coloration. Here, we analyzed transcriptional changes in genes involved in chlorophyll (Chl), flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways and identified candidate genes responsible for leaf coloration in the new cultivar 'Qiannan Guifei'.
METHODS
Leaf samples were collected from 'Qiannan Guifei' plants at the red (R), yellow-green (YG) and green (G) leaf stages. We compared the different-colored leaves via leaf pigment concentrations, chloroplast ultrastructure, and transcriptomic data. We further analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the Chl, flavonoid, and carotenoid metabolic pathways. In addition, we used qRT-PCR to validate expression patterns of the DEGs at the three stages.
RESULTS
We found that, compared with those at the G stage, chloroplasts at the R and YG stages were less abundant and presented abnormal morphologies. Pigment analyses revealed that the leaves had higher flavonoid and anthocyanin levels at the R stage but lower Chl and carotenoid concentrations. Similarly, Chl and carotenoid concentrations were lower at the YG stage than at the G stage. By using transcriptomic sequencing, we further identified 61 DEGs involved in the three pigment metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, seven structural genes (, , , , , and) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were expressed at the highest level at the R stage, thereby increasing the biosynthesis of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. Six putative genes, including three flavonoid-related activators and three repressors, were also highly expressed at the R stage, suggesting that they might coordinately regulate the accumulation of flavonoids, including anthocyanins. Additionally, expressions of the Chl biosynthesis-related genes , and and the carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes and were upregulated from the R stage to the G stage, which increased the accumulation of Chl and carotenoids throughout leaf development. In summary, we screened the candidate genes responsible for the leaf color changes of 'Qiannan Guifei', improved current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying leaf coloration and provided potential targets for future leaf color improvement in .
PubMed: 34707941
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12265 -
Journal of the American College of... Nov 2006Over the past 3 decades, echocardiography has become a major diagnostic tool in the arsenal of clinical cardiology for real-time imaging of cardiac dynamics. More and... (Review)
Review
Over the past 3 decades, echocardiography has become a major diagnostic tool in the arsenal of clinical cardiology for real-time imaging of cardiac dynamics. More and more, cardiologists' decisions are based on images created from ultrasound wave reflections. From the time ultrasound imaging technology provided the first insight into the human heart, our diagnostic capabilities have increased exponentially as a result of our growing knowledge and developing technology. One of the most significant developments of the last decades was the introduction of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging and its evolution from slow and labor-intense off-line reconstruction to real-time volumetric imaging. While continuing its meteoric rise instigated by constant technological refinements and continuing increase in computing power, this tool is guaranteed to be integrated in routine clinical practice. The major proven advantage of this technique is the improvement in the accuracy of the echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac chamber volumes, which is achieved by eliminating the need for geometric modeling and the errors caused by foreshortened views. Another benefit of 3D imaging is the realistic and unique comprehensive views of cardiac valves and congenital abnormalities. In addition, 3D imaging is extremely useful in the intraoperative and postoperative settings because it allows immediate feedback on the effectiveness of surgical interventions. In this article, we review the published reports that have provided the scientific basis for the clinical use of 3D ultrasound imaging of the heart and discuss its potential future applications.
Topics: Catheter Ablation; Contrast Media; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Image Enhancement; Perinatology; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 17112995
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.047 -
Cureus Aug 2023Background and objective Color vision abnormality is a condition where the faculty to identify one or more primary colors is either defective (anomalous) or absent...
Background and objective Color vision abnormality is a condition where the faculty to identify one or more primary colors is either defective (anomalous) or absent (anopia). Occupations like armed forces, merchant navy, navigation, and police and fire services require normal color vision. There is a scarcity of data in the literature regarding the prevalence of congenital color vision abnormality in patients in South India. In light of this, the present study aimed to find the prevalence of congenital color vision abnormality in patients attending the Outpatient Department (OPD) at a tertiary eye care center in South India. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary eye care center in South India from December 2014 to December 2016. Patients with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20, normal direct and consensual pupillary light reflex, normal anterior segment, and undilated fundus examination were included. Color vision was assessed using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates, American Optical Hardy-Rand-Rittler (AO HRR), and then the Farnsworth Munsell D15 arrangement test. All the results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Statistical significance was calculated using the ANOVA test. Results A total of 371 patients were screened for color vision abnormality; 184 (49.59%) patients were males and 187 (50.40%) were females. Out of 371 patients in the study, 363 (98.10%) had normal color vision while eight patients (2.16%) had color vision abnormality. Of the eight patients with color vision abnormalities, six (75%) had abnormal color vision on all three tests and two (25%) had an abnormality on only two tests (Ishihara and AO HRR). Out of 184 males in the study, eight patients (4.34%) had abnormal color vision while none of the 187 females had color vision abnormality; this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03). Conclusions Early diagnosis and providing education and awareness of this condition are necessary as part of guiding young people with regard to their career options and we recommend that all children should undergo color vision screening before entering high school.
PubMed: 37736427
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43837 -
Horticulture Research 2020Mulberry fruits with high concentrations of anthocyanins are favored by consumers because of their good taste, bright color, and high nutritional value. However, neither...
Mulberry fruits with high concentrations of anthocyanins are favored by consumers because of their good taste, bright color, and high nutritional value. However, neither the regulatory mechanism controlling flavonoid biosynthesis in mulberry nor the molecular basis of different mulberry fruit colors is fully understood. Here, we report that a flavonoid homeostasis network comprising activation and feedback regulation mechanisms determines mulberry fruit color. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that MYBA-bHLH3-TTG1 regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, while TT2L1 and TT2L2 work with bHLH3 or GL3 and form a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex with TTG1 to regulate proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis. Functional and expression analyses showed that is a key regulator of the regulatory network controlling mulberry fruit coloration and that is activated by MBW complexes and participates in negative feedback control of the regulatory network to balance the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Our research demonstrates that the interaction between bHLH3 and MYB4 in the homeostasis regulatory network ensures that the fruits accumulate desirable flavonoids and that this network is stable in pigment-rich mulberry fruits. However, the abnormal expression of disrupts the balance of the network and redirects flavonoid metabolic flux in pale-colored fruits, resulting in differences in the levels and proportions of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols among differently colored mulberry fruits (red, yellow, and white). The results of our study reveal the molecular basis of the diversity of mulberry fruit colors.
PubMed: 32528695
DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0302-8 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Jan 2003Routine use of color Doppler during every fetal cardiac examination remains controversial. Many examiners still believe that color should be reserved for cases of... (Review)
Review
Routine use of color Doppler during every fetal cardiac examination remains controversial. Many examiners still believe that color should be reserved for cases of suspected congenital heart defect (CHD). In our opinion, color Doppler should be applied in every cardiac scan due to the increase in speed and accuracy that it allows. The purpose of this review is to first explain how color Doppler presets can be optimized and, second, to propose the use of three cross-sectional planes to simplify color Doppler fetal echocardiography: the four-chamber (4CV), five-chamber (5CV) and three-vessel (3VV) views. A practical approach to the detection of CHD with these planes is presented, with typical findings and possible abnormalities evident during systole and diastole. The diastolic pattern on the 4CV is characterized by two equal color stripes. Connection ('H'-sign) or size inequality of the two stripes, or a unilateral color stripe, are important abnormal findings. In systole valve regurgitation should be excluded. In the 5CV, turbulent flow, ventricular septal defect or an overriding aorta ('Y'-sign) can be detected. In the 3VV the aorta and pulmonary trunk should be of nearly equal size and demonstrate antegrade flow. Abnormal findings encountered include absence of one vessel, discrepant size of the vessels, retrograde flow in one of the vessels, or the 'U'-sign, where the trachea is enclosed between both vessels, suggesting right-sided aortic arch. In summary, we propose that color Doppler examination utilizing these three planes alone is sufficient to obtain adequate information for the detection of most common CHD.
Topics: Blood Flow Velocity; Diastole; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Pregnancy; Systole; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 12528169
DOI: 10.1002/uog.5 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Jul 2018The aims of this study were to review systematically literature on and describe the sonographic features and associated anomalies of total (TAPVC) and partial (PAPVC)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to review systematically literature on and describe the sonographic features and associated anomalies of total (TAPVC) and partial (PAPVC) anomalous pulmonary venous connection and scimitar syndrome (SS).
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was carried out of cases of TAPVC, PAPVC and SS that underwent comprehensive ultrasound examination, seen over a 20-year period at two tertiary referral centers. Assessed variables included TAPVC subtype, gestational age at diagnosis, area behind the left atrium, ventricular disproportion, vertical vein, pulmonary venous obstruction, mode of diagnosis, association with cardiac and extracardiac conditions, and pregnancy and fetoneonatal outcomes. The outcome was considered favorable if the individual was alive and well (no functional impairment from surgery or cardiac or extracardiac conditions). Cases associated with right isomerism were excluded from the analysis, as TAPVC in these cases was only one of several major cardiac anomalies affecting sonographic signs. A systematic review was performed in order to obtain a synthesis of characteristics associated with TAPVC, PAPVC and SS. The literature search of PubMed and EMBASE (1970-2016) included reviews, case series and case reports. A meta-analysis was conducted only for TAPVC. Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled estimates of the frequencies of clinical characteristics and sonographic features.
RESULTS
For TAPVC, a total of 15 studies involving 71 patients (including 13 from the current cohort study) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled estimate for the association of TAPVC with congenital heart disease was 28.3% (95% CI, 18.1-41.3%) and with extracardiac anomalies it was 18.5% (95% CI, 10.5-30.6%). Of TAPVC cases, obstructed venous return was observed in 34.1% (95% CI, 22.7-47.7%), a favorable outcome in 43.8% (95% CI, 24.0-65.8%), ventricular disproportion in 59.2% (95% CI, 45.1-72.0%), increased area behind the left atrium in 58.1% (95% CI, 41.1-73.5%) and a vertical vein in 59.3% (95% CI, 41.1-75.3%). Diagnosis was established by using color or power Doppler in 84.9% (95% CI, 67.3-93.9%) of cases. For SS, there were only three studies describing eight cases, to which the current study added another five. Ventricular disproportion was present in three out of nine SS cases for which data were available, but for two of these, there was a concurrent heart anomaly. Color Doppler was used for all SS diagnoses, and four-dimensional echocardiography was useful in two out of six cases in which it was used. Outcome for SS cases was generally good. For PAPVC, there were only five studies describing five cases, to which the current study added another two. Major cardiac anomalies were associated in four out of seven of these cases, and extracardiac anomalies in three out of six cases for which data were available.
CONCLUSIONS
TAPVC can be associated with other cardiac and extracardiac anomalies in a significant percentage of cases. Leading sonographic signs are ventricular disproportion, increased area behind the left atrium and the finding of a vertical vein. Color/power Doppler is the key mode for diagnosis of TAPVC. Obstructed venous return can be expected in roughly one-third of cases of TAPVC and outcome is favorable in less than half of cases. Data for SS and PAPVC are too few to synthesize. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Topics: Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Female; Gestational Age; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Diagnosis; Pulmonary Veins; Retrospective Studies; Scimitar Syndrome
PubMed: 28926132
DOI: 10.1002/uog.18907 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Aug 2004
Review
Topics: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration; Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Lung; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 15287045
DOI: 10.1002/uog.1110