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Problemy Endokrinologii Oct 2022The article presents data about short stature due to intrauterine development delay. This type of short stature - separate nosology, unites children born small for...
The article presents data about short stature due to intrauterine development delay. This type of short stature - separate nosology, unites children born small for gestation age. The majority of them in the first years of life have accelerated growth rates, allowing the child to normalize their weight-growth indicators and catch up in the development of peers. In the absence of an accelerated growth rates, children have a high risk of lagging behind in physical development throughout childhood, achieving low final growth and becoming short adults. In addition, the fact of birth with small body sizes is associated with a number of hormonal and metabolic features, a risk of metabolic syndrome in adult years.It is assumed that the absence of postnatal growth acceleration is due to various damages to the GH-IGF1 axis (partial GH deficiency, partial resistance to GH, partial resistance to IGF1). Growth hormone therapy, initiated early in life, is able to normalize growth rates in childhood and ultimately significantly improve or normalize the final growth of short stature children born small for gestational age.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Adult; Female; Humans; Fetal Growth Retardation; Body Height; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Human Growth Hormone; Growth Hormone; Dwarfism
PubMed: 36337013
DOI: 10.14341/probl13178 -
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica... Oct 2017Our objective was to examine the association between fetal growth in early pregnancy and risk of severe large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and macrosomia at birth in a...
INTRODUCTION
Our objective was to examine the association between fetal growth in early pregnancy and risk of severe large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and macrosomia at birth in a low-risk population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cohort study that included 68 771 women with non-anomalous singleton pregnancies, without history of diabetes or hypertension, based on an electronic database on pregnancies and deliveries in Stockholm-Gotland Region, Sweden, 2008-2014. We performed multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between accelerated fetal growth occurring in the first through early second trimester as measured by ultrasound and LGA and macrosomia at birth. Restricted analyses were performed in the groups without gestational diabetes and with normal body mass index (18.5-24.9 kg/m ).
RESULTS
When adjusting for confounders, the odds of having a severely LGA or macrosomic infant were elevated in mothers with fetuses that were at least 7 days larger than expected as compared with mothers without age discrepancy at the second-trimester scan (adjusted odds ratio 1.80; 95% CI 1.23-2.64 and adjusted odds ratio 2.15; 95% CI 1.55-2.98, respectively). Additionally, mothers without gestational diabetes and mothers with normal weight had an elevated risk of having a severely LGA or macrosomic infant when the age discrepancy by second-trimester ultrasound was at least 7 days.
CONCLUSIONS
In a low-risk population, ultrasound-estimated accelerated fetal growth in early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of having a severely LGA or macrosomic infant.
Topics: Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Female; Fetal Development; Fetal Macrosomia; Fetal Weight; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Placentation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Risk Assessment; Sweden; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 28683173
DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13189 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects...
Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it. This study uses an extensive collection of clinical CT scans to investigate craniofacial growth and development over the first 48 months of life, detail how the cranium changes in form (size and shape) in each sex and how these changes are associated with the growth and development of various soft tissues such as the brain, eyes and tongue and the expansion of the nasal cavity. This is achieved through multivariate analyses of cranial form based on 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks and by analyses of linear dimensions, and cranial volumes. The results highlight accelerations and decelerations in cranial form changes throughout early childhood. They show that from 0 to 12 months, the cranium undergoes greater changes in form than from 12 to 48 months. However, in terms of the development of overall cranial shape, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the age range considered in this study. In consequence a single model of human craniofacial growth and development is presented for future studies to examine the physio-mechanical interactions of the craniofacial growth.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Skull; Acceleration; Brain; Eye; Growth and Development
PubMed: 37316540
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8 -
ELife Sep 2021In fluctuating environments, switching between different growth strategies, such as those affecting cell size and proliferation, can be advantageous to an organism....
In fluctuating environments, switching between different growth strategies, such as those affecting cell size and proliferation, can be advantageous to an organism. Trade-offs arise, however. Mechanisms that aberrantly increase cell size or proliferation-such as mutations or chemicals that interfere with growth regulatory pathways-can also shorten lifespan. Here we report a natural example of how the interplay between growth and lifespan can be epigenetically controlled. We find that a highly conserved RNA-modifying enzyme, the pseudouridine synthase Pus4/TruB, can act as a prion, endowing yeast with greater proliferation rates at the cost of a shortened lifespan. Cells harboring the prion grow larger and exhibit altered protein synthesis. This epigenetic state, [] (etter n rowth), allows cells to heritably yet reversibly alter their translational program, leading to the differential synthesis of dozens of proteins, including many that regulate proliferation and aging. Our data reveal a new role for prion-based control of an RNA-modifying enzyme in driving heritable epigenetic states that transform cell growth and survival.
Topics: Cell Enlargement; Cell Proliferation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Intramolecular Transferases; Longevity; Meiosis; Prion Proteins; Protein Biosynthesis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Time Factors
PubMed: 34545808
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.60917 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2017Organisms react to environmental changes through plastic responses that often involve physiological alterations with the potential to modify life-history traits and...
Organisms react to environmental changes through plastic responses that often involve physiological alterations with the potential to modify life-history traits and fitness. Environmentally induced shifts in growth and development in species with complex life cycles determine the timing of transitions between subsequent life stages, as well as body condition at transformation, which greatly determine survival at later stages. Here we show that spadefoot toad larvae surviving pond drying and predators experienced marked alterations in growth and development, and in their fat reserves, oxidative stress, and relative telomere length. Tadpoles accelerated development but reduced growth and consumed more fat reserves when facing pond drying. However, oxidative stress was buffered by increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and telomeres remained unchanged. Predators caused opposite effects: they reduced larval density, hence relaxing competition and allowing faster development and enhanced growth of survivors. Tadpoles surviving predators metamorphosed bigger and had larger fat bodies, increasing their short-term survival odds, but showed signs of oxidative stress and had shorter telomeres. Developmental acceleration and enhanced growth thus seemed to have different physiological consequences: reduced fat bodies and body size compromise short-term survival, but are reversible in the long run, whereas telomere shortening is non-reversible and could reduce long-term survival.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Antioxidants; Anura; Body Size; Droughts; Food Chain; Larva; Longevity; Oxidative Stress; Ponds; Telomere; Telomere Shortening
PubMed: 28790317
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07201-z -
Genes Jan 2022Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and...
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and development. was a differentially expressed gene in different patterns of Hu sheep lambskin identified using Agilent microarray. Since hair follicle is the basis of pattern formation of lambskin, and its growth and development is governed by dermal papilla cells (DPCs), to clarify the role of and hair follicle, our study was designed to investigate the regulation between and DPCs. Firstly, the CDS region of was cloned by 3'Race and PCR in Hu sheep and performed serious of bioinformatic analysis. Then, the effects of on DPCs were analyzed after overexpression and interference of in dermal papilla cells by CCK8, EdU, and PI assay. Additionally, qPCR was also conducted to clarify the relationship between and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. A total of 1296 bp of the CDS region sequence was sucessfully cloned in Hu sheep, encoding a signal peptide of 431 amino acids, molecular weight was 49,316.9 Da and the isoelectric point (Pi) was 7.75. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of revealed that Hu sheep had high homology with and . Structure domain prediction showed that TGF-β superfamily domain exist between 330th-431th amino acid, protein is a secreted protein. In up-regulated DPCs, DPCs proliferation rate and cell cycle were significantly higher than that of NC group ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression level of , , , and in TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were significantly lower than that in NC group ( < 0.05). In down-regulated DPCs, it presented the opposite result. In conclusion, our study showed that had a positive effect on DPCs by accelerating the proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs, and hypothesized that regulate hair follicles growth and development via TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. These findings may provide a synergistic target for the subsequent research of hair follicle growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dogs; Hair Follicle; Sheep; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 35205246
DOI: 10.3390/genes13020201 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2021: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is... (Review)
Review
: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is related to maternal diabetes, obesity, and gestational weight gain but also happens in low-risk pregnancies. There is ongoing discussion regarding definitions, methods of detection, and classification. The method used for detection is crucial as it draws a line between those at risk and low-risk popula-tions. : For this narrative review, relevant evidence was identified through PubMed search with one of the general terms (macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age) combined with the outcome of interest. : This review summarizes evidence on the relation of fetal overgrowth with stillbirth, cesarean sections, shoulder dystocia, anal sphincter injury, and hem-orrhage. Customized growth charts help to detect mothers and fetuses at risk of those complica-tions. Relations between fetal overgrowth and diabetes, maternal weight, and gestational weight gain were investigated. : a substantial proportion of complications are an effect of the fetus growing above its potential and should be recognized as a new dangerous condition of Fetal Growth Acceleration.
Topics: Acceleration; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Dystocia; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33801377
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030228 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2017Whilst prevention of growth faltering has both short- and long-term health benefits, whether too fast or accelerated infant growth adversely affects later health... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Whilst prevention of growth faltering has both short- and long-term health benefits, whether too fast or accelerated infant growth adversely affects later health outcomes is controversial and a major focus of research.
SUMMARY
Many observational studies suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy (upward centile crossing) increases the long-term risk of obesity and non-communicable disease. This association has been seen in infants from low- and high-income countries, in infants born preterm or at term, and those born with normal or low birth weight for gestation. Experimental (randomized) studies in both breast- and formula-fed infants support a causal link between early growth acceleration and infant nutrition and later risk of obesity. These observations suggest that strategies to optimize the pattern of infant growth could make a major contribution to stemming the current global epidemic of non-communicable disease. Key Messages: The optimal pattern of infant weight gain is likely to differ in different populations. The benefits of rapid infant weight gain for later neurodevelopment favors the promotion of rapid growth in infants born preterm. However, growth acceleration in healthy infants born at term (either normal or low birth weight for gestation) is likely to have adverse effects for long-term health.
Topics: Birth Weight; Child Development; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Obesity; Weight Gain
PubMed: 28301849
DOI: 10.1159/000464302 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Sex differences in prenatal growth may contribute to sex-dependent programming effects on postnatal phenotype.
INTRODUCTION
Sex differences in prenatal growth may contribute to sex-dependent programming effects on postnatal phenotype.
METHODS
We integrated for the first time phenotypic, histomorphological, clinico-chemical, endocrine and gene expression analyses in a single species, the bovine conceptus at mid-gestation.
RESULTS
We demonstrate that by mid-gestation, before the onset of accelerated growth, the female conceptus displays asymmetric lower growth compared to males. Female fetuses were smaller with lower ponderal index and organ weights than males. However, their brain:body weight, brain:liver weight and heart:body weight ratios were higher than in males, indicating brain and heart 'sparing'. The female placenta weighed less and had lower volumes of trophoblast and fetal connective tissue than the male placenta. Female umbilical cord vessel diameters were smaller, and female-specific relationships of body weight and brain:liver weight ratios with cord vessel diameters indicated that the umbilico-placental vascular system creates a growth-limiting environment where blood flow is redistributed to protect brain and heart growth. Clinico-chemical indicators of liver perfusion support this female-specific growth-limiting phenotype, while lower insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene expression in brain and heart, and lower circulating IGF2, implicate female-specific modulation of key endocrine mediators by nutrient supply.
CONCLUSION
This mode of female development may increase resilience to environmental perturbations and contribute to sex-bias in programming outcomes including susceptibility to non-communicable diseases.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Male; Animals; Cattle; Placenta; Fetus; Trophoblasts; Liver; Body Weight
PubMed: 38362586
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306513 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains...
Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains unclear whether the goal of approximating an intrauterine growth rate as stated by the American Academy of Pediatrics is attainable by very preterm infants. Using real-world measurement data from very preterm infants born between 2010 through 2020, we develop models to characterize the patterns of postnatal growth, and compare them to intrauterine growth. By assessing the weight growth rate, we show three phases of postnatal growth not evident in intrauterine growth. Furthermore, postnatal length and head circumference growth exhibit a slow rate after birth, followed by an acceleration. Collectively, postnatal and intrauterine growth are distinctly different. Although postnatal growth models do not represent optimal growth of very preterm infants, they can serve as a practical tool for clinical assessment of growth and for nutrition research.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Child; Infant, Premature; Anthropometry; Acceleration
PubMed: 37726287
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41069-0