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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2018The recent description of the genus has altered the taxonomy of species. These organisms still belong to the genera of the skin coryneform group, and the most-studied... (Review)
Review
The recent description of the genus has altered the taxonomy of species. These organisms still belong to the genera of the skin coryneform group, and the most-studied species remains . is also a known skin commensal. This underrecognized microorganism can, however, act as a pathogen after bacterial seeding and can be considered opportunistic, causing either superficial or deep/invasive infections. It can cause numerous infections, including but not limited to breast infections, skin abscesses, infective endocarditis, and device-related infections. The ecological niche of is clearly different from that of other members of the genus: it is found in the axillary region or at wet sites rather than in dry, exposed areas, and the number of microorganisms increases during puberty. Historically, it has been used for its ability to modulate the immune response and for its antitumor properties. Conventional microbial culture methods and identification processes allow for its accurate identification and characterization. Thanks to the modern omics tools used for phylogenomic approaches, understanding pathogenesis (including host-bacterium interactions and virulence factor characterization) is becoming easier, allowing for more thorough molecular characterization. These analyses have revealed that causes diverse diseases mediated by multiple virulence factors. The recent genome approach has revealed specific genomic regions within this species that are involved in adherence and biofilm formation as well as fitness, survival, and defense functions. Numerous regions show the presence of phages and horizontal gene transfer. remains highly sensitive to a broad spectrum of antibiotics, such as β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and rifampin, although erythromycin and clindamycin resistance has been described. A long-term treatment regimen with a combination of antibiotics is required to successfully eliminate the remaining adherent bacteria, particularly in the case of deep infections after debridement surgery.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 29848774
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00064-17 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Feb 1998
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Corneal Ulcer; Female; Humans; Imipenem; Middle Aged; Rhodococcus; Thienamycins
PubMed: 9613392
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.82.2.196c -
Peritoneal Dialysis International :... 2015Kocuria species are found in the environment and on human skin. These micro-organisms are generally considered to be nonpathogenic saprophytes, rarely causing infection.... (Review)
Review
Kocuria species are found in the environment and on human skin. These micro-organisms are generally considered to be nonpathogenic saprophytes, rarely causing infection. However, the peritoneum has been reported to be a site of Kocuria infection. We reviewed all cases of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients caused by Kocuria species that were reported in the worldwide literature. In total, 12 episodes of Kocuria species peritonitis have been reported in 9 PD patients. The median age of the patients was 62 years (range: 8 - 78 years). In the reported episodes, 4 different Kocuria species were isolated, with K. varians being the predominant species (41.7%). The most common initial symptom was abdominal pain (83.3%), followed by turbid effluent (75%) and fever (33.3%). Intraperitoneal first-generation cephalosporins and glycopeptides were the most-used antibiotics, with first-generation cephalosporins being more often preferred as first-line therapy. The median duration of treatment was 14 days, and in 2 episodes, the Tenckhoff catheter was removed. Although Kocuria peritonitis in PD patients is rare, it should be promptly treated because relapses can occur, especially with K. varians episodes.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Cephalosporins; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Micrococcaceae; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis; Rare Diseases; Risk Assessment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24584591
DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00138 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 2013The clinical significance of Dietzia papillomatosis is for the moment limited to the rare skin disease confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. We present a case of...
The clinical significance of Dietzia papillomatosis is for the moment limited to the rare skin disease confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. We present a case of infection with D. papillomatosis in a 2-year-old boy with known syringomyelia. The microbiological diagnosis was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This is the first report of bacteremia with D. papillomatosis.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Bacteremia; Child, Preschool; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Humans; Male; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 23536398
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03313-12 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2011Pneumonia is a major cause of disease and death in foals. Rhodococcus equi, a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is a common cause of pneumonia in foals.... (Review)
Review
Pneumonia is a major cause of disease and death in foals. Rhodococcus equi, a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is a common cause of pneumonia in foals. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of infection caused by R. equi in foals and summarizes current knowledge regarding mechanisms of virulence of, and immunity to, R. equi. A complementary consensus statement providing recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by R. equi in foals can be found in the same issue of the Journal.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Horse Diseases; Horses; Rhodococcus equi; Virulence
PubMed: 22092609
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00804.x -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2017We conducted a case-control study of 18 US transplant recipients with Rhodococcus infection and 36 matched controls. The predominant types of infection were pneumonia...
We conducted a case-control study of 18 US transplant recipients with Rhodococcus infection and 36 matched controls. The predominant types of infection were pneumonia and bacteremia. Diabetes mellitus and recent opportunistic infection were independently associated with disease. Outcomes were generally favorable except for 1 relapse and 1 death.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Opportunistic Infections; Organ Transplantation; Rhodococcus; Risk Factors; Transplant Recipients; Young Adult
PubMed: 28221102
DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.160633 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2022
Review
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Tropheryma; Whipple Disease
PubMed: 35975990
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01478-21 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1994The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of... (Review)
Review
The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of microorganisms. Since then, several aerobic actinomycetes have been a major source of interest for the commercial drug industry and have proved to be extremely useful microorganisms for producing novel antimicrobial agents. They have also been well known as potential veterinary pathogens affecting many different animal species. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes may cause significant morbidity and mortality, in particular in highly susceptible severely immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, the diagnosis of these infections may be difficult, and effective antimicrobial therapy may be complicated by antimicrobial resistance. The taxonomy of these microorganisms has been problematic. In recent revisions of their classification, new pathogenic species have been recognized. The development of additional and more reliable diagnostic tests and of a standardized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the application of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and subtyping of these microorganisms are needed to better diagnose and treat infected patients and to identify effective control measures for these unusual pathogens. We review the epidemiology and microbiology of the major medically important aerobic actinomycetes.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Aerobic; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nocardia; Nocardia Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 7923055
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.7.3.357 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1991Recent isolations of Rhodococcus equi from cavitatory pulmonary disease in patients with AIDS have aroused interest among medical microbiologists in this unusual... (Review)
Review
Recent isolations of Rhodococcus equi from cavitatory pulmonary disease in patients with AIDS have aroused interest among medical microbiologists in this unusual organism. Earlier isolations from humans had also been in immunosuppressed patients following hemolymphatic tumors or renal transplantation. This organism has been recognized for many years as a cause of a serious pyogranulomatous pneumonia of young foals and is occasionally isolated from granulomatous lesions in several other species, in some cases following immunosuppression. The last decade has seen many advances in understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and immunity to infection in foals. The particular susceptibility of the foal is not understood but can be explained in part by a combination of heavy challenge through the respiratory route coinciding with declining maternally derived antibody in the absence of fully competent foal cellular immune mechanisms. R. equi is largely a soil organism but is widespread in the feces of herbivores. Its growth in soil is considerably improved by simple nutrients it obtains from herbivore manure. About one-third of human patients who have developed R. equi infections had contact in some way with herbivores or their manure. Others may have acquired infection from contact with soil or wild bird manure. R. equi is an intracellular parasite, which explains the typical pyogranulomatous nature of R. equi infections, the predisposition to infection in human patients with defective cell-mediated immune mechanisms, and the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs that penetrate phagocytic cells.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Pneumonia; Rhodococcus
PubMed: 2004346
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.4.1.20 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2021Multidrug resistance has been detected in the animal and zoonotic human pathogen Rhodococcus equi after mass macrolide/rifampin antibioprophylaxis in endemically...
Multidrug resistance has been detected in the animal and zoonotic human pathogen Rhodococcus equi after mass macrolide/rifampin antibioprophylaxis in endemically affected equine farms in the United States. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi emerged upon acquisition of pRERm46, a conjugative plasmid conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, and, as we describe, tetracycline. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that the increasing prevalence of MDR R. equi since it was first documented in 2002 is caused by a clone, R. equi 2287, attributable to coselection of pRErm46 with a chromosomal rpoB mutation driven by macrolide/rifampin therapy. pRErm46 spillover to other R. equi genotypes has given rise to a novel MDR clone, G2016, associated with a distinct rpoB mutation. Our findings illustrate that overuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis in animals can generate MDR pathogens with zoonotic potential. MDR R. equi and pRErm46-mediated resistance are currently disseminating in the United States and are likely to spread internationally through horse movements.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Horse Diseases; Horses; Macrolides; Rhodococcus; Rhodococcus equi; United States
PubMed: 33496218
DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.203030