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Infection Control and Hospital... Mar 2014To determine the source and identify control measures of an outbreak of Tsukamurella species bloodstream infections at an outpatient oncology facility.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the source and identify control measures of an outbreak of Tsukamurella species bloodstream infections at an outpatient oncology facility.
DESIGN
Epidemiologic investigation of the outbreak with a case-control study.
METHODS
A case was an infection in which Tsukamurella species was isolated from a blood or catheter tip culture during the period January 2011 through June 2012 from a patient of the oncology clinic. Laboratory records of area hospitals and patient charts were reviewed. A case-control study was conducted among clinic patients to identify risk factors for Tsukamurella species bloodstream infection. Clinic staff were interviewed, and infection control practices were assessed.
RESULTS
Fifteen cases of Tsukamurella (Tsukamurella pulmonis or Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens) bloodstream infection were identified, all in patients with underlying malignancy and indwelling central lines. The median age of case patients was 68 years; 47% were male. The only significant risk factor for infection was receipt of saline flush from the clinic during the period September-October 2011 (P = .03), when the clinic had been preparing saline flush from a common-source bag of saline. Other infection control deficiencies that were identified at the clinic included suboptimal procedures for central line access and preparation of chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION
Although multiple infection control lapses were identified, the outbreak was likely caused by improper preparation of saline flush syringes by the clinic. The outbreak demonstrates that bloodstream infections among oncology patients can result from improper infection control practices and highlights the critical need for increased attention to and oversight of infection control in outpatient oncology settings.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Bacteremia; Case-Control Studies; Catheterization, Central Venous; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Oncology; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; West Virginia
PubMed: 24521597
DOI: 10.1086/675282 -
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Mar 2007Quantification of msa gene mRNA of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), was investigated using reverse transcription...
Quantification of msa gene mRNA of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), was investigated using reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR assay on R. salmoninarum in culture, and in experimentally challenged chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry kidney tissues (total of 70 samples) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and bath infection. Correlations of msa gene mRNA concentrations with culturable cell concentrations (as colony forming units [CFU]), determined by drop-plate culture method on selective kidney disease medium (SKDM) agar through a 12 wk incubation time, and msa gene DNA concentrations by real-time PCR assay were examined. Furthermore, ovarian fluid samples from wild chum salmon adults with no clinical signs of disease were collected from 8 rivers and from clinically infected kokanee 0. nerka and masu salmon O. masou that were reared in 1 and 2 hatcheries, respectively (total of 414 samples). All samples were examined by nested PCR assay. Then, positive samples were examined by real-time PCR assays for mRNA and DNA; mRNA was detectable at 8 log units (5.0 x 101 to 5.0 x 10(9) copies p11(-1)) with high correlation (R2 = 0.999). The mRNA concentration correlated with CFU in kidney tissue from fish infected by i.p. injection (R2 = 0.924), by bath infection (R2 = 0.502) and in culture (R2 = 0.888). R. salmoninarum was detected and quantified by real-time PCR assay for mRNA in ovarian fluid samples in both subclinically infected chum salmon adults and clinically infected kokanee and masu salmon adults; detection rates ranged from 0 to 44.4% and concentrations ranged from 9.7 x 10(2) to 5.6 x 10(5) copies pl(-1). These results indicate that real-time PCR assay for the mRNA is a rapid, sensitive and reliable method to detect and quantify the viability of R. salmoninarum in kidney and ovarian fluid samples of salmonid fishes with both clinical and subclinical infection of the pathogen.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Fish Diseases; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Micrococcaceae; Oncorhynchus keta; Ovary; Population Density; RNA, Messenger; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors
PubMed: 17465306
DOI: 10.3354/dao074209 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Aug 2020This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with .
OBJECTIVES
This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with .
METHODS
Forty cats aged between 2 months and 11 years old (median 6 months) that were definitively diagnosed with rhodococcosis between 2012 and 2018 were recruited in this study. Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment plans and clinical outcomes.
RESULTS
Of the 40 cats, 36 showed the pulmonary form of the disease, with 35 (87.5%) presenting with dyspnoea, while four cats presented with only cutaneous lesions. Mean body temperature was 38.7 ± 0.2C. Dyspnoea was noted in 87.5% of the cats. Leukocytosis (58.3%) with band neutrophilia (83.3%), monocytosis (58.3%) and thrombocytopenia (55.5%) were prominent findings in the haematology reports. Hyperproteinaemia (61.1%) with hypoalbuminaemia (22.2%) and hyperglobulinaemia (63.8%) with a low albumin:globulin ratio (38.9%) were prominent features of blood biochemistry reports. An alveolar-interstitial pattern was noted in 75% of pre-thoracocentesis radiographs. Pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, thoracic lymphadenopathy and atelectasis of any lung lobe were seen in 88.9%, 75%, 41.7% and 36.1% of cats, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate was 67.5% in both forms.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Clinicians should be aware that feline rhodococcosis manifests as a pulmonary disease at a much higher rate than previously reported. Further studies are required to address the epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease management and prognosis of feline rhodococcosis. The role of immunosuppression as a predisposing factor in feline rhodococcosis requires further investigation.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Lung Diseases; Malaysia; Male; Retrospective Studies; Rhodococcus equi; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 32400257
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X19886395 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2016The objectives of this study were to report the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows before the onset of...
The objectives of this study were to report the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows before the onset of postpartum metritis (PPM) and to quantify their association with subsequent occurrence of PPM, to quantify the association between the presence of genes encoding E. coli virulence factors (VF) and PPM, and to determine the accuracy of using early postpartum uterine bacteriology results (bacteria and VF) to identify cows at risk of PPM. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 3 commercial dairy farms. Uterine swabs were collected from 371 Holstein dairy cows (3 commercial herds) at 1 to 7d in milk and submitted to the laboratory for identification of E. coli, T. pyogenes, and E. coli VF. A total of 40 VF were tested using the radioactive probe hybridization method. Postpartum metritis was defined as the presence of a fetid watery red-brown uterine discharge, associated with fever (rectal temperature >39.5°C), and systemic signs of illness (dullness, reduced appetite, and milk production). Surveillance of PPM was done by trained farmers blinded to laboratory results and cows were followed until 21d in milk. Statistical analyses were conducted using 2×2 tables and mixed logistical regression models. Prevalences of E. coli, T. pyogenes, and PPM were 42, 34, and 15%, respectively. A total of 32 VF were found in E. coli isolates. Most prevalent VF were extraintestinal pathogenic genes such as fimH (89%), hlyE (87%), and iss (70%). Cows positive for intrauterine E. coli were 3.2 times more likely to have subsequent PPM compared with bacteriologically negative cows. Cows with VF hra1 in their uterus were 2.7 times more likely to have PPM than cows positive for E. coli and negative for hra1 and 5.9 times more likely than bacteriologically negative cows. Cows with VF kpsMTII in their uterus were 3.2 times more likely to have PPM than cows positive for E. coli and negative for kpsMTII and 6.2 times more likely than bacteriologically negative cows. Using E. coli, hra1, and kpsMTII as predictors for subsequent PPM, positive predictive values were 23, 31, and 42%, respectively, whereas the negative predictive values were 91, 80, and 78%, respectively. Overall, these results showed that E. coli and some VF were associated with PPM.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Arcanobacterium; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Endometritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Postpartum Period; Prospective Studies; Quebec; Uterus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27016836
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10094 -
Microbes and Infection Dec 2010Whipple's disease is a rare multi-systemic disease associated with the ubiquitous environmental bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Over the last 10 years, since the... (Review)
Review
Whipple's disease is a rare multi-systemic disease associated with the ubiquitous environmental bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Over the last 10 years, since the isolation of the bacterium, recent advances in medical microbiology, epidemiology and cellular biology have provided major insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of T. whipplei infections that may result in Whipple's disease.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Carrier State; Humans; Tropheryma; Whipple Disease
PubMed: 20708091
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.001 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2017Gordonia polyisoprenivorans is a ubiquitous aerobic actinomycetes bacterium that rarely cause infections in humans. Here, we report a case of G. polyisoprenivorans... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gordonia polyisoprenivorans is a ubiquitous aerobic actinomycetes bacterium that rarely cause infections in humans. Here, we report a case of G. polyisoprenivorans catheter-related bacteremia in an AIDS patient.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 37-year-old man with a past medical history of AIDS-related lymphoma suffered bacteremia caused by a Gram-positive corynebacterium. The strain was identified as a Gordonia species by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and confirmed to G. polyisoprenivorans by 16S rRNA combined with gyrB gene sequencing analyses. The patient was treated with imipenem and had a good outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings from our case and previously reported cases indicate that malignant hematologic disease, immunosuppression, and indwelling catheter heighten the risk for G. polyisoprenivorans infection. Molecular methods should be employed for proper identification of G. polyisoprenivorans to the species level.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Actinomycetales Infections; Adult; Bacteremia; Catheter-Related Infections; Catheters, Indwelling; Gordonia Bacterium; Humans; Male; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 28606064
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2523-5 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Apr 1997We investigated the pathologic, bacteriologic and immunologic responses of BALB/c-nu/nu mice (nude mice) and BALB/c mice (euthymic mice) infected intravenously with...
We investigated the pathologic, bacteriologic and immunologic responses of BALB/c-nu/nu mice (nude mice) and BALB/c mice (euthymic mice) infected intravenously with virulent and avirulent Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701, and its plasmid-cured derivative ATCC 33701P-, to evaluate the role of T lymphocytes. Adaptive transfer of immune and normal spleen cells into nude mice was also investigated. Nude and euthymic mice were inoculated with 10(6) ATCC 33701 or 10(6) ATCC 33701P- intravenously (i.v.) and killed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-inoculation, except dead cases. In athymic nude mice infected with ATCC 33701, deteriorating systemic inflammatory responses developed during the experimental period and multiplication of the bacteria continued until the end of the experiment. Nude mice developed splenomegaly and multifocal gross hepatic necrosis with some mortality. Splenomegaly was caused by diffuse proliferation of bacteria-laden macrophages and epithelioid cells, and gross hepatic necrosis was caused by the formation of thromboses and granulomatous lesions. Infection of euthymic mice with a sublethal dose of ATCC 33701 resulted in transient granuloma formation in the liver and spleen, production of specific antibodies against the virulent bacteria and gradual elimination thereof. In contrast, infection with ATCC 33701P- produced few lesions after rapid elimination and no antibody production against bacteria in either normal or athymic nude mice. In nude mice given normal and immune spleen cells, histopathological lesions and granulomas formed only in the liver and spleen, in addition to specific antibodies against 15- to 17-kDa antigens. The pathological lesions observed in the nude mice given immune spleen cells were similar to those seen in the mice given normal spleen cells, but they were less severe than those in mice given normal spleen cells. Mice given immune spleen cells showed a significantly higher elevation of antibody production than mice given normal spleen cells. These results suggested that protection against virulent R. equi in mice depends mainly on cell-mediated immune responses, whereas avirulent R. equi in mice are cleared by innate immune responses.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Adoptive Transfer; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Granuloma; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Necrosis; Rhodococcus equi; Spleen; Splenomegaly; T-Lymphocytes; Virulence
PubMed: 9143883
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01019.x -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2015A 50-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was admitted with abdominal pain, fever and cloudy peritoneal fluid. The... (Review)
Review
A 50-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was admitted with abdominal pain, fever and cloudy peritoneal fluid. The diagnosis was peritonitis, and the causative bacteria were Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and Enterobacter cloacae. She was subsequently treated with the administration of intraperitoneal antibiotics and removal of the infected indwelling catheter. We herein report a case of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and Enterobacter cloacae co-infection in a patient with peritonitis and review the relevant literature.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascitic Fluid; Catheters, Indwelling; Coinfection; Enterobacter cloacae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Middle Aged; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25786454
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3261 -
BMC Microbiology Dec 2019Trueperella pyogenes is one of the most clinically imperative bacteria responsible for severe cases of mastitis and metritis, particularly in postpartum dairy cows. The...
BACKGROUND
Trueperella pyogenes is one of the most clinically imperative bacteria responsible for severe cases of mastitis and metritis, particularly in postpartum dairy cows. The bacterium has emergence of antibiotic resistance and virulence characters. The existing research was done to apprise the phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance and characterization of virulence factors in the T. pyogenes bacteria of bovine mastitis and metritis in postpartum cows.
METHODS
Two-hundred and twenty-six bovine mastitic milk and 172 uterine swabs were collected and transferred to laboratory. Samples were cultured and T. pyogenes isolates were subjected to disk diffusion and DNA extraction. Distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was studied by PCR.
RESULTS
Thirty-two out of 226 (14.15%) mastitic milk and forty-one out of 172 (23.83%) uterine swab samples were positive for T. pyogenes. Isolates of mastitic milk harbored the highest prevalence of resistance toward gentamicin (100%), penicillin (100%), ampicillin (90.62%), amoxicillin (87.50%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.50%), while those of metritis harbored the highest prevalence of resistance toward ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), gentamicin (97.56%), penicillin (97.56%) and cefalexin (97.56%). AacC, aadA1, aadA2 and tetW were the most generally perceived antibiotic resistance genes. All bacteria harbored plo (100%) and fimA (100%) virulence factors. NanP, nanH, fimC and fimE were also the most generally perceived virulence factors.
CONCLUSIONS
All bacteria harbored plo and fimA virulence factors which showed that they can use as specific genetic markers with their important roles in pathogenicity of T. pyogenes bacteria. Phenotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was confirmed by genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance genes.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Endometritis; Female; Genotype; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Phenotype; Uterus; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31881834
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1630-4 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2019infection in horses is common and is characterized by pyogranulomatous pneumonia and ulcerative enterocolitis. clinical disease in cattle, however, is rare and...
infection in horses is common and is characterized by pyogranulomatous pneumonia and ulcerative enterocolitis. clinical disease in cattle, however, is rare and typically manifests as granulomatous lymphadenitis discovered in the abattoir. A 19-mo-old female Santa Gertrudis had a history of intermittent inappetence and weight loss for a 3-mo period before euthanasia. Gross and histologic examination revealed severe, chronic, ulcerative, and granulomatous inflammation in the tongue, pharynx, and small intestine. Also, the heifer had severe, granulomatous pharyngeal and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Bacterial cultures from the ileum, tongue, and liver yielded numerous-to-moderate numbers of . PCR analysis of the isolate detected the linear virulence plasmid , which is often identified in bovine isolates (- and -positive). The bacteria also lack the circular plasmids and that are associated with virulence in horses and swine, respectively. We report herein an atypical and unusual clinical presentation of infection in cattle, which has zoonotic potential.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Enteritis; Fatal Outcome; Female; Glossitis; Granuloma; Rhodococcus equi; Ulcer
PubMed: 31347467
DOI: 10.1177/1040638719867120