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World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2014Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which is the most serious type of this disorder, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. SAP runs a biphasic course. During the... (Review)
Review
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which is the most serious type of this disorder, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. SAP runs a biphasic course. During the first 1-2 wk, a pro-inflammatory response results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). If the SIRS is severe, it can lead to early multisystem organ failure (MOF). After the first 1-2 wk, a transition from a pro-inflammatory response to an anti-inflammatory response occurs; during this transition, the patient is at risk for intestinal flora translocation and the development of secondary infection of the necrotic tissue, which can result in sepsis and late MOF. Many recommendations have been made regarding SAP management and its complications. However, despite the reduction in overall mortality in the last decade, SAP is still associated with high mortality. In the majority of cases, sterile necrosis should be managed conservatively, whereas in infected necrotizing pancreatitis, the infected non-vital solid tissue should be removed to control the sepsis. Intervention should be delayed for as long as possible to allow better demarcation and liquefaction of the necrosis. Currently, the step-up approach (delay, drain, and debride) may be considered as the reference standard intervention for this disorder.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Pancreatitis; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25320523
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13879 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2019To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis in children.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis in children.
METHODS
Observational and retrospective study with an analytical component. Patients were classified into two groups: Acute pancreatitis and recurrent pancreatitis. The relationship with each parameter obtained was analyzed using the chi-squared test, Student's t-test, or the Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
There were 130 patients with acute pancreatitis; recurrent pancreatitis was diagnosed in 23.8% of the cases. The most frequent causes were anatomical (29.6%), pharmacological (19.2%), and biliary (14.6%), although in 29.2% etiology was not identified. Fasting lasted 3.5±3.8 days and parenteral nutrition was indicated in 26.9% of the cases for 10.8±11.3 days. A statistical association with anatomical (p=0.02) and pharmacological causes (p=0.01) was found in the recurrent pancreatitis group; no other differences between acute pancreatitis and recurrent pancreatitis groups were observed. The mortality rate was 3.1%, it was not attributable to acute pancreatitis in any cases.
CONCLUSION
Acute pancreatitis is associated with a high frequency of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Severity and complications did not show statistically significant differences in this investigation. Anatomical etiologies were the most relevant cause in this cohort. Fasting time and parenteral nutrition use were relevant. Genetics testing is required in this population.
Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Colombia; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Pancreatitis; Parenteral Nutrition; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 30075118
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.06.011 -
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2013Recently, the original Atlanta classification of 1992 was revised and updated by the Working Group using a web-based consultative process involving multiple... (Review)
Review
Recently, the original Atlanta classification of 1992 was revised and updated by the Working Group using a web-based consultative process involving multiple international pancreatic societies. The new understanding of the disease, its natural history, and objective description and classification of pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections make this new 2012 classification a potentially valuable means of international communication and interest. This revised classification identifies 2 phases of acute pancreatitis - early (first 1 or 2 weeks) and late (thereafter). Acute pancreatitis can be either edematous interstitial pancreatitis or necrotizing pancreatitis, the latter involving necrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma and peripancreatic tissues (most common), pancreatic parenchyma alone (least common), or just the peripancreatic tissues (~20%). Severity of the disease is categorized into 3 levels: mild, moderately severe, and severe. Mild acute pancreatitis lacks both organ failure (as classified by the modified Marshal scoring system) and local or systemic complications. Moderately severe acute pancreatitis has transient organ failure (organ failure of <2 days), local complications, and/or exacerbation of coexistent disease. Severe acute pancreatitis is defined by the presence of persistent organ failure (organ failure that persists for ≥2 days). Local complications are defined by objective criteria based primarily on contrast-enhanced computed tomography; these local complications are classified as acute peripancreatic fluid collections, pseudocyst (which are very rare in acute pancreatitis), acute (pancreatic/peripancreatic) necrotic collection, and walled-off necrosis. This classification will help the clinician to predict the outcome of patients with acute pancreatitis and will allow comparison of patients and disease treatment/management across countries and practices.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 23396317
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.1627 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2020Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disorder. Approximately 15%-20% of patients develop severe AP. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple... (Review)
Review
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disorder. Approximately 15%-20% of patients develop severe AP. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may be caused by the massive release of inflammatory cytokines in the early stage of severe AP, followed by intestinal dysfunction and pancreatic necrosis in the later stage. A study showed that 59% of AP patients had associated intestinal barrier injury, with increased intestinal mucosal permeability, leading to intestinal bacterial translocation, pancreatic tissue necrosis and infection, and the occurrence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, the real effect of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on intestinal barrier function in AP remains unclear. This review summarizes the alterations in the intestinal flora and its metabolites during AP development and progression to unveil the mechanism of gut failure in AP.
Topics: Disease Progression; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Pancreatitis; Permeability; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 32476785
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i18.2187 -
Medicine Apr 2019Severity stratification and prognostic prediction at early stage is crucial for reducing the rates of mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). We aim to...
Severity stratification and prognostic prediction at early stage is crucial for reducing the rates of mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). We aim to investigate the predicting performance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and red-cell distribution width (RDW) combined with severity scores (sequential organ failure assessment [SOFA], bed-side index for severity of AP [BISAP], Ranson criteria, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II [APACHE II]) for severe AP (SAP) and mortality.A total of 406 patients diagnosed with AP admitted in a tertiary teaching hospital were enrolled. Demographic information and clinical parameters were retrospectively collected and analyzed. NLR, PLR, RDW, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and AP severity scores (SOFA, BISAP, Ranson, and APACHE II) were compared between different severity groups and the survival and death group. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for SAP and 28-day mortality were calculated for each predictor using cut-off values. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis and logistic regression models were performed to compare the performance of laboratory biomarkers and severity scores.Our results showed that NLR, PLR, RDW, glucose, and BUN level of the SAP group were significantly increased compared to the mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) group on admission (P < .001). The severity of AP increased as the NLR, SOFA, BISAP, and Ranson increased (P < .01). The AUC values of NLR, PLR, RDW, BUN, SOFA, BISAP, Ranson, and APACHE II to predict SAP were 0.722, 0.621, 0.787, 0.677, 0.806, 0.841, 0.806, and 0.752, respectively, while their AUC values to predict 28-day mortality were 0.851, 0.693, 0.885, 0.765, 0.968, 0.929, 0.812, and 0.867, respectively. BISAP achieved the highest AUC, sensitivity and NPV in predicting SAP, while SOFA is the most superior in predicting mortality. The combination of BISAP + RDW achieved the highest AUC (0.872) in predicting SAP and the combination of SOFA + RDW achieved the highest AUC (0.976) in predicting mortality. RDW (OR = 1.739), SOFA (OR = 1.554), BISAP (OR = 2.145), and Ranson (OR = 1.434) were all independent risk factors for predicting SAP, while RDW (OR = 7.361) and hematocrit (OR = 0.329) were independent risk factors for predicting mortality by logistic regression model.NLR, PLR, RDW, and BUN indicated good predictive value for SAP and mortality, while RDW had the highest discriminatory capacity. RDW is a convenient and reliable indicator for prediction not only SAP, but also mortality.
Topics: APACHE; Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatitis; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 31008971
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015275 -
PloS One 2020A current assessment of case reports of possible drug-induced pancreatitis is needed. We systematically reviewed the case report literature to identify drugs with...
OBJECTIVE
A current assessment of case reports of possible drug-induced pancreatitis is needed. We systematically reviewed the case report literature to identify drugs with potential associations with acute pancreatitis and the burden of evidence supporting these associations.
METHODS
A protocol was developed a priori (PROSPERO CRD42017060473). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and additional sources to identify cases of drug-induced pancreatitis that met accepted diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis. Cases caused by multiple drugs or combination therapy were excluded. Established systematic review methods were used for screening and data extraction. A classification system for associated drugs was developed a priori based upon the number of cases, re-challenge, exclusion of non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis, and consistency of latency.
RESULTS
Seven-hundred and thirteen cases of potential drug-induced pancreatitis were identified, implicating 213 unique drugs. The evidence base was poor: exclusion of non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis was incomplete or poorly reported in all cases, 47% had at least one underlying condition predisposing to acute pancreatitis, and causality assessment was not conducted in 81%. Forty-five drugs (21%) were classified as having the highest level of evidence regarding their association with acute pancreatitis; causality was deemed to be probable or definite for 19 of these drugs (42%). Fifty-seven drugs (27%) had the lowest level of evidence regarding an association with acute pancreatitis, being implicated in single case reports, without exclusion of other causes of acute pancreatitis.
DISCUSSION
Much of the case report evidence upon which drug-induced pancreatitis associations are based is tenuous. A greater emphasis on exclusion of all non-drug causes of acute pancreatitis and on quality reporting would improve the evidence base. It should be recognized that reviews of case reports, are valuable scoping tools but have limited strength to establish drug-induced pancreatitis associations.
REGISTRATION
CRD42017060473.
Topics: Acute Disease; Databases, Factual; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Pancreatitis; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 32302358
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231883 -
United European Gastroenterology Journal Mar 2021
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Pancreatitis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33871927
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12056 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Nov 2004Acute pancreatitis is characterized by the occurrence of necroinflammatory changes in the pancreas. Three types of necrosis may be distinguished: (1) interstitial tissue... (Review)
Review
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by the occurrence of necroinflammatory changes in the pancreas. Three types of necrosis may be distinguished: (1) interstitial tissue necrosis, which subsequently may also involve acinar and ductal cells, (2) ductal necrosis, and (3) acinar necrosis. The first type of necrosis is autodigestive in nature and is typical of the most common forms of acute pancreatitis, which are associated with alcohol, bile duct disease, metabolic conditions, and other rare factors. Clinically, these types of pancreatitis may be either mild or severe (Atlanta classification). The mild form is also known as edematous pancreatitis, because there is edematous swelling of the pancreas combined with tiny foci of interstitial (fat) necrosis. Severe or necrotizing pancreatitis shows large areas of often hemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreatic and particularly the peripancreatic tissue. The ductal type of necrosis is rare and may be seen in pancreatitis associated with prolonged circulatory failure. The acinar type of necrosis is caused by infectious agents. Complications of acute pancreatitis, such as pseudocyst, bleeding, and infection, determine the course of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Necrosis; Pancreatitis
PubMed: 16273940
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2005.07.001 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Feb 2020Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an autosomal dominant disease with 80% penetrance. HP is characterised by the debut of recurrent acute pancreatitis episodes during... (Review)
Review
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an autosomal dominant disease with 80% penetrance. HP is characterised by the debut of recurrent acute pancreatitis episodes during childhood with gradual progression to chronic pancreatitis. Patients with phenotypic HP have a significantly increased lifetime risk of developing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Patients with HP represent a rare but important group of high-risk individuals in need of early diagnosis and screening for potential PDAC. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, genetics and clinical aspects of HP.
Topics: Acute Disease; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mutation; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Pancreatitis, Chronic
PubMed: 32138812
DOI: No ID Found -
Der Anaesthesist Mar 2014Acute pancreatitis is a potentially fatal disease with individually differing expression of systemic involvement. For this reason early diagnosis with subsequent risk... (Review)
Review
Acute pancreatitis is a potentially fatal disease with individually differing expression of systemic involvement. For this reason early diagnosis with subsequent risk stratification is essential in the clinical management of this frequent gastroenterological disorder. Severe forms of acute pancreatitis occur in approximately 20 % of cases often requiring intensive care monitoring and interdisciplinary therapeutic approaches. In the acute phase adequate fluid replacement and sufficient analgesic therapy is of major therapeutic importance. Concerning the administration of antibiotics and the nutritional support of patients with acute pancreatitis a change in paradigms could be observed in recent years. Furthermore, endoscopic, radiological or surgical interventions can be necessary depending on the severity of the disease and potential complications.
Topics: Acute Disease; Analgesics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Cholecystectomy; Endoscopy; Enteral Nutrition; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Nutritional Support; Pain; Pain Management; Pancreatitis; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
PubMed: 24577182
DOI: 10.1007/s00101-014-2307-x