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Frontiers in Immunology 2020
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Complement C1q; Humans; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 32256491
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00417 -
JCI Insight Dec 2021mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have shown exceptional clinical efficacy, providing robust protection against severe disease. However, our understanding of transcriptional...
mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have shown exceptional clinical efficacy, providing robust protection against severe disease. However, our understanding of transcriptional and repertoire changes following full vaccination remains incomplete. We used scRNA-Seq and functional assays to compare humoral and cellular responses to 2 doses of mRNA vaccine with responses observed in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic disease. Our analyses revealed enrichment of spike-specific B cells, activated CD4+ T cells, and robust antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses following vaccination. On the other hand, although clonally expanded CD8+ T cells were observed following both vaccination and natural infection, CD8+ T cell responses were relatively weak and variable. In addition, TCR gene usage was variable, reflecting the diversity of repertoires and MHC polymorphism in the human population. Natural infection induced expansion of CD8+ T cell clones that occupy distinct clusters compared to those induced by vaccination and likely recognize a broader set of viral antigens of viral epitopes presented by the virus not seen in the mRNA vaccine. Our study highlights a coordinated adaptive immune response in which early CD4+ T cell responses facilitate the development of the B cell response and substantial expansion of effector CD8+ T cells, together capable of contributing to future recall responses.
Topics: 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273; Adaptive Immunity; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Viral; B-Lymphocytes; BNT162 Vaccine; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Carrier State; Convalescence; Epitopes; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunologic Memory; Male; Middle Aged; RNA-Seq; SARS-CoV-2; Single-Cell Analysis; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Th1 Cells; Th17 Cells; Vaccines, Synthetic; Young Adult; mRNA Vaccines
PubMed: 34935643
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153201 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2019Vaccines are applied to large populations, but only recently has research into immunologic responses and mechanisms started to increase exponentially. Some live...
Vaccines are applied to large populations, but only recently has research into immunologic responses and mechanisms started to increase exponentially. Some live vaccines, such as the tuberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin, protect against other infections nonspecifically by eliciting complex immune responses which are not specific antibody related. These heterologous effects are explained by the concept of trained immunity. This editorial introduces five narrative reviews offering recent insights on innate and adaptive immune memory towards a variety of pathogens.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; BCG Vaccine; Humans; Immunity, Heterologous; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Memory; Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 31158520
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.05.024 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Complement System Proteins; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Models, Immunological; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
PubMed: 33679810
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646596 -
American Journal of Physiology. Heart... Dec 2019The adaptive immune response has recently emerged as an important factor in a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac... (Review)
Review
The adaptive immune response has recently emerged as an important factor in a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure; however, its role is not fully understood. Since an assortment of innate responsive cells, e.g., neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, coordinate with adaptive immunity, e.g., T cells, dendritic cells, and B cells, the temporal response and descriptions pertinent to the cellular phenotype and inflammation processes, in general, need additional investigation, clarification, and consensus particularly in cardiovascular disease. This Perspectives article reviews the contributions of 15 articles (including 7 reviews) published in the in response to the Call for Papers: Adaptive Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease. Here, we summarize the crucial reported findings at the cardiac, vascular, immune, and molecular levels and discuss the translational feasibility and benefits of future prospective research into the adaptive immune response. Readers are encouraged to evaluate the data and learn from this collection of novel studies.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation
PubMed: 31702971
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00642.2019 -
Journal of Innate Immunity 2017
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells; Neutrophil Infiltration; Neutrophils; Receptors, Fc; Th1-Th2 Balance
PubMed: 28147354
DOI: 10.1159/000457176 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Apr 2023Collaboration between T and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial component of adaptive immunity, but lymphocytes also persist in other tissues. Recent... (Review)
Review
Collaboration between T and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs is a crucial component of adaptive immunity, but lymphocytes also persist in other tissues. Recent studies have examined T-cell-B-cell interactions in nonlymphoid tissues such as the lung. CD4+ T- resident helper cells (TRH) remain in the lung after influenza infection and support both resident CD8 T cells and B cells. Multiple lung-resident B-cell subsets (B-resident memory (BRM)) that exhibit spatial and phenotypic diversity have also been described. Though not generated by all types of infection, inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue offers a logical place for T and B cells to interact. Perturbations to BRM and TRH cells elicit effects specific to Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, an antibody isotype with privileged access to mucosa. Understanding the interplay of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues, which can be insulated from systemic immune responses, may improve the design of future vaccines and therapies.
Topics: Humans; B-Lymphocytes; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lung; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Adaptive Immunity; Immunologic Memory
PubMed: 36753826
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102284 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Nov 2021Recent estimates suggest that one in two sexually active individuals will acquire a sexually transmitted infection by age 25, an alarming statistic that amounts to over... (Review)
Review
Recent estimates suggest that one in two sexually active individuals will acquire a sexually transmitted infection by age 25, an alarming statistic that amounts to over 1 million new infections per day worldwide. Vaccination against STIs is highly desirable for alleviating this global burden of disease. Vaginal immunization is a promising strategy to combat transmission via the vaginal mucosa. The vagina is typically considered a poor inductive site for common correlates of adaptive immunity. However, emerging evidence suggests that immune tolerance may be overcome by precisely engineered vaccination schemes that orchestrate cell-mediated immunity and establish tissue resident memory immune cells. In this review, we will discuss the unique immunological milieu of the vaginal mucosa and our current understanding of correlates of pathogenesis and protection for several common STIs. We then present a summary of recent vaginal vaccine studies and explore the role that mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems play in enhancing protection according to requisite features of immunity. Finally, we offer perspectives on the challenges and future directions of vaginal vaccine delivery, discussing remaining physiological barriers and innovative vaccine formulations that may overcome them.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Female; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Vaccination; Vaccines; Vagina
PubMed: 34481031
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113956 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Adaptive Immunity; COVID-19
PubMed: 36949940
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174178 -
Viral Immunology May 2020In mammals, adaptive immunity is mediated by a broadly diverse repertoire of naive B and T lymphocytes that recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs. Initial... (Review)
Review
In mammals, adaptive immunity is mediated by a broadly diverse repertoire of naive B and T lymphocytes that recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs. Initial antigen exposure promotes lymphocyte clonal expansion and differentiation, including the formation of memory cells. Antigen-specific memory cells are maintained at higher frequencies than their naive counterparts and have different functional and homing abilities. Importantly, a subset of memory cells, known as tissue-resident memory cells, is maintained without recirculating in nonlymphoid tissues, often at barrier surfaces, where they can be reactivated by antigen and rapidly perform effector functions that help protect the tissue in which they reside. Although antigen-experienced B cells are abundant at many barrier surfaces, their characterization as tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells is not well developed. In this study, we describe the characteristics of memory B cells in various locations and discuss their possible contributions to immunity and homeostasis as BRM cells.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Mice; Organ Specificity; Parabiosis
PubMed: 32023188
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0141