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Clinical Psychology Review Jun 2014Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has received nomenclatural recognition as a potential mental health disorder, despite evident variability in its core psychopathology and... (Review)
Review
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has received nomenclatural recognition as a potential mental health disorder, despite evident variability in its core psychopathology and psychometric assessment. Although cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is considered an efficacious treatment for IGD, the underlying cognitions of the disorder are not well understood. This review aimed to synthesise research evidence on Internet gaming cognition toward identification of cognitive factors underlying IGD. A systematic review of 29 quantitative studies on Internet gaming cognition and 7 treatment studies employing cognitive therapy for IGD was conducted. Four cognitive factors underlying IGD were identified. Factors included (a) beliefs about game reward value and tangibility, (b) maladaptive and inflexible rules about gaming behaviour, (c) over-reliance on gaming to meet self-esteem needs, and (d) gaming as a method of gaining social acceptance. It is proposed that IGD-related cognition may be more complex than "preoccupation" (i.e., criterion A of IGD). IGD cognition may involve the persistent overvaluation of video gaming rewards, activities, and identities, combined with a need to adhere to maladaptive rules governing use and completion of video games. Greater understanding of the proposed cognitive factors may advance clinical research agendas on identification of individuals with IGD, as well as the expansion and improvement of cognitive therapies for the disorder.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Cognition; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Internet; Mental Disorders; Self Concept; Video Games; Young Adult
PubMed: 24786896
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.006 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Aug 2017The concept of addiction is loaded with connotations and is often used for its political as much as its medical utility. The scientific case for 'food addiction' as a... (Review)
Review
The concept of addiction is loaded with connotations and is often used for its political as much as its medical utility. The scientific case for 'food addiction' as a clinical phenotype currently rests on its association with generic diagnostic criteria for substance-related disorders being applied to everyday foods and eating-related problems. This has fused the concept of obesity with addiction regardless of whether it fits the definition. The hedonic, or reward, system can account for the ingestion of foods and drugs, confirming that they share neural substrates that differentiate liking and wanting. These are normal processes that are recruited for natural homeostatic behaviours and can explain the phenomenon of hedonic overeating as a consequence of human motivation pushed to extremes by an obesogenic environment. Food addiction constitutes a medicalization of common eating behaviours, taking on the properties of a disease. The use of this medical language has implications for the way in which society views overeating and obesity.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hyperphagia; Medicalization; Obesity; Philosophy
PubMed: 28549063
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.61 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2021Addiction does not mean "addiction to substances" only. At the core of the definition of substance dependence is the loss of control. Gambling addiction belongs to... (Review)
Review
Addiction does not mean "addiction to substances" only. At the core of the definition of substance dependence is the loss of control. Gambling addiction belongs to non-substance / non-chemical addictions or behavioral/behavioral addictions. The concept of behavioral addictions is new and revolutionary in psychiatry. Gambling addiction, formerly pathological or problematic gambling occurs due to loss of control over gambling. There is growing evidence to suggest that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment. Behavioral addiction has been proposed as a new class in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual Fifth Revision (DSM-5), but the only category included is gambling addiction. The prevalence of gambling disorders in adolescence is very high and for certain disorders (especially related to the use of the Internet) it becomes more pronounced over time. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive overview of gambling disorders from definition, epidemiology, manifestations, comorbidities, assessment, treatment options, and existing forms of treatment. Given the complexity of the approach to the treatment of gamblers, a creative individualized integrative approach is necessary, which is the basis of creative psychopharmacotherapy. Due to the possibility of the emergence of problem gambling and other impulse-control deficits we need to be very careful when commencing a patient on dopamine replacement therapy or therapy with aripiprazole.
Topics: Adolescent; Behavior, Addictive; Comorbidity; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Gambling; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35354178
DOI: No ID Found -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Jul 2018Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a serious disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment. IGD has to be considered in view of... (Review)
Review
AIM
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a serious disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment. IGD has to be considered in view of heterogeneous and incomplete concepts. We therefore reviewed the scientific literature on IGD to provide an overview focusing on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, and aetiology.
METHOD
We systematically reviewed the databases ERIC, PsyARTICLES, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, and PubMed for the period January 1991 to August 2016, and additionally identified secondary references.
RESULTS
The proposed definition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition provides a good starting point for diagnosing IGD but entails some disadvantages. Developing IGD requires several interacting internal factors such as deficient self, mood and reward regulation, problems of decision-making, and external factors such as deficient family background and social skills. In addition, specific game-related factors may promote IGD. Summarizing aetiological knowledge, we suggest an integrated model of IGD elucidating the interplay of internal and external factors.
INTERPRETATION
So far, the concept of IGD and the pathways leading to it are not entirely clear. In particular, long-term follow-up studies are missing. IGD should be understood as an endangering disorder with a complex psychosocial background.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
In representative samples of children and adolescents, on average, 2% are affected by Internet gaming disorder (IGD). The mean prevalences (overall, clinical samples included) reach 5.5%. Definitions are heterogeneous and the relationship with substance-related addictions is inconsistent. Many aetiological factors are related to the development and maintenance of IGD. This review presents an integrated model of IGD, delineating the interplay of these factors.
Topics: Adolescent; Behavior, Addictive; Child; Humans; Internet; Video Games
PubMed: 29633243
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13754 -
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Jun 2017Addictions are commonly accompanied by a sense of shame or self-stigmatization. Self-stigmatization results from public stigmatization in a process leading to the...
Addictions are commonly accompanied by a sense of shame or self-stigmatization. Self-stigmatization results from public stigmatization in a process leading to the internalization of the social opprobrium attaching to the negative stereotypes associated with addiction. We offer an account of how this process works in terms of a range of looping effects, and this leads to our main claim that for a significant range of cases public stigma figures in the social construction of addiction. This rests on a social constructivist account in which those affected by public stigmatization internalize its norms. Stigma figures as part-constituent of the dynamic process in which addiction is formed. Our thesis is partly theoretical, partly empirical, as we source our claims about the process of internalization from interviews with people in treatment for substance use problems.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Self Concept; Shame; Social Environment; Social Norms; Social Stigma; Stereotyping
PubMed: 28470503
DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9784-y -
Adicciones Jul 2022The use of new technologies has become widespread worldwide. There is increasing concern about "Internet addiction disorder" (IAD), "Internet gaming disorder" (IGD), and...
The use of new technologies has become widespread worldwide. There is increasing concern about "Internet addiction disorder" (IAD), "Internet gaming disorder" (IGD), and "Mobile phone addiction" (MPA). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated with IAD and IGD. However, evidence is lacking about the relationship between ADHD and MPA. Naturalistic case-control study. 112 patients (51 children with and 61 children without ADHD) between 7 and 17 years old were compared regarding IAD, IGD, and MPA. We used the TEA questionnaire for the assessment of executive function and ADHD (ATENTO), and the ADITEC questionnaire to get gender-differentiated information for IAD, IGD, and MPA. Female children scored higher on MPA (Mean ± Standard Deviation, M ± SD) (25.93 ± 17.64 vs. 14.77 ± 19.43, p=0.03), while male children scored higher on IGD (30.09 ± 21.65 vs. 12.51 ± 16.61, p < 10^-3). Severity of hyperactivity/impulsivity and IGD were moderately correlated (r=0.349, p=0.013), but the correlation disappeared after controlling for the impact on the social domain as measured by the ATENTO questionnaire (r=171, p=0.250). Most parents are concerned that their children may be addicted to IAD/IGD/MPA. Female gender is associated with MPA, while male gender is associated with IGD. ADHD is a risk factor for developing IAD and IGD. Combined type and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD are each associated with IGD. Good social adjustment protects against developing IGD. There are gender vulnerabilities for IAD/IGD/MPA. ADHD is a risk factor for IGD, but good social adjustment buffers this association.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior, Addictive; Case-Control Studies; Cell Phone; Internet; Video Games
PubMed: 33338245
DOI: 10.20882/adicciones.1469 -
Journal of Behavioral Addictions Apr 2020Internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying are common behavioral problems, which share similarities with gambling disorder and substance use disorders.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying are common behavioral problems, which share similarities with gambling disorder and substance use disorders. However, little is known about the efficacy of their treatments. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of the treatments of such problem behaviors, and to draw parallels to gambling disorder and substance use disorders in terms of treatment response.
METHODS
Literature search yielded 91 studies totaling 3,531 participants to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychological, pharmacological and combined treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction, and compulsive buying.
RESULTS
Psychological, pharmacological, and combined treatments were associated with robust pre-post improvements in the global severity of internet addiction (Hedges's g: 1.51, 1.13, and 2.51, respectively) and sex addiction (Hedges's g: 1.09, 1.21, and 1.91, respectively). For compulsive buying, psychological and pharmacological treatments were also associated with a large-sized pre-post reduction in global severity (Hedges's g: 1.00 and 1.52, respectively). The controlled pre-post and within-group pre-follow-up effect sizes were in the similar range, with few exceptions. Moderator analyses suggest that psychological interventions are effective for reducing compulsive behaviors, especially when delivered face-to-face and conducted over extended periods of time. Combinations of cognitive-behavioral approaches with medications showed an advantage over monotherapies.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that treatments for common behavioral addictions are effective in the short term, similar to those implemented for gambling disorder and substance use disorders, but more rigorous clinical trials are needed.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Consumer Behavior; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; Humans; Internet Addiction Disorder; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 32359229
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00005 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry May 2023Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research indicates an increase in the number of adolescents engaging in daily gaming, sex, and the use of social networks, as well as an increase in the number of adolescents diagnosed with these disorders. The current study aims to detect unique profiles of risk and protective factors and examine whether these profiles could explain the different severities of IGD, CSB, and PSNU among adolescents.
METHOD
The sample comprised 544 Jewish Israeli adolescents from the general community (age 14-18), who were asked about risk (childhood adversity, childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress, self-concealment, internalized stigma) and protective (parent-adolescent communication,) factors and addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU).
RESULTS
Adolescents were classified into three different clusters based on their risk and protective factors: "at risk" (n = 48, 8.82%), "moderate" (n = 400, 73.53%), and "resilient" (n = 96, 17.65%). The "at risk" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU) than did the "moderate" or "resilient" groups, and the "moderate" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors than the "resilient" group.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings highlight the fact that protective and risk factor profiles are highly indicative of various addictive behaviors among adolescents. The current research expands knowledge about addictive behaviors by providing a more individualized approach to understanding addictive behaviors among adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Protective Factors; Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Anxiety; Parents; Internet; Video Games
PubMed: 37037172
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152387 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Sep 2015
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Binge-Eating Disorder; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States
PubMed: 26571547
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors :... Feb 2023Translational research on addictive behaviors viewed as molar behavioral allocation is critically reviewed. This work relates rates of behavior to rates of reinforcement... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Translational research on addictive behaviors viewed as molar behavioral allocation is critically reviewed. This work relates rates of behavior to rates of reinforcement over time and has been fruitfully applied to addictive behaviors, which involve excessive allocation to short-term rewards with longer term costs.
METHOD
Narrative critical review.
RESULTS
This approach distinguishes between final and efficient causes of discrete behaviors. The former refers to temporally extended behavior patterns into which the act fits. The latter refers to environmental stimuli or internal psychological mechanisms immediately preceding the act. Final causes are most clear when addictive behaviors are studied over time as a function of changing environmental circumstances. Discrete acts of addictive behavior are part of an extended/molar behavior pattern when immediate constraints on engagement are low and few rewarding alternatives are available. Research framed by efficient causes often use behavioral economic simulation tasks as individual difference variables that precede discrete acts. Such measures show higher demand for addictive commodities and steeper discounting in various risk groups, but whether they predict molar addictive behavior patterning is understudied.
CONCLUSIONS
Although efficient cause analysis has dominated translational research, research supports viewing addictive behavior as molar behavioral allocation. Increasing concern with rate variables underpinning final cause analysis and considering how study methods and temporal units of analysis inform an efficient or final cause analysis may advance understanding of addictive behaviors that occur over time in dynamic environmental contexts. This approach provides linkages between behavioral science and disciplines that study social determinants of health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Translational Research, Biomedical; Behavior, Addictive; Reinforcement, Psychology; Reward; Economics, Behavioral
PubMed: 35787099
DOI: 10.1037/adb0000845