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International Review of Neurobiology 2016Food addiction (FA) is loosely defined as hedonic eating behavior involving the consumption of highly palatable foods (ie, foods high in salt, fat, and sugar) in... (Review)
Review
Food addiction (FA) is loosely defined as hedonic eating behavior involving the consumption of highly palatable foods (ie, foods high in salt, fat, and sugar) in quantities beyond homeostatic energy requirements. FA shares some common symptomology with other pathological eating disorders, such as binge eating. Current theories suggest that FA shares both behavioral similarities and overlapping neural correlates to other substance addictions. Although preliminary, neuroimaging studies in response to food cues and the consumption of highly palatable food in individuals with FA compared to healthy controls have shown differing activation patterns and connectivity in brain reward circuits including regions such as the striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and nucleus accumbens. Additional effects have been noted in the hypothalamus, a brain area responsible for regulating eating behaviors and peripheral satiety networks. FA is highly impacted by impulsivity and mood. Chronic stress can negatively affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, thus influencing eating behavior and increasing desirability of highly palatable foods. Future work will require clearly defining FA as a distinct diagnosis from other eating disorders.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Brain; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Motivation; Neurobiology; Neuroimaging; Reward
PubMed: 27503449
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.003 -
International Review of Neurobiology 2016
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Gambling; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 27503453
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(16)30129-5 -
International Review of Neurobiology 2018Interest for the use of oxytocin as a treatment for addiction began over 40years ago. Better known for its roles in parturition, lactation and pair bonding, oxytocin... (Review)
Review
Interest for the use of oxytocin as a treatment for addiction began over 40years ago. Better known for its roles in parturition, lactation and pair bonding, oxytocin also has anxiolytic properties, reduces immune and inflammatory responses, and has a role in learning and memory. In this chapter, oxytocin effects on addiction processes are described by highlighting research findings that have used oxytocin within current preclinical animal models of addiction, relapse, or craving. First, we provide a brief background of the endogenous oxytocin system followed by descriptions of the behavioral models used to study addiction, including models of drug taking and seeking. Then we review recent preclinical studies that have used oxytocin as a therapeutic intervention throughout multiple stages of the addiction cycle from a behavioral and neurobiological perspective. These models encompass the entire range of the addiction cycle including acquisition and maintenance of drug taking, withdrawal and craving during periods of drug abstinence, and ultimately relapse. We then posit several theories about how oxytocin interacts with both drug and social reward, as well as presenting a mechanistic account of how specific oxytocin receptor localization may contribute to oxytocin's efficacy as an addiction therapeutic.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Oxytocin; Receptors, Oxytocin; Social Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 30193705
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.007 -
Acta Psychologica Nov 2023With the increasing popularity and accessibility of video games, the public concern about their effects - positive and negative - has also increased. In this regard,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
With the increasing popularity and accessibility of video games, the public concern about their effects - positive and negative - has also increased. In this regard, this systematic review sought to identify and thematically analyze recent studies (in the last five years) and report on video games' epidemiological characteristics and outcomes. A systematic database search was done on ScienceDirect, APA PsycINFO, Emerald, and Scopus databases for articles published from January 1, 2017, to April 1, 2022. The Meta XL software - an add-in for Microsoft Excel - was used to calculate the pooled prevalence level of video game addiction. The database search yielded a total of 693 non-duplicate articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 articles were selected to be included in the systematic review. Along with this, 12 articles were considered for the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence level of gaming addiction was 5.0 % (95 % CI, 2.1-8.8 %). The I value was 99.297 with a p-value of 0.000. The factors that accompanied addictive video gaming were psychological, social, and personal. An addictive gaming behavior was characterized by spending an above-average time on gaming, doing most of the gaming online, and gaming activities interfering with sleep patterns. Some predictors of addictive gaming were emotional dependence, social detachment, increased gaming time, preference for playing online than offline, and increased emotional and psychological stress. Engaging in addictive gaming led to adverse outcomes such as lower academic scores, depression, and anxiety, as well as decreased self-esteem, life satisfaction, and social support. From the collected findings it could be concluded that extreme playing of video games can be classified as addictive. Following the identification of risk factors, appropriate corrective or interventional measures should be developed and applied coherently to newer statistical data.
Topics: Humans; Video Games; Technology Addiction; Behavior, Addictive; Self Concept; Anxiety; Internet
PubMed: 37897856
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104047 -
Substance Use & Misuse Apr 2014Mindfulness-based treatments are growing in popularity among addiction treatment providers, and several studies suggest the efficacy of incorporating mindfulness... (Review)
Review
Mindfulness-based treatments are growing in popularity among addiction treatment providers, and several studies suggest the efficacy of incorporating mindfulness practices into the treatment of addiction, including the treatment of substance use disorders and behavioral addictions (i.e., gambling). The current paper provides a review of theoretical models of mindfulness in the treatment of addiction and several hypothesized mechanisms of change. We provide an overview of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP), including session content, treatment targets, and client feedback from participants who have received MBRP in the context of empirical studies. Future research directions regarding operationalization and measurement, identifying factors that moderate treatment effects, and protocol adaptations for specific populations are discussed.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Meditation; Mindfulness; Models, Psychological; Secondary Prevention; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 24611847
DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.891845 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Apr 2024Impulsivity is a common cognitive issue across several psychiatric illnesses but is most frequently associated with the DSM-5 Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct...
PURPOSE
Impulsivity is a common cognitive issue across several psychiatric illnesses but is most frequently associated with the DSM-5 Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders, ADHD, and addictive disorders. We hypothesized that a wide range of psychiatric disorders would be associated with elevated impulsivity, not just those commonly linked to impulsiveness. This study aimed to explore the relationship between impulsivity and various psychiatric disorders in young adults.
PROCEDURES
700 non-treatment seeking participants (aged 18-29 years) were enrolled from the general community, provided demographic information, and underwent a psychiatric evaluation to screen for various psychiatric disorders. Each participant then completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), a self-report measure of impulsivity, followed by the Stop Signal Task (SST), a computerized stop-attention task that measures impulse control. Impulsivity levels across psychiatric disorders were examined by analyzing z-scores relative to controls.
MAIN FINDINGS
Patients with bulimia nervosa, comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia, and borderline personality disorder showed the highest levels of attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsivity, respectively. The effect size of the difference in total BIS impulsivity was large (d > 0.8) for several conditions including eating, personality, addictive, and mood disorders. The effect size of the difference in impulsivity was not large for any of the measures of ADHD. As compared to other psychiatric disorders analyzed, trichotillomania showed the greatest levels of impulsivity as measured by SST.
PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS
This data indicates that a wide range of psychiatric disorders exhibit heightened impulsivity with findings differing across various cognitive domains. Comorbidity resulted in unique findings of elevated impulsivity. This may suggest utility in viewing impulsivity as a transdiagnostic factor for a broad range of psychiatric disorders. Future studies should analyze comorbidities and whether patient psychiatric medication impacts these findings.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Impulsive Behavior; Personality Disorders; Mood Disorders; Trichotillomania; Behavior, Addictive
PubMed: 38184857
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152449 -
BMC Psychiatry May 2017The aim of this study was to systematically summarize knowledge on the association between exposure to interpersonal trauma and addictive behaviors. Extant reviews on... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to systematically summarize knowledge on the association between exposure to interpersonal trauma and addictive behaviors. Extant reviews on this association focused on a restricted range of substance-related addictions, and/or used a narrative instead of a systematic approach.
METHODS
Systematic searches of 8 databases yielded 29,841 studies, of which 3054 studies were included and subsequently classified in relation to study design (scoping review). A subset of observational studies (N = 181) prospectively investigating the relationship between exposure to interpersonal traumata and subsequent behavioral or substance-related addiction problems were characterized. Heterogeneity in study methodologies and types of addictive behaviors and traumatic experiences assessed precluded meta-analysis. Instead, the proportions of associations tested in this literature that revealed positive, negative, or null relationships between trauma exposure and subsequent addictive behaviors were recorded, along with other methodological features.
RESULTS
Of 3054 included studies, 70.7% (n = 2160) used a cross-sectional design. In the 181 prospective observational studies (407,041 participants, 98.8% recruited from developed countries), 35.1% of the tested associations between trauma exposure and later addictive behaviors was positive, 1.3% was negative, and 63.6% was non-significant. These results were primarily obtained among non-treatment seeking samples (80.7% of studies; n = 146), using single and multi-item measures of addictive behaviors of unknown psychometric quality (46.4% of studies). Positive associations were more frequently observed in studies examining childhood versus adult traumatization (39.7% vs. 29.7%).
CONCLUSIONS
Longitudinal research in this area emphasizes alcohol abuse, and almost no research has examined behavioral addictions. Results provide some support for a positive association between exposure to interpersonal trauma and subsequent addictive behaviors but this relationship was not consistently reported. Longitudinal studies typically assessed trauma exposure retrospectively, often after addictive behavior onset, thus precluding robust inferences about whether traumatization affects initial onset of addictive behaviors.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exposure to Violence; Humans; Prospective Studies; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 28472931
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1323-1 -
Progress in Brain Research 2016Recent progress has been made in our understanding of nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions, although these conditions and their most appropriate classification remain... (Review)
Review
Recent progress has been made in our understanding of nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions, although these conditions and their most appropriate classification remain debated and the knowledge basis for understanding the pathophysiology of and treatments for these conditions includes important gaps. Recent developments include the classification of gambling disorder as a "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder" in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder in Section 3 of DSM-5. This chapter reviews current neuroscientific understandings of behavioral addictions and the potential of neurobiological data to assist in the development of improved policy, prevention, and treatment efforts.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Gambling; Humans; Internet; Neurosciences; Video Games
PubMed: 26806783
DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.003 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Dec 2016To review the evidence base for classifying compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) as a non-substance or 'behavioral' addiction. (Review)
Review
AIMS
To review the evidence base for classifying compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) as a non-substance or 'behavioral' addiction.
METHODS
Data from multiple domains (e.g. epidemiological, phenomenological, clinical, biological) are reviewed and considered with respect to data from substance and gambling addictions.
RESULTS
Overlapping features exist between CSB and substance use disorders. Common neurotransmitter systems may contribute to CSB and substance use disorders, and recent neuroimaging studies highlight similarities relating to craving and attentional biases. Similar pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments may be applicable to CSB and substance addictions, although considerable gaps in knowledge currently exist.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the growing body of research linking compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) to substance addictions, significant gaps in understanding continue to complicate classification of CSB as an addiction.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Craving; Erotica; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Libido; Male; Reward; Sexual Behavior; Unsafe Sex
PubMed: 26893127
DOI: 10.1111/add.13297 -
Journal of Gambling Studies Jun 2023Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. In... (Review)
Review
Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), pathological gambling was renamed "gambling disorder" and moved to the Substance-Related and Addiction Disorders chapter to acknowledge that research suggests that pathological gambling and alcohol and drug addiction are related. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of risk factors for gambling disorder. Systematic searches of EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science identified 33 records that met study inclusion criteria. A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially.
Topics: Humans; Male; Gambling; Comorbidity; Substance-Related Disorders; Behavior, Addictive; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36884150
DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10195-1