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Journal of Studies on Alcohol and... Jan 2019The purpose of this study was to evaluate how performance is defined, conceptualized, and measured in mental health and addiction service systems around the world. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate how performance is defined, conceptualized, and measured in mental health and addiction service systems around the world.
METHOD
We conducted a systematic scoping review of English-language scientific and gray literature published from 2005 to 2015. Eligible documents (n = 222) described performance measurement systems and outlined the theory or empirical evidence for indicators. We used a structured approach for data extraction and descriptive and thematic analysis, supplemented with stakeholder consultation.
RESULTS
We identified seven themes in the literature: similarity in performance domains across frameworks; the ability of frameworks to inform care quality at client, program/facility, and system levels; the predominance of indicators of process and outcome, over structure; the lack of evidence on the links between domains and/or indicators; common, but limited, evaluation of family/caregiver involvement; equity as a cross-cutting domain of performance; and limited attention to performance measurement in peer support services.
CONCLUSIONS
The literature on performance measurement in mental health and addictions services is vast, and a wide variety of indicators is available to those designing a measurement system. Evaluations of commonly used performance indicators have yielded mixed evidence on their ability to discriminate high- and low-performing service providers, and their sensitivity to changes in policies and practices. As performance measurement efforts grow in scope and complexity, work will be needed to ensure that indicators are fair, appropriate, and suited to support quality improvement in services of different types.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Patient Outcome Assessment; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Stakeholder Participation
PubMed: 30681956
DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2019.s18.114 -
Genes, Brain, and Behavior Jan 2017GABA receptors form the major class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. This review sets out to summarize the evidence that variations in... (Review)
Review
GABA receptors form the major class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. This review sets out to summarize the evidence that variations in genes encoding GABA receptor isoforms are associated with aspects of addictive behaviour in humans, while animal models of addictive behaviour also implicate certain subtypes of GABA receptor. In addition to outlining the evidence for the involvement of specific subtypes in addiction, we summarize the particular contributions of these isoforms in control over the functioning of brain circuits, especially the mesolimbic system, and make a first attempt to bring together evidence from several fields to understanding potential involvement of GABA receptor subtypes in addictive behaviour. While the weight of the published literature is on alcohol dependency, the underlying principles outlined are relevant across a number of different aspects of addictive behaviour.
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Limbic System; Protein Subunits; Receptors, GABA-A
PubMed: 27539865
DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12321 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Jul 2022Since the acceptance of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a "disorder due to addictive behaviors", research has proliferated exponentially. The present review focuses on... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Since the acceptance of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a "disorder due to addictive behaviors", research has proliferated exponentially. The present review focuses on the conceptualization of IGD, its diagnosis and assessment, associated factors and existing prevention and treatment plans to address it.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The discrepancies between the diagnostic criteria for IGD proposed by the two central diagnostic entities, as well as the questioning of their clinical validity, have generated multiple proposals for the diagnosis and psychometric evaluation of IGD. Likewise, there have been numerous suggestions to prevent this pathology, with the involvement of governments, the gaming industry and health institutions. Finally, multiple treatment plans have been proposed, both pharmacological and psychological, although only the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy has been tested. It is essential, therefore, to delve deeper into this disorder by addressing the central limitations of the current literature.
Topics: Humans; Behavior, Addictive; Internet; Internet Addiction Disorder; Psychometrics; Video Games
PubMed: 35526417
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152319 -
Journal of Behavioral Addictions Dec 2015Gambling and gaming activities have become increasingly recognised as sharing many common features at a structural and aesthetic level. Both have also been implicated as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Gambling and gaming activities have become increasingly recognised as sharing many common features at a structural and aesthetic level. Both have also been implicated as contributing to harm through excessive involvement. Despite this, relatively little attention has been given to the fundamental characteristics that differentiate these two classes of activity, especially in situations where the boundaries between them may be particularly hard to distinguish. This is evident, for example, in digital games that incorporate free and paid virtual currencies or items, as well as the capacity for wagering. Such overlaps create problems for regulatory classifications, screening, diagnosis and treatment. Is the problem related to the gambling or gaming content?
METHODS
In this paper, we review the principal sources of overlap between the activity classes in terms of several dimensions: interactivity, monetisation, betting and wagering, types of outcomes, structural fidelity, context and centrality of content, and advertising.
RESULTS
We argue that gaming is principally defined by its interactivity, skill-based play, and contextual indicators of progression and success. In contrast, gambling is defined by betting and wagering mechanics, predominantly chance-determined outcomes, and monetisation features that involve risk and payout to the player. A checklist measure is provided, with practical examples, to examine activities according to features of design and function, which may inform guidelines for policy makers, researchers and treatment providers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that, in some instances, using category-based nomenclature (e.g., "gambling-like game") may be too vague or cumbersome to adequately organise our understanding of new gaming/gambling hybrid activities.
Topics: Advertising; Behavior, Addictive; Diagnosis, Differential; Economics; Gambling; Games, Recreational; Humans; Video Games
PubMed: 26690615
DOI: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.045 -
Adicciones 2012Hypersexual Disorder has been proposed as a new psychiatric disorder for DSM-V, characterized by an increased frequency and intensity of sexually motivated fantasies,...
Hypersexual Disorder has been proposed as a new psychiatric disorder for DSM-V, characterized by an increased frequency and intensity of sexually motivated fantasies, arousal, urges, and enacted behavior in association with an impulsivity component. Excessive appetitive and consummatory behaviors, including hypersexuality, can become a non-chemical addiction. Sexual addiction afflicts people having paraphilic or nonparaphilic behaviors associated with progressive risk-taking sexual behaviors, escalation or progression of sexual behaviors (tolerance), loss of control and significant adverse psychosocial consequences, such as unplanned pregnancy, pair-bond dysfunction, marital separation, financial problems and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. The most common behaviors involved in sexual addiction are fantasy sex, compulsive masturbation, pornography, cybersex, voyeuristic sex, anonymous sex and multiple sexual partners. These behaviors are intended to reduce anxiety and other dysphoric affects (e.g., shame and depression). Axis I psychiatric diagnosis, especially mood disorders, psychoactive substance abuse disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, are common comorbid disorders with sexual addiction. There are significant gaps in the current scientific knowledge base regarding the clinical course, development risk factors and family history and data on women with sexual addiction are lacking.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 23241714
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Oct 2014The reclassification of gambling disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) addictions category marks an important... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The reclassification of gambling disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) addictions category marks an important step for addiction science. The similarities between gambling disorder and the substance use disorders have been well documented. As gambling is unlikely to exert actively damaging effects on the brain, the cognitive sequelae of gambling disorder may provide insights into addictive vulnerabilities; this idea is critically evaluated in light of recent structural imaging data. The second part of the review analyzes a fundamental question of how a behavior can become addictive in the absence of exogenous drug stimulation. The relative potency of drug and nondrug rewards is considered, alongside evidence that cognitive distortions in the processing of chance (for example, the illusion of control and the gambler's fallacy) may constitute an important added ingredient in gambling. Further understanding of these mechanisms at neural and behavioral levels will be critical for the classification of future behavioral addictions, and I consider the current research data for obesity and binge eating, compulsive shopping, and internet gaming disorder.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Disease Susceptibility; Gambling; Humans; Models, Biological; Neurons; Reward
PubMed: 25336388
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12558 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023The alteration in circadian typology and insomnia were prevalent among both Individuals with IGD and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most...
The alteration in circadian typology and insomnia were prevalent among both Individuals with IGD and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most comorbid psychiatric disorder of IGD. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between circadian typologies, insomnia, and internet gaming disorder (IGD) and how ADHD affects this relationship. We recruited three groups of 69 young adults: an IGD group, a control group comprising age- and sex-matched nongamers, and a group of gamers without IGD through diagnostic interviews. The participants with IGD exhibited lower composite scale of morningness (CSM) scores and thus a higher eveningness preference In addition, the score of Pittsburgh insomnia rating scale-20-item version (PIRS_20) was significantly higher among those with IGD. The participants with IGD and ADHD exhibited lower CSM scores but higher PRIS_20 scores than the participants with IGD but without ADHD. The present findings indicate that participants with IGD exhibited a tendency of eveningness preference and experienced more severe insomnia. ADHD exacerbated the eveningness preference and insomnia of individuals with IGD. Close attention should be paid to sleep problems in individuals with IGD, particularly to those with ADHD.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Internet Addiction Disorder; Comorbidity; Internet; Video Games; Behavior, Addictive
PubMed: 37550315
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39462-2 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry May 2022Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has become a significant issue in mental healthcare over the past decades as the number of people engaging in excessive and unhealthy... (Review)
Review
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has become a significant issue in mental healthcare over the past decades as the number of people engaging in excessive and unhealthy gaming increases with each year. Despite its inclusion in the 5th Edition of Diagnostic Statistical Manual and the development of a number of treatment methods that have been designed and tested for IGD, treatment remains a challenge. This review attempts to give an overview of the current state of IGD and its treatment with a specific focus on the potential of technology-based solutions, such as web-based programs, mobile applications, and virtual reality. The review also highlights the need for additional work in the area of treatment development for IGD and the preliminary evidence for the usefulness and importance of technology-based treatment methods which offer unique advantages, such as accessibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, over other existing treatment options.
Topics: Humans; Behavior, Addictive; Internet; Internet Addiction Disorder; Technology; Video Games
PubMed: 35405548
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152312 -
The American Journal of Drug and... Sep 2010Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse consequences,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse consequences, i.e., diminished control over the behavior. These disorders have historically been conceptualized in several ways. One view posits these disorders as lying along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum, with some classified as impulse control disorders. An alternate, but not mutually exclusive, conceptualization considers the disorders as non-substance or "behavioral" addictions.
OBJECTIVES
Inform the discussion on the relationship between psychoactive substance and behavioral addictions.
METHODS
We review data illustrating similarities and differences between impulse control disorders or behavioral addictions and substance addictions. This topic is particularly relevant to the optimal classification of these disorders in the forthcoming fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).
RESULTS
Growing evidence suggests that behavioral addictions resemble substance addictions in many domains, including natural history, phenomenology, tolerance, comorbidity, overlapping genetic contribution, neurobiological mechanisms, and response to treatment, supporting the DSM-V Task Force proposed new category of Addiction and Related Disorders encompassing both substance use disorders and non-substance addictions. Current data suggest that this combined category may be appropriate for pathological gambling and a few other better studied behavioral addictions, e.g., Internet addiction. There is currently insufficient data to justify any classification of other proposed behavioral addictions.
CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE
Proper categorization of behavioral addictions or impulse control disorders has substantial implications for the development of improved prevention and treatment strategies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Comorbidity; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 20560821
DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2010.491884 -
Harm Reduction Journal Dec 2019Gambling is now a well-recognised public health issue and forms the focus of extensive harm reduction initiatives. Recent developments in policy, practice and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gambling is now a well-recognised public health issue and forms the focus of extensive harm reduction initiatives. Recent developments in policy, practice and technology, such relaxation of regulations, the increasing influence of global gambling corporations, and the development of devices such as mobile phone apps and fixed odds betting terminals (FOBTs) mean that the landscape is a complex, dynamic, and fast moving one. Gambling is now practiced using new technologies, in various spaces and places, and features in a range of social surroundings. Therefore, research is needed to inform appropriate gambling harm reduction strategies that can respond to this complex domain. Yet, research and policy approaches to the reduction of gambling harm are predominantly framed through psychological and economic models of individual behaviour, addiction, and 'rational' action. This is beginning to change, with a growing corpus of socio-cultural approaches to gambling research now emerging.
METHOD
In this article, we argue the case of recognising gambling as a social practice, the performance of which draws upon multiple elements such as technology and materials, spaces and places, language and discourse, and structures and agency. We call for a practice theory approach to gambling research that joins efforts to move beyond individual gamblers and their behaviour, to also acknowledge the interaction of multiple elements shaping gambling practices. To achieve this, we suggest that research methods such as visual ethnography can be helpful.
CONCLUSION
We set out how a social practice perspective to gambling research can generate different insights and help inform more nuanced and appropriate gambling harm reduction initiatives.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Gambling; Harm Reduction; Humans; Research; Risk Factors; Social Environment
PubMed: 31805952
DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0342-2