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Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2011Past civilisations saw excess body fat as a symbol of wealth and prosperity as the general population struggled with food shortages and famine. Nowadays it is recognised... (Review)
Review
Past civilisations saw excess body fat as a symbol of wealth and prosperity as the general population struggled with food shortages and famine. Nowadays it is recognised that obesity is associated with co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Our views on the roll of adipose tissue have also changed, from being solely a passive energy store, to an important endocrine organ that modulates metabolism, immunity and satiety. The relationship between increased visceral adiposity and obesity-related co-morbidities has lead to the recognition that variation in fat distribution contributes to ethnic differences in the prevalence of obesity-related diseases. Our current negative view of adipose tissue may change with the use of pluripotent adipose-derived stromal cells, which may lead to future autologous stem cell therapies for bone, muscle, cardiac and cartilage disorders. Here, we briefly review the concepts that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ, that differences in body fat distribution underline the aetiology of obesity-related co-morbidities, and the use of adipose-derived stem cells for future therapies.
Topics: Abdominal Fat; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Comorbidity; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Obesity; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Stromal Cells
PubMed: 21713306
DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2010-083 -
Clinical Interventions in Aging 2017Age-dependent modification of the facial subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) connected with reduction of its volume, modification of collagen content and adhesion... (Review)
Review
Age-dependent modification of the facial subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) connected with reduction of its volume, modification of collagen content and adhesion between dermal and adipose layers can significantly influence mechanical stability of the skin and cause the development of aging symptoms such as wrinkles. Typical aging appearance in facial skin is at least partly connected with special phenotypical features of facial preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. In this paper, we have discussed the possible roles of local inflammation, compartmental structure of facial sWAT and trans-differentiation processes such as beiging of white adipocytes and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition in facial skin aging.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, White; Face; Humans; Phenotype; Skin Aging
PubMed: 29255352
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S151599 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Mar 2013There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots. Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots. Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the marrow environment, is metabolically distinct from peripheral fat depots, but its functional significance is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
In this review, we discuss animal and human data linking the marrow adipose tissue depot to parameters of bone density and integrity as well as the potential significance of marrow adipose tissue in metabolic diseases associated with bone loss, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa. Potential hormonal determinants of marrow adipose tissue are also discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integrity and the role of marrow adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of bone loss.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Humans
PubMed: 23393168
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3634 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Jun 2018This review explores how the relationships between bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) adipogenesis with advancing age, obesity, and/or bone diseases (osteopenia or... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review explores how the relationships between bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) adipogenesis with advancing age, obesity, and/or bone diseases (osteopenia or osteoporosis) contribute to mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal pathophysiology.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies have re-defined adipose tissue as a dynamic, vital organ with functions extending beyond its historic identity restricted solely to that of an energy reservoir or sink. "State of the art" methodologies provide novel insights into the developmental origin, physiology, and function of different adipose tissue depots. These include genetic tracking of adipose progenitors, viral vectors application, and sophisticated non-invasive imaging modalities. While constricted within the rigid bone cavity, BMAT vigorously contributes to local and systemic metabolic processes including hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, and energy metabolism and undergoes dynamic changes as a function of age, diet, bone topography, or sex. These insights will impact future research and therapies relating to osteoporosis.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Aging; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone and Bones; Energy Metabolism; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Obesity; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 29667012
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0442-z -
Lipids in Health and Disease Mar 2020MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate adipose tissue development, which are closely related to subcutaneous and intramuscular fat deposition and adipocyte differentiation. As an...
BACKGROUND
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate adipose tissue development, which are closely related to subcutaneous and intramuscular fat deposition and adipocyte differentiation. As an important economic and agricultural animal, rabbits have low adipose tissue deposition and are an ideal model to study adipose regulation. However, the miRNAs related to fat deposition during the growth and development of rabbits are poorly defined.
METHODS
In this study, miRNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to profile the miRNAs in rabbit perirenal adipose tissue at 35, 85 and 120 days post-birth. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs between different stages were identified by DEseq in R. Target genes of DE miRNAs were predicted by TargetScan and miRanda. To explore the functions of identified miRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Approximately 1.6 GB of data was obtained by miRNA-seq. A total of 987 miRNAs (780 known and 207 newly predicted) and 174 DE miRNAs were identified. The miRNAs ranged from 18 nt to 26 nt. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the target genes of the DE miRNAs were mainly involved in zinc ion binding, regulation of cell growth, MAPK signaling pathway, and other adipose hypertrophy-related pathways. Six DE miRNAs were randomly selected, and their expression profiles were validated by q-PCR.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of the miRNA profiles of adipose tissue during different growth stages of rabbits. Our data provide a theoretical reference for subsequent studies on rabbit genetics, breeding and the regulatory mechanisms of adipose development.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Computational Biology; Lipid Metabolism; MicroRNAs; RNA-Seq; Rabbits
PubMed: 32145738
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01219-5 -
Redox Biology Aug 2017Adipose tissue is a complex and multi-faceted organ. It responds dynamically to internal and external stimuli, depending on the developmental stage and activity of the... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is a complex and multi-faceted organ. It responds dynamically to internal and external stimuli, depending on the developmental stage and activity of the organism. The most common functional subunits of adipose tissue, white and brown adipocytes, regulate and respond to endocrine processes, which then determine metabolic rate as well as adipose tissue functions. While the molecular aspects of white and brown adipose biology have become clearer in the recent past, much less is known about sex-specific differences in regulation and deposition of adipose tissue, and the specific role of the so-called pink adipocytes during lactation in females. This review summarises the current understanding of adipose tissue dynamics with a focus on sex-specific differences in adipose tissue energy metabolism and endocrine functions, focussing on mammalian model organisms as well as human-derived data. In females, pink adipocytes trans-differentiate during pregnancy from subcutaneous white adipocytes and are responsible for milk-secretion in mammary glands. Overlooking biological sex variation may ultimately hamper clinical treatments of many aspects of metabolic disorders.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 28441629
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.012 -
Physiology & Behavior Jun 2018There is renewed interest in leveraging the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) to improve energy balance and... (Review)
Review
There is renewed interest in leveraging the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) to improve energy balance and prevent obesity. In addition to these effects on energy expenditure, both BAT and WAT secrete large numbers of hormones and cytokines that play important roles in maintaining metabolic health. Both BAT and WAT are densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and this innervation is crucial for BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning, making it a potentially interesting target for manipulating energy balance and treatment of obesity and metabolic disease. Peripheral neuromodulation in the form of electrical manipulation of the SNS and parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) has been used for the management of pain and many other conditions, but progress is hampered by lack of detailed knowledge of function-specific neurons and nerves innervating particular organs and tissues. Therefore, the goal of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund project "Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions (SPARC)" is to comprehensively map both anatomical and neurochemical aspects of the peripheral nervous system in animal model systems to ultimately guide optimal neuromodulation strategies in humans. Compared to electrical manipulation, neuron-specific opto- and chemogenetic manipulation, now being extensively used to decode the function of brain circuits, will further increase the functional specificity of peripheral neuromodulation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Genetic Techniques; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 28859876
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.024 -
Journal of Obesity 2013
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 24024027
DOI: 10.1155/2013/940275 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Jun 2014High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein first made headlines 40 years ago as a non-histone nuclear protein that regulates gene expression. Not so long ago, it was also... (Review)
Review
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein first made headlines 40 years ago as a non-histone nuclear protein that regulates gene expression. Not so long ago, it was also shown that HMGB1 has an additional surprising function. When released into the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 triggers an inflammatory response by serving as an endogenous danger signal. The pro-inflammatory role of HMGB1 is now well-established and has been associated with several diseases, including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Yet very little is known about its role in obesity, wherein adipose tissue is typified by a persistent, smoldering inflammatory response instigated by high macrophage infiltrate that potentiates the risk of obesity-associated comorbidities. This mini-review focuses on the putative causal relationship between HMGB1 and macrophage pro-inflammatory activation in pathologically altered adipose tissue associated with obesity.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; HMGB1 Protein; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 24910558
DOI: No ID Found -
Bioscience Reports Jun 2020Adipose tissue, the storage of excessive energy in the body, secretes various proteins called adipokines, which connect the body's nutritional status to the regulation... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue, the storage of excessive energy in the body, secretes various proteins called adipokines, which connect the body's nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. Obesity triggers alterations of quantity and quality of various types of cells that reside in adipose tissue, including adipose stem cells (ASCs; referred to as adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in vitro). These alterations in the functionalities and properties of ASCs impair adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. In contrast, the ability of ASCs to recruit new adipocytes when faced with caloric excess leads to healthy adipose tissue expansion, associated with lower amounts of inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the identity of ASCs and their roles in adipose tissue development, homeostasis, expansion, and thermogenesis, and how these roles go awry in obesity. A better understanding of the biology of ASCs and their adipogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic disease.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Obesity; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 32452515
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20194076