-
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2019We present electrophysiological (EP) signals correlated with cellular cell activities in the adrenal cortex and medulla using an adrenal gland implantable flexible EP...
We present electrophysiological (EP) signals correlated with cellular cell activities in the adrenal cortex and medulla using an adrenal gland implantable flexible EP probe. With such a probe, we could observe the EP signals from the adrenal cortex and medulla in response to various stress stimuli, such as enhanced hormone activity with adrenocorticotropic hormone, a biomarker for chronic stress response, and an actual stress environment, like a forced swimming test. This technique could be useful to continuously monitor the elevation of cortisol level, a useful indicator of chronic stress that potentially causes various diseases.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Rats; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 30617062
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806392115 -
The Journal of Histochemistry and... Oct 2018Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), main feature of obstructive sleep apnea, produces nitro-oxidative stress, which contributes to potentiate carotid body (CB)...
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), main feature of obstructive sleep apnea, produces nitro-oxidative stress, which contributes to potentiate carotid body (CB) chemosensory discharges and sympathetic-adrenal-axis activity, leading to hypertension. The MnSOD enzymatic activity, a key enzyme on oxidative stress control, is reduced by superoxide-induced nitration. However, the effects of CIH-induced nitration on MnSOD enzymatic activity in the CB and adrenal gland are not known. We studied the effects of CIH on MnSOD protein and immunoreactive (MnSOD-ir) levels in the CB, adrenal gland and superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and on 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT-ir), CuZnSOD (CuZnSOD-ir), MnSOD nitration, and its enzymatic activity in the CB and adrenal gland from male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to CIH for 7 days. CIH increased 3-NT-ir in CB and adrenal gland, whereas MnSOD-ir increased in the CB and in adrenal cortex, but not in the whole adrenal medulla or SCG. CIH nitrated MnSOD in the CB and adrenal medulla, but its activity decreased in the adrenal gland. CuZnSOD-ir remained unchanged in both tissues. All changes observed were prevented by ascorbic acid treatment. Present results show that CIH for 7 days produced MnSOD nitration, but failed to reduce its activity in the CB, because of the increased protein level.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Carotid Body; Hypoxia; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nitrosative Stress; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Tyrosine
PubMed: 29775122
DOI: 10.1369/0022155418776229 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... Jun 2020Adrenal gland trauma is a rare phenomenon, due to the small size and retroperitoneal location of the organ. The majority of adrenal gland trauma is due to blunt force...
Adrenal gland trauma is a rare phenomenon, due to the small size and retroperitoneal location of the organ. The majority of adrenal gland trauma is due to blunt force injury and is only rarely encountered due to the penetrating mechanisms. A 20-year-old male sustained a gunshot wound to the left abdomen. Upon exploration, he was found to have a through and through injury to the left adrenal gland, among other injuries. Injury to the adrenal gland due to penetrating trauma is exceptionally rare. The principles of management are to control bleeding from the gland with debridement and hemostasis rather than attempt to resect the entire organ. The management of a penetrating injury to the adrenal gland is straightforward and should not be a contributor to a patient's morbidity or mortality.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adult; Debridement; Hemorrhage; Hemostasis, Surgical; Humans; Laparotomy; Male; Multiple Trauma; Organ Sparing Treatments; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Wounds, Gunshot; Young Adult
PubMed: 32307226
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.01.003 -
Endokrynologia Polska 2024Not required for Clinical Vignettes.
Not required for Clinical Vignettes.
Topics: Humans; Adenoma, Oxyphilic; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Adrenal Glands
PubMed: 38646992
DOI: 10.5603/ep.99035 -
Advances in Respiratory Medicine 2022Lung cancer patients (LCP) require invasive evaluation of left adrenal glands (LAG) if distant metastases (M1b/1c) are suspected in CT or PET-CT. Only few studies showed...
INTRODUCTION
Lung cancer patients (LCP) require invasive evaluation of left adrenal glands (LAG) if distant metastases (M1b/1c) are suspected in CT or PET-CT. Only few studies showed utility of endosonography and particularly EUS-b-FNA as minimally invasive endoscopic method of LAG analysis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A retrospective study of consecutive LCP was conducted in two pulmonology centers between January 2010 and December 2019. Records of complete endosonographic staging with use of single ultrasound bronchoscope or two scopes were overviewed. The analysis included cases of enlarged LAG (body size or limbs > 10 mm) examined and sampled by EUS-b-FNA or EUS-FNA.
RESULTS
142 of 2596 LCP staged by complete endosonography (M: 88, F: 54 mean age 64.7) had enlarged LAG, which were biopsied by conventional EUS-FNA (52) and/or by EUS-b-FNA (90). Strong correlation with gland diameter (P < 0.001) was observed. The incidence of LAG metastases in analyzed group was 52.1% (74/142) and regarding histology: SCLC 76.9% (10/13), adenocarcinoma 66.7% (44/66), NSCLC 56.3% (9/16) and SCC 17.5% (7/40). A specificity and PPV for both methods were 100%. A sensitivity, accuracy and NPV for EUS-FNA were 91.7%, 96.2%, 93.3% and for EUS-b-FNA 88%, 93.3% and 87%, respectively and no significant differences for both methods were noted (P = 0.62, 0.44, 0.35). No severe complications afterall biopsies were observed. A six months clinical follow up included all negative LCP with enlarged LAG.
CONCLUSIONS
After our study EUS-b-FNA seems to be a reasonable method of choice for LAG assesssment in LCP.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenal Glands; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; Endosonography; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35731117
DOI: 10.5603/ARM.a2022.0033 -
Brazilian Journal of Medical and... Oct 2005The human adrenal cortex, involved in adaptive responses to stress, body homeostasis and secondary sexual characters, emerges from a tightly regulated development of a... (Review)
Review
The human adrenal cortex, involved in adaptive responses to stress, body homeostasis and secondary sexual characters, emerges from a tightly regulated development of a zone-specific secretion pattern during fetal life. Its development during fetal life is critical for the well being of pregnancy, the initiation of delivery, and even for an adequate adaptation to extra-uterine life. As early as from the sixth week of pregnancy, the fetal adrenal gland is characterized by a highly proliferative zone at the periphery, a concentric migration accompanied by cell differentiation (cortisol secretion) and apoptosis in the central androgen-secreting fetal zone. After birth, a strong reorganization occurs in the adrenal gland so that it better fulfills the newborn's needs, with aldosterone production in the external zona glomerulosa, cortisol secretion in the zona fasciculata and androgens in the central zona reticularis. In addition to the major hormonal stimuli provided by angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropin, we have tested for some years the hypotheses that such plasticity may be under the control of the extracellular matrix. A growing number of data have been harvested during the last years, in particular about extracellular matrix expression and its putative role in the development of the human adrenal cortex. Laminin, collagen and fibronectin have been shown to play important roles not only in the plasticity of the adrenal cortex, but also in cell responsiveness to hormones, thus clarifying some of the unexplained observations that used to feed controversies.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Angiotensin II; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Hormones; Humans; Pregnancy; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 16172742
DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005001000006 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jul 2023The present study aimed to investigate possible influences of body weight and sex on adrenal gland size in endocrinologically healthy dogs. Possible factors influencing...
BACKGROUND
The present study aimed to investigate possible influences of body weight and sex on adrenal gland size in endocrinologically healthy dogs. Possible factors influencing the adrenal size are discussed in relation to a universal upper reference value from the literature of 7.4 mm as the thickness in the caudal pole of the adrenal gland. The adrenal size was measured by computed tomography (CT) from 66 normal dogs of six different breeds (Labrador Retriever (n = 16), German Shepherd (n = 10), Boxer (n = 8), Beagle (n = 14), Dachshund (n = 6) and Jack Russell Terrier (n = 12); male n = 38 (thereof neutered n = 23), female n = 28 (thereof neutered n = 17)) based on volume quantification and linear measurements using the data processing software Amira. For interbreed comparability, a ratio consisting of the third root of adrenal volume to aortic diameter (Ratio volume-aorta, RVA) was introduced. Additionally, breed-related attenuation values in contrast-enhanced CT data sets were measured.
RESULTS
The measured volumes ranged from 0.34 to 1.93 cm for the right and from 0.39 to 2.23 cm for the left adrenal gland. The present study was able to demonstrate a body weight effect on the adrenal volume as well as on length and height. In terms of adrenal size, no significant differences between male and female, nor between intact and neutered dogs were obtained due to the RVA. In addition, for the weight classes, a breed independent threshold for dogs less (left 1.4; right gland 1.5) or more than 20 kg body weight (left 1.1; right gland 1.2) based on RVA was defined. Breed-related significant differences with respect to attenuation were determined only for the left adrenal gland, with lower attenuation values in large dog breeds.
CONCLUSION
The present study points out the importance of weight-related data when assessing CT data of the canine adrenal gland regarding volume, size and attenuation. The use of a universal reference value for the assessment of adrenal size appears unsuitable considering weight-related volume and linear measurements. Sex seems not to affect adrenal gland size.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Male; Adrenal Glands; Aorta; Body Weight; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 37516850
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03641-0 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... May 2021The adrenal gland is important for many physiological and pathophysiological processes, but studies are often restricted by limited availability of sample material....
The adrenal gland is important for many physiological and pathophysiological processes, but studies are often restricted by limited availability of sample material. Improved methods for sample preparation are needed to facilitate analyses of multiple classes of adrenal metabolites and macromolecules in a single sample. A procedure was developed for preparation of chromaffin cells, mouse adrenals, and human chromaffin tumors that allows for multi-omics analyses of different metabolites and preservation of native proteins. To evaluate the new procedure, aliquots of samples were also prepared using conventional procedures. Metabolites were analyzed by liquid-chromatography with mass spectrometry or electrochemical detection. Metabolite contents of chromaffin cells and tissues analyzed with the new procedure were similar or even higher than with conventional methods. Catecholamine contents were comparable between both procedures. The TCA cycle metabolites, -aconitate, isocitate, and α-ketoglutarate were detected at higher concentrations in cells, while in tumor tissue only isocitrate and potentially fumarate were measured at higher contents. In contrast, in a broad untargeted metabolomics approach, a methanol-based preparation procedure of adrenals led to a 1.3-fold higher number of detected metabolites. The established procedure also allows for simultaneous investigation of adrenal hormones and related enzyme activities as well as proteins within a single sample. This novel multi-omics approach not only minimizes the amount of sample required and overcomes problems associated with tissue heterogeneity, but also provides a more complete picture of adrenal function and intra-adrenal interactions than previously possible.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hormones; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Paraganglioma; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 33902135
DOI: 10.1055/a-1440-0278 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Nov 2016Extrahepatic manifestations of Echinococcus multilocularis are very rare, especially in the adrenal glands. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of adrenal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Extrahepatic manifestations of Echinococcus multilocularis are very rare, especially in the adrenal glands. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of adrenal alveolar echinococcosis have been reported, all from the Far East. All of these occurred exclusively in the right adrenal gland.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report a rare case of an extrahepatic alveolar echinococcosis in an asymptomatic 78-year-old white man with an incidentaloma of his right adrenal gland. After surgical resection and medical treatment with albendazole no recurrence of the disease appeared at 1-year follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
As the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe increases, alveolar echinococcosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic adrenal incidentalomas.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Aged; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cough; Diagnosis, Differential; Echinococcosis; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Echinococcus multilocularis; Humans; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27846915
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-016-1115-0 -
Immunology Apr 1958Lesions of the adrenal glands have been produced in guinea pigs by the intramuscular injection of homologous adrenal gland with a fraction made from heat-killed human...
Lesions of the adrenal glands have been produced in guinea pigs by the intramuscular injection of homologous adrenal gland with a fraction made from heat-killed human tubercle bacilli incorporated in a water-in-oil emulsion. Both the cortex and medulla were affected. Destruction and infiltration of the glandular tissues were observed histologically. Control groups of animals, in some of which the same bacillary fraction and similar adrenal gland suspensions had been injected separately, failed to show the adrenal lesions. This experimental adrenalitis has been compared and contrasted with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: it is believed both are caused by a similar process, immunological in nature.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenal Glands; Communicable Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 13538533
DOI: No ID Found