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International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022Exercise is often recommended in addition to diet and medication in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our aim was to determine if strength training... (Review)
Review
Exercise is often recommended in addition to diet and medication in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our aim was to determine if strength training compared with aerobic exercise had an impact on glycaemic control, maternal and neonatal outcomes. The Cochrane library, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey were searched. Over 758 pregnant women (mother-baby pairs) from 14 studies are included in this systematic review. Interventions ranged from cycling, aerobic exercises, walking, yoga, or combined aerobic and resistance exercises. Of the studies identified, none directly compared aerobic exercise with strength training. Half of the studies showed benefit in glycaemic control with additional exercise compared with usual physical activity. There was largely no impact on obstetric or neonatal outcomes. Studies on exercise in GDM have reiterated the safety of exercise in pregnancy and shown mixed effects on maternal glycaemic control, with no apparent impact on pregnancy outcomes. The heterogenicity of reported studies make it difficult to make specific recommendations on the optimum exercise modality for the management of GDM. The use of a core outcome set for GDM may improve reporting of studies on the role of exercise in its management.
Topics: Diabetes, Gestational; Exercise; Female; Glycemic Control; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Resistance Training
PubMed: 36078508
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710791 -
The European Respiratory Journal Jul 2020To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on asthma control, lung function and airway inflammation in adults with asthma. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on asthma control, lung function and airway inflammation in adults with asthma.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
Randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of ≥8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on outcomes for asthma control, lung function and airway inflammation in adults with asthma were eligible for study. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched up to April 3, 2019. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.
RESULTS
We included 11 studies with a total of 543 adults with asthma. Participants' mean (range) age was 36.5 (22-54) years; 74.8% of participants were female and the mean (range) body mass index was 27.6 (23.2-38.1) kg·m. Interventions had a median (range) duration of 12 (8-12) weeks and included walking, jogging, spinning, treadmill running and other unspecified exercise training programmes. Exercise training improved asthma control with a standard mean difference (SMD) of -0.48 (-0.81--0.16). Lung function slightly increased with an SMD of -0.36 (-0.72-0.00) in favour of exercise training. Exercise training had no apparent effect on markers of airway inflammation (SMD -0.03 (-0.41-0.36)).
CONCLUSIONS
In adults with asthma, aerobic exercise training has potential to improve asthma control and lung function, but not airway inflammation.
Topics: Adult; Asthma; Body Mass Index; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Walking
PubMed: 32350100
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00146-2020 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Jul 2017Dyslipidemia is the risk of cardiovascular disease, and their relationship is clear. Lowering serum cholesterol can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. At... (Review)
Review
Dyslipidemia is the risk of cardiovascular disease, and their relationship is clear. Lowering serum cholesterol can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. At present, the main treatment is taking medicine, however, drug treatment has its limitations. Exercise not only has a positive effect on individuals with dyslipidemia, but can also help improve lipids profile. This review is intending to provide information on the effects of exercise training on both tranditional lipids, for example, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and new lipids and lipoproteins such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and postprandial lipoprotein. The mechanisms of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins are also briefly described.
Topics: Coronary Disease; Dyslipidemias; Exercise; Humans; Lipoproteins; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28679436
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Feb 2014There is a direct relationship between chronically elevated cholesterol levels (dyslipidaemia) and coronary heart disease. A reduction in total cholesterol is considered... (Review)
Review
Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations.
There is a direct relationship between chronically elevated cholesterol levels (dyslipidaemia) and coronary heart disease. A reduction in total cholesterol is considered the gold standard in preventative cardiovascular medicine. Exercise has been shown to have positive impacts on the pathogenesis, symptomatology and physical fitness of individuals with dyslipidaemia, and to reduce cholesterol levels. The optimal mode, frequency, intensity and duration of exercise for improvement of cholesterol levels are, however, yet to be identified. This review assesses the evidence from 13 published investigations and two review articles that have addressed the effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined aerobic and resistance training on cholesterol levels and the lipid profile. The data included in this review confirm the beneficial effects of regular activity on cholesterol levels and describe the impacts of differing volumes and intensities of exercise upon different types of cholesterol. Evidence-based exercise recommendations are presented, aimed at facilitating the prescription and delivery of interventions in order to optimize cholesterol levels.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Dyslipidemias; Exercise; Humans; Lipids; Physical Fitness; Resistance Training
PubMed: 24174305
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0110-5 -
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care Apr 2022To date, the effects of resistance exercise on diabetes-related parameters (blood glucose level and insulin use) and pregnancy outcome in participants with gestational... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
To date, the effects of resistance exercise on diabetes-related parameters (blood glucose level and insulin use) and pregnancy outcome in participants with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not been compared with those of aerobic exercise. To investigate the effect of resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise on blood glucose level, insulin utilization rate, and pregnancy outcome in patients with GDM.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
From December 2019 to December 2020, 100 pregnant women with GDM were selected and divided into a resistance exercise group (49 patients) and an aerobic exercise group (51 patients) randomly. The aerobic exercise group received an aerobic exercise intervention, while the resistance exercise group received a resistance exercise intervention. Both groups received exercise intervention for 50-60 min, 3 times per week, lasting for 6 weeks. In addition, patients in both groups received the same routine care, including personalized dietary intervention, online education, and school courses for pregnant women.
RESULTS
The blood glucose level in the resistance exercise group and the aerobic exercise group was lower after the intervention than before the intervention (p<0.05). After the intervention, no significant differences were observed in the fasting blood glucose level, insulin utilization rate, and incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between the two groups (p>0.05); however, significant differences were noted in 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level and exercise compliance between the two groups (p<0.05), with the resistance exercise group showing better outcomes than the aerobic exercise group.
CONCLUSIONS
Resistance exercise is more compliant for pregnant women with GDM than aerobic exercise; hence, it is necessary to popularize resistance exercise in this specific population group. Long-term effects of resistance exercise should be evaluated in future studies.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
ChiCTR 1900027929.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Exercise; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Resistance Training
PubMed: 35383101
DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002622 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2017Physical exercise has been used to mitigate the metabolic effects of diabetes mellitus. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Physical exercise has been used to mitigate the metabolic effects of diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of resistance exercise when compared to aerobic exercise without insulin therapy on metabolic and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS
Papers were searched on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and SCIELO, without language or date of publication limits. Clinical trials that compared resistance exercise to aerobic exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not use insulin therapy were included. The quality of evidence and risk of bias were assessed using the GRADE system and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, respectively. Meta-analysis was also used, whenever possible. Two reviewers extracted the data independently. Eight eligible articles were included in this study, with a total of 336 individuals, with a mean age of 48-58 years. The protocols of aerobic and resistance exercise varied in duration from eight to 22 weeks, 30-60min/day, three to five times/week.
RESULTS
Overall the available evidence came from a very low quality of evidence and there was an increase in Maximal oxygen consumption (mean difference: -2.86; 95% CI: -3.90 to -1.81; random effect) for the resistance exercise and no difference was found in Glycated hemoglobin, Body mass index, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.
CONCLUSIONS
Resistance exercise appears to be more effective in promoting an increase in Maximal oxygen consumption in protocols longer than 12 weeks and there is no difference in the control of glycemic and lipid levels between the two types of exercise.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Insulin; Oxygen Consumption; Resistance Training
PubMed: 28728958
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.06.004 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the findings of the available... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the findings of the available studies were conflicting. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in AD patients. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases from the inception of indexing until 12 November 2021. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. From 1942 search records initially identified, 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Included studies involved 503 participants in 16 exercise groups (mean age: 69.2-84 years) and 406 participants (mean age: 68.9-84 years) in 15 control groups. There was a significant effect of aerobic exercise on increasing mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in AD patients [weighted mean difference (WMD), 1.50 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.45), = 0.002]. Subgroup analyses showed that interventions conducted 30 min per session [WMD, 2.52 (95% CI, 0.84 to 4.20), = 0.003], less than 150 min per week [WMD, 2.10 (95% CI, 0.84 to 3.37), = 0.001], and up to three times per week [WMD, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 2.89), = 0.007] increased MMSE score significantly. In addition, a worse basal cognitive status was associated with greater improvement in MMSE score. Our analysis indicated that aerobic exercise, especially conducted 30 min per session, less than 150 min per week, and up to three times per week, contributed to improving cognitive function in AD patients. Additionally, a worse basal cognitive status contributed to more significant improvements in cognitive function.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Cognition; Exercise
PubMed: 36497772
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315700 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Sep 2021Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Interventions for stroke rehabilitation aim to minimize sequelae, promote individuals' independence...
BACKGROUND
Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Interventions for stroke rehabilitation aim to minimize sequelae, promote individuals' independence and potentially recover functional damage. The role of aerobic exercise as a facilitator of post-stroke neuroplasticity in humans is still questionable.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity in patients with stroke sequelae.
METHODS
A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and crossover studies was performed, with searches for human studies in the following databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS and PeDRO, only in English, following the PRISMA protocol. The keywords used for selecting articles were defined based on the PICO strategy.
RESULTS
This systematic review evaluated the impacts of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity through assessment of neural networks and neuronal excitability, neurotrophic factors, or cognitive and functional assessment. Studies that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke measured through functional resonance (fMRI) or cortical excitability have shown divergent results, but aerobic exercise potentially can modify the neural network, as measured through fMRI. Additionally, aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training improves certain cognitive domains linked to motor learning. Studies that involved analysis of neurotrophic factors to assess neuroplasticity had conflicting results.
CONCLUSIONS
Physical exercise is a therapeutic intervention in rehabilitation programs that, beyond the known benefits relating to physical conditioning, functionality, mood and cardiovascular health, may also potentiate the neuroplasticity process. Neuroplasticity responses seem more robust in moderate to high-intensity exercise training programs, but dose-response heterogeneity and non-uniform neuroplasticity assessments limit generalizability.
Topics: Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 34669820
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0551 -
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology... Nov 2022This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on serum inflammatory factors and heart rate variability (HRV) in women with... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on inflammatory factors and heart rate variability in middle-aged and elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on serum inflammatory factors and heart rate variability (HRV) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS
A total of 30 patients with diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) were randomly divided into a control group (n = 15) and an exercise group (n = 15). The control group was treated with routine hypoglycemic drugs, while the exercise group was treated with routine hypoglycemic drugs + resistance training (AE + RT). The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FBG), two-hour plasma glucose (2hPG), serum inflammatory factors C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured before and after the intervention. The HRV was evaluated by 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram.
RESULTS
After the intervention, the levels of FBG, 2hPG, serum inflammatory factors, IL-6 and TNF-α in the exercise group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < .05) with no significant differences in serum CRP (p > .05). After the intervention, the HRV time domain and frequency domain indexes in the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before the exercise experiment (p < .01) and with no significant difference in (lnlf) (p > .05). The time-domain indexes, i.e., SDNN and RMSSD, as well as the frequency domain index, i.e., (lnhf), were significantly higher in the exercise group than in the control group, whereas lnlf/lnhf were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < .05).
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with routine hypoglycemic drug therapy, combining aerobic exercise and resistance training helped to reduce the level of blood glucose and serum inflammatory factors in T2DM patients with DCAN, and improved autonomic nerve function.
Topics: Middle Aged; Aged; Humans; Female; Heart Rate; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Resistance Training; Blood Glucose; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Interleukin-6; Exercise Therapy; Electrocardiography; Exercise; Hypoglycemic Agents
PubMed: 35894768
DOI: 10.1111/anec.12996 -
Psychosomatic Medicine Apr 2010To assess the effects of aerobic exercise training on neurocognitive performance. Although the effects of exercise on neurocognition have been the subject of several... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of aerobic exercise training on neurocognitive performance. Although the effects of exercise on neurocognition have been the subject of several previous reviews and meta-analyses, they have been hampered by methodological shortcomings and are now outdated as a result of the recent publication of several large-scale, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature review of RCTs examining the association between aerobic exercise training on neurocognitive performance between January 1966 and July 2009. Suitable studies were selected for inclusion according to the following criteria: randomized treatment allocation; mean age > or =18 years of age; duration of treatment >1 month; incorporated aerobic exercise components; supervised exercise training; the presence of a nonaerobic-exercise control group; and sufficient information to derive effect size data.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our analyses, representing data from 2049 participants and 234 effect sizes. Individuals randomly assigned to receive aerobic exercise training demonstrated modest improvements in attention and processing speed (g = 0.158; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.055-0.260; p = .003), executive function (g = 0.123; 95% CI, 0.021-0.225; p = .018), and memory (g = 0.128; 95% CI, 0.015-0.241; p = .026).
CONCLUSIONS
Aerobic exercise training is associated with modest improvements in attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory, although the effects of exercise on working memory are less consistent. Rigorous RCTs are needed with larger samples, appropriate controls, and longer follow-up periods.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attention; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Executive Function; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Memory; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20223924
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633