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Quarterly Journal of Experimental... Oct 1983Gaseous exchange, ventilatory pattern and gas levels within the interclavicular and abdominal air sacs of domestic fowl were monitored before, during and after periods...
Gaseous exchange, ventilatory pattern and gas levels within the interclavicular and abdominal air sacs of domestic fowl were monitored before, during and after periods of moderate hyperthermic panting. O2 consumption (VO2) remained virtually unaltered and CO2 production (VCO2) increased slightly during panting as compared to normal respiration. Resting VO2 was 12.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1. Resting (eupneic) PO2 and PCO2 of the interclavicular and abdominal air sacs were 100.1 and 38.5 torr, and 125.2 and 16.4 torr respectively. During panting the partial pressure of the abdominal air sac Pabs, O2 and Pabs, CO2 fell and rose to extreme values of 109 and 29.8 torr respectively. Simultaneously the partial pressure of the interclavicular air sac Pics, O2 and Pics, CO2 changed by smaller amounts to 107.5 and 32.3 torr respectively. Ventilatory pattern during thermal panting was characterized by rapid, shallow movements which were interrupted at regular intervals by short sequences of slower, deeper breaths. During these intermittent periods of eupneic breathing gas levels returned towards normal and these alterations were reflected in transient variations in VO2 and VCO2 about their mean values. Changes in gas levels within the lung-air sac system are discussed in connexion with the peripheral control of ventilation during panting.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Air Sacs; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Hot Temperature; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Partial Pressure; Poultry; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration
PubMed: 6417720
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1983.sp002750 -
Progress in Brain Research 2014This wide-ranging review presents an overview of the respiratory-vocal system in songbirds, which are the only other vertebrate group known to display a degree of... (Review)
Review
This wide-ranging review presents an overview of the respiratory-vocal system in songbirds, which are the only other vertebrate group known to display a degree of respiratory control during song rivalling that of humans during speech; this despite the fact that the peripheral components of both the respiratory and vocal systems differ substantially in the two groups. We first provide a brief description of these peripheral components in songbirds (lungs, air sacs and respiratory muscles, vocal organ (syrinx), upper vocal tract) and then proceed to a review of the organization of central respiratory-related neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, the latter having an organization fundamentally similar to that of the ventral respiratory group of mammals. The second half of the review describes the nature of the motor commands generated in a specialized "cortical" song control circuit and how these might engage brainstem respiratory networks to shape the temporal structure of song. We also discuss a bilaterally projecting "respiratory-thalamic" pathway that links the respiratory system to "cortical" song control nuclei. This necessary pathway for song originates in the brainstem's primary inspiratory center and is hypothesized to play a vital role in synchronizing song motor commands both within and across hemispheres.
Topics: Animals; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Songbirds; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 25194204
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63488-7.00015-X -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2006This study was conducted to reveal the morphological characteristics of the lung and air sacs in Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quails). Ten quails were allocated...
This study was conducted to reveal the morphological characteristics of the lung and air sacs in Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quails). Ten quails were allocated into two groups. Tracheas of 5 quails with neoprene latex and 5 quails with methylmetacrylate were injected to fill the trachea and air sacs. Latex embalmed animals were stored in 10% formaldehyde solution for two months. Animals given methylmetacrylate were maserated in 30% potassium hydroxide at 40 degrees C for two days. Lungs were located in the dorsal part of the thorax and very close to the thoracic vertebrae and ribs. Shorter than the dorsal border, the ventral border lied between the 3rd and 6th ribs. Cervical, clavicular, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal sacs were identified. These sacs had connection with the 3rd, 4th and 5th lateroventral and 4th mediolateral bronchi. Saccus cervicalis was located on the left and right portions of the vertebrae cervicales et thoraricae with a pronounced communication ventromedially. However, the cervical sac aeration of only all cervical vertebrae was present in this study. Humerus was a non-aerated bone. Pneumatic foramen was absent and did not aerate the sternum. Cranial thoracic sac connected to the 1st, 2nd and 4th medioventral bronchi and gave no diverticulum for aeration. Cranial thoracic sac received air through the 4th medioventral and the 1st and 2nd lateroventral bronchi. Left and right abdominal air sacs paramedially produced diverticulum femorale, but this diverticulum did not enter the femur.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Coturnix; Lung
PubMed: 17019058
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.909 -
Turkish Thoracic Journal Apr 2016Bronchial atresia is usually diagnosed by incidentally detecting opacitiy at hilar ragion and hyperinflation around this opacity on chest X-ray. It may rarely be...
Bronchial atresia is usually diagnosed by incidentally detecting opacitiy at hilar ragion and hyperinflation around this opacity on chest X-ray. It may rarely be detected as air sac like atresic bronchus. The breath sounds in the right hemithorax were heard less when compared to the left hemithorax in the auscultation of a 16-year-old male patient with allergic rhinitis. The patient had no pulmonary complaints, and this finding was not recorded in his previous follow-up. In order to determine the etiology of hyperinflation seen on chest X-ray, computed tomography was performed. Hyperinflation was identified in the lower lobe superior segment of the right lung, which could be secondary to bronchial atresia. It was confirmed that in the evaluation of computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction, lower lobe superior segment bronchus of the right lung was atresic and contrary to expected mucus opacity in the distal of atresia, dilated bronchus was filled with air. This case was especially presented to lay emphasis on careful auscultation and share its unusual radiological presentation which had been reported twice before.
PubMed: 29404129
DOI: 10.5578/ttj.17.2.016 -
Journal of Physiology, Paris Jun 2013One major feature of the remarkable vocal repertoires of birds is the range of fundamental frequencies across species, but also within individual species. This review... (Review)
Review
One major feature of the remarkable vocal repertoires of birds is the range of fundamental frequencies across species, but also within individual species. This review discusses four variables that determine the oscillation frequency of the vibrating structures within a bird's syrinx. These are (1) viscoelastic properties of the oscillating tissue, (2) air sac pressure, (3) neuromuscular control of movements and (4) source-filter interactions. Our current understanding of morphology, biomechanics and neural control suggests that a complex interplay of these parameters can lead to multiple combinations for generating a particular fundamental frequency. An increase in the complexity of syringeal morphology from non-passeriform birds to oscines also led to a different interplay for regulating oscillation frequency by enabling control of tension that is partially independent of regulation of airflow. In addition to reviewing the available data for all different contributing variables, we point out open questions and possible approaches.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Birds; Laryngeal Muscles; Respiration; Sound Spectrography; Trachea; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 23238240
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.11.001 -
Neonatology 2017In human neonates rapid adaptation from an aqueous intrauterine environment to permanent air breathing is the rate-limiting step for extrauterine life, failure of which... (Review)
Review
In human neonates rapid adaptation from an aqueous intrauterine environment to permanent air breathing is the rate-limiting step for extrauterine life, failure of which justifies the existence of neonatal intensive care units. The lung develops at about 4-6 weeks' gestation in humans as a ventral outpouching of the primitive foregut into the surrounding ventral mesenchyme, termed the laryngotracheal groove. At its posterior end lie progenitor cells that form a pair of bronchial tubes, from which arise all the distal epithelial structures of the lung. In humans, formation of the distal gas exchange surfaces begins in utero at about 20 weeks' gestation and is substantially established by term. Stereotypic branching of the proximal airway ends relatively early at 16-18 weeks at the bronchoalveolar duct junctions. Distally, about 5 finger-like alveolar ducts arise from each bronchoalveolar duct junction and ramify outwards towards the pleura. The majority of alveolar air sacs arise from the sides of the alveolar ducts and each of these alveoli can have up to 5 daughter alveoli arising from the outer surface as subsequent buds. At the end of each alveolar duct lie the mouths of 5 interconnected alveoli. Each family of alveoli arising from each bronchoalveolar duct junction has a different shape depending upon the limitations imposed by the pleural surface as well as the interstitial fascial planes.
Topics: Animals; Fetal Development; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lung
PubMed: 28538234
DOI: 10.1159/000458465 -
Veterinary Research 2006The lung is a major target organ for numerous viral and bacterial diseases of poultry. To control this constant threat birds have developed a highly organized... (Review)
Review
The lung is a major target organ for numerous viral and bacterial diseases of poultry. To control this constant threat birds have developed a highly organized lung-associated immune system. In this review the basic features of this system are described and their functional properties discussed. Most prominent in the avian lung is the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) which is located at the junctions between the primary bronchus and the caudal secondary bronchi. BALT nodules are absent in newly hatched birds, but gradually developed into the mature structures found from 6-8 weeks onwards. They are organized into distinct B and T cell areas, frequently comprise germinal centres and are covered by a characteristic follicle-associated epithelium. The interstitial tissue of the parabronchial walls harbours large numbers of tissue macrophages and lymphocytes which are scattered throughout tissue. A striking feature of the avian lung is the low number of macrophages on the respiratory surface under non-inflammatory conditions. Stimulation of the lung by live bacteria but not by a variety of bacterial products elicits a significant efflux of activated macrophages and, depending on the pathogen, of heterophils. In addition to the cellular components humoral defence mechanisms are found on the lung surface including secretory IgA. The compartmentalisation of the immune system in the avian lung into BALT and non BALT-regions should be taken into account in studies on the host-pathogen interaction since these structures may have distinct functional properties during an immune response.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Birds; Immunoglobulin A; Lung; Lymphoid Tissue
PubMed: 16611550
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006003 -
ELife May 2015The flight muscles, dorsal air sacs, wing blades, and thoracic cuticle of the Drosophila adult function in concert, and their progenitor cells develop together in the...
The flight muscles, dorsal air sacs, wing blades, and thoracic cuticle of the Drosophila adult function in concert, and their progenitor cells develop together in the wing imaginal disc. The wing disc orchestrates dorsal air sac development by producing decapentaplegic and fibroblast growth factor that travel via specific cytonemes in order to signal to the air sac primordium (ASP). Here, we report that cytonemes also link flight muscle progenitors (myoblasts) to disc cells and to the ASP, enabling myoblasts to relay signaling between the disc and the ASP. Frizzled (Fz)-containing myoblast cytonemes take up Wingless (Wg) from the disc, and Delta (Dl)-containing myoblast cytonemes contribute to Notch activation in the ASP. Wg signaling negatively regulates Dl expression in the myoblasts. These results reveal an essential role for cytonemes in Wg and Notch signaling and for a signal relay system in the myoblasts.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Body Patterning; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Frizzled Receptors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genes, Reporter; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Imaginal Discs; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Larva; Luminescent Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Myoblasts; Protein Transport; Receptors, Notch; Signal Transduction; Wings, Animal; Wnt1 Protein; Red Fluorescent Protein
PubMed: 25951303
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.06114 -
ELife Jan 2022We developed a multiphoton imaging method to capture neural structure and activity in behaving flies through the intact cuticle. Our measurements showed that the fly...
We developed a multiphoton imaging method to capture neural structure and activity in behaving flies through the intact cuticle. Our measurements showed that the fly head cuticle has surprisingly high transmission at wavelengths >900nm, and the difficulty of through-cuticle imaging is due to the air sacs and/or fat tissue underneath the head cuticle. By compressing or removing the air sacs, we performed multiphoton imaging of the fly brain through the intact cuticle. Our anatomical and functional imaging results show that 2- and 3-photon imaging are comparable in superficial regions such as the mushroom body, but 3-photon imaging is superior in deeper regions such as the central complex and beyond. We further demonstrated 2-photon through-cuticle functional imaging of odor-evoked calcium responses from the mushroom body γ-lobes in behaving flies short term and long term. The through-cuticle imaging method developed here extends the time limits of in vivo imaging in flies and opens new ways to capture neural structure and activity from the fly brain.
Topics: Animal Scales; Animals; Brain; Drosophila; Female; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Mushroom Bodies
PubMed: 35073257
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.69094 -
Poultry Science May 1975Serum plate (SP) and tube agglutination (TA) reactions and geometric mean Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms.) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers were determined on chickens...
Serological responses of broiler-type chickens, with and without Newcastle disease and infectious Bronchitis vaccine, to experimental infection with Mycoplasma synoviae by foot pad, air sac and aerosol.
Serum plate (SP) and tube agglutination (TA) reactions and geometric mean Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms.) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers were determined on chickens infected at 21 days of age with Ms. by foot pad, air sac and aerosol. One-half had been given Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine in the water at 20 days of age, and the other half had not been vaccinated with ND and IB vaccine. Blood was taken at 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after Ms. infection. Geometric mean HI titers were determined on serums of chickens that had a foot pad injection of Ms. 8 weeks after Ms. infection and were bled at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after foot pad booster. Three weeks after aerosol exposure with Ms., the geometric mean HI titer was significantly higher in the ND- and IB-vaccinated birds than in the nonvaccinated birds. In the Ms. air sac-infected group of nonvaccinated birds the geometric mean HI titer had increased significantly 3 weeks after food pad challenge with Ms. In the Ms. air sac-infected group of vaccinated birds, the geometric mean HI titer had significantly increased 3 and 5 weeks after foot pad challenge with Ms.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Aerosols; Agglutination Tests; Air Sacs; Animals; Chickens; Coronaviridae; Female; Foot; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Infectious bronchitis virus; Injections; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Time Factors; Viral Vaccines; Water
PubMed: 168564
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0540737