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The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 1997Three-day-old, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were inoculated with the strains of influenza A/whistling swan/Shimane/ 499/83 (H5N3) via the air sac route. The...
Three-day-old, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were inoculated with the strains of influenza A/whistling swan/Shimane/ 499/83 (H5N3) via the air sac route. The strains had been passaged through air sacs or air sacs and brains of SPF chicks. Two experiments were undertaken to examine the pathogenicity of these strains and the development of brain lesions based on time-interval changes. In experiment 1, original strain (4e) showed low pathogenicity with mild respiratory signs and zero mortality. Air sac passaged strains (18a and 24a) of 4e demonstrated mortalities of 50% and 67%, respectively, and inoculated chicks showed hemorrhages and necrotic lesions in major organs. Air sac-brain passaged strain (24a5b) of 4e produced 100% mortality and severe nervous signs. Severe circulatory disturbance with multiple foci of necrosis in major organs including the brain was found in chicks inoculated with 24a5b. The 24a5b was analogous to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in regard to its pathogenicity to chicks. Hence, low pathogenic influenza virus (4e) gradually aggravated its pathogenicity to highly pathogenic virus (24a5b) by air sac and brain passages. In experiment 2, chicks were inoculated with 24a5b, and the earliest histological lesion was the enlargement of the vascular endothelial cells at 18 hr post-inoculation (PI) followed by necrotizing encephalitis at 24 to 48 hr PI. Immunohistological staining revealed avian influenza virus antigen initially in the vascular endothelial cells and then in the astrocytes, neurons and ependyma.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Brain; Chickens; Endothelium, Vascular; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Neurons; Serial Passage; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Time Factors
PubMed: 9101471
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.143 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2020spp. are a source of morbidity and mortality in captive nonhuman primate populations. However, little is known about the lesions associated with naturally occurring...
spp. are a source of morbidity and mortality in captive nonhuman primate populations. However, little is known about the lesions associated with naturally occurring streptococcal infections in baboons ( spp.). The pathology database of the Southwest National Primate Research Center was searched for all baboon autopsies from 1988 to 2018 in which spp. were cultured. Baboons on experimental protocol were excluded. The gross autopsy and histopathology reports were reviewed. Archived specimens were retrieved and reviewed as needed for confirmation or clarification. Fifty-six cultures were positive for spp. in 54 baboons with evidence of bacterial infection. Associated gross lesions included purulent exudate, fibrinous to fibrous adhesions, hemorrhage, mucosal thickening, organomegaly, and abscessation. Histologic lesions included suppurative inflammation, abscessation, necrosis, hemorrhage, fibrin accumulation, and thrombosis. Lungs and pleura ( = 31) were the most commonly infected organ followed by the central nervous system ( = 16), spleen ( = 15), soft tissues ( = 12), air sacs, liver, peritoneum, adrenal glands, heart, lymph nodes, uterus, kidneys, biliary system, bones, ears, umbilical structures, mammary glands, pancreas, placenta, and salivary glands. Infections by non-β-hemolytic spp. predominated in the lungs and air sacs; the most common isolate was . Infections by β-hemolytic spp. predominated in the soft tissues and reproductive tract. Naturally occurring β-hemolytic and non-β-hemolytic spp. infections cause morbidity and mortality in captive baboon populations. The lesions associated with streptococcal infection are similar to those reported in human infection. Thus, the baboon may represent an underutilized model for studying spp. as pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Female; Hemorrhage; Monkey Diseases; Papio; Placenta; Pregnancy; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Suppuration
PubMed: 32744146
DOI: 10.1177/0300985820941496 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2009Recent reports of region-specific vertebral pneumaticity in nonavian theropod dinosaurs have brought attention to the hypothesis that these animals possessed an... (Review)
Review
Recent reports of region-specific vertebral pneumaticity in nonavian theropod dinosaurs have brought attention to the hypothesis that these animals possessed an avian-style respiratory system with flow-through ventilation. This study explores the thoracic rib and vertebral anatomy of Sinraptor, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Deinonychus; four nonavian theropods that all show well-preserved thoracic vertebrae and ribs. Comparisons to the osteology and soft tissue anatomy of extant saurians provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis of flow-through ventilation in nonavian theropods. Analyses of diapophyseal and parapophyseal position and thoracic rib morphology suggest that most nonavian theropods possessed lungs that were deeply incised by the adjacent bicapitate thoracic ribs. This functionally constrains the lungs as rigid nonexpansive organs that were likely ventilated by accessory nonvascularized air sacs. The axial anatomy of this group also reveals that a crocodilian-like hepatic-piston lung would be functionally and biomechanically untenable. Taken together with the evidence that avian-like air sacs were present in basal theropods, these data lead us to conclude that an avian-style pulmonary system was likely a universal theropod trait.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Dinosaurs; Lung; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory System; Ribs; Spine
PubMed: 19711481
DOI: 10.1002/ar.20989 -
Physical Review. E, Statistical,... Mar 2014Frequency modulation is a salient acoustic feature of birdsong. Its control is usually attributed to the activity of syringeal muscles, which affect the tension of the...
Frequency modulation is a salient acoustic feature of birdsong. Its control is usually attributed to the activity of syringeal muscles, which affect the tension of the labia responsible for sound production. We use experimental and theoretical tools to test the hypothesis that for birds producing tonal sounds such as domestic canaries (Serinus canaria), frequency modulation is determined by both the syringeal tension and the air sac pressure. For different models, we describe the structure of the isofrequency curves, which are sets of parameters leading to sounds presenting the same fundamental frequencies. We show how their shapes determine the relative roles of syringeal tension and air sac pressure in frequency modulation. Finally, we report experiments that allow us to unveil the features of the isofrequency curves.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Canaries; Computer Simulation; Lip; Models, Biological; Muscle, Skeletal; Pressure; Sound Spectrography; Tensile Strength; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 24730873
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.032706 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2018The Prince Edward Islands are Subantarctic islands in the southwest Indian Ocean that are of global importance as seabird nesting sites, and are breeding grounds for...
The Prince Edward Islands are Subantarctic islands in the southwest Indian Ocean that are of global importance as seabird nesting sites, and are breeding grounds for five species of albatrosses (Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae). In March-April 2016 numerous chicks of one of these species, the grey-headed albatross (), were found dead at colonies on Marion Island (46°57'S 37°42'E), the larger of the two Prince Edward Islands. Affected chicks were weak, prostrated, apathetic, had drooping wings, and many eventually died while sitting on the nest. Five carcasses were necropsied, and samples were obtained for pathological and parasitological analysis. Four chicks appeared to have died from starvation, and one died due to air-sac helminthiasis, with extensive hemorrhage in the air sacs and multifocal pyogranulomatous air-sacculitis. The air sac parasites were identified as (Aproctoidea: Desmidocercidae). Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear gene and mitochondrial gene confirmed that belongs to the suborder Spirurina and showed that it is most closely related to the Diplotriaenidae (superfamily Diplotriaenoidea), a family of parasites that infect the air sacs and subcutaneous tissues of a variety of bird species. To our knowledge this is the first record of the occurrence of a nematode in the respiratory tract of an albatross and the first study to provide DNA sequences for a species of the superfamily Aproctoidea.
PubMed: 29988875
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.04.002 -
Veterinary Immunology and... Aug 2021Colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV),...
Colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The mechanism behind these virus-induced predispositions for secondary bacterial infections is poorly understood. Here we set out to investigate the immunopathogenesis of enhanced respiratory colibacillosis after preceding infections with these three viruses. Broilers were inoculated intratracheally with APEC six days after oculonasal and intratracheal inoculation with IBV, NDV, aMPV or buffered saline. After euthanasia at 1 and 8 days post infection (dpi) with APEC, birds were macroscopically examined and tissue samples were taken from the trachea, lungs and air sacs. In none of the groups differences in body weight were observed during the course of infection. Macroscopic lesion scoring revealed most severe tissue changes after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Histologically, persistent tracheitis was detected in all virus-APEC groups, but not after APEC-only infection. In the lungs, mostly APEC-associated transient pneumonia was observed. Severe and persistent airsacculitis was present after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Bacterial antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry only at 1 dpi APEC, predominantly in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected lungs. Higher numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes persisted over time in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected tracheas, as did CD4+ lymphocytes in NBV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected air sacs. KUL01+ cells, which include monocytes and macrophages, and TCRγδ+ lymphocytes were observed mostly in lung tissue in all infected groups with transient higher numbers of KUL01+ cells over time and higher numbers of TCRγδ+ lymphocytes mainly at 8 dpi. qPCR analysis revealed mostly trends of transient higher levels of IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA in lung tissue after IBV-APEC and also NDV-APEC infection and persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA after aMPV-APEC infection. In spleens, transient higher levels of IL-17 mRNA and more persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA were observed after all co-infections. No changes in IL-10 mRNA expression were seen. These results demonstrate a major impact of dual infections with respiratory viruses and APEC, compared to a single infection with APEC, on the chicken respiratory tract and suggest that immunopathogenesis contributes to lesion persistence.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Birnaviridae Infections; Chickens; Coinfection; Cytokines; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Infectious bursal disease virus; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Messenger; Respiratory Tract Infections; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
PubMed: 34126552
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110276 -
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B,... Jun 2023In a recent study, a large number of transport proteins was detected in the transcriptome and proteome of saline perfused rete mirabile tissue of the European eel. In...
In a recent study, a large number of transport proteins was detected in the transcriptome and proteome of saline perfused rete mirabile tissue of the European eel. In this study, the data set was reanalyzed for the presence of receptor proteins and proteins involved in intracellular signaling pathways. A large number of expressed receptor proteins and proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction was detected. Several G-protein-coupled receptor signal pathways were significantly enriched in their expression level, in particular receptors and signaling pathways involved in the control of blood flow. The enriched signaling pathways also include pathways involved in trafficking of crucial transport proteins like, monocarboxylate transporters, V-ATPase, and aquaporin. The data, therefore, suggest that the rete mirabile has the capacity to control swimbladder function by regulating blood flow and by modifying countercurrent multiplication.
Topics: Animals; Air Sacs; Anguilla; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 37060451
DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01486-5 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2020Autopsy imaging (Ai) was performed for a King Penguin. Ai-computed tomography (CT) revealed air sac membrane thickening, multiple nodules in the cranial air sac,...
Autopsy imaging (Ai) was performed for a King Penguin. Ai-computed tomography (CT) revealed air sac membrane thickening, multiple nodules in the cranial air sac, suspected abscess, lung infiltration, and air sac contraction. Based on these findings, respiratory disorder was concerned. Aspergillosis, which is the highly observed in penguins, was considered as the primary differential diagnosis. The cultured sample showed characteristic conidial head of Aspergillus spp., the DNA of which was 100% identical to that of A. fumigatus. The cause of death was determined to respiratory failure due to aspergillosis. Ai-CT findings facilitated the dissection workflow and alerted the pathologist to potential hazards during the autopsy. Ai is useful to determine the cause of death and for readiness and safe pathological dissection.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus fumigatus; Autopsy; Male; Respiratory Insufficiency; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spheniscidae; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31983704
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0431 -
STAR Protocols Mar 2022This protocol describes how to image time and spatially resolved time lapses of Drosophila air sac primordium (ASP) cytonemes in cultures of wing imaginal discs. It...
This protocol describes how to image time and spatially resolved time lapses of Drosophila air sac primordium (ASP) cytonemes in cultures of wing imaginal discs. It describes how to manually measure the length of cytonemes using custom-made FIJI/ImageJ tools, and to analyze data using R/R-Studios pipeline. It can also be used for studies of cell division, organelle localization, and protein trafficking as well as other cellular materials that can be fluorescently tagged and imaged with minimal phototoxicity.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Imaginal Discs; Signal Transduction; Time-Lapse Imaging
PubMed: 35141564
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101138 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jan 2021A four-month old female Okinawa rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae) presented with respiratory distress. Despite antifungal treatment with voriconazole (VRZ), micafungin (MCF),...
A four-month old female Okinawa rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae) presented with respiratory distress. Despite antifungal treatment with voriconazole (VRZ), micafungin (MCF), and itraconazole (ITZ), respiratory distress did not improve and the bird died 167 days after initiating treatment. Necropsy revealed multifocal pyogranulomatous necrotic nodular lesions with numerous whitish-green fungal hyphae in the left air sac. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from the left air sac lesion. Antifungal susceptibility tests indicated that the isolate showed low susceptibility to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLZ), VRZ and MCF.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus flavus; Birds; Female; Itraconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 33191334
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0380