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Canadian Association of Radiologists... May 2016Pulmonary opacities/nodules are common findings on computed tomography examinations, which may represent an underlying infections or malignancy. However, not every... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary opacities/nodules are common findings on computed tomography examinations, which may represent an underlying infections or malignancy. However, not every pulmonary nodule or opacity represents malignancy or infection. We present a pictorial essay illustrating common as well as obscure noninfectious, nonmalignant pulmonary lesions. Lesions discussed include organizing pneumonia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, pulmonary amyloidosis, hyalinizing granuloma, tumourlet (benign localized neuroendocrine cell proliferations), atypical alveolar hyperplasia, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, papillary alveolar adenoma, plasma cell granuloma, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and sclerosing hemangiomas. We discuss the clinical presentation, prevalence, radiographic clues, pathology, and diagnostic pitfalls of these rare lesions.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 26690551
DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2015.07.004 -
Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 2004Adenomas of solitary gland type together with papillomas are the true benign tumours in or around the bronchial tree. Alveolar adenoma and papillary adenoma are more... (Review)
Review
Adenomas of solitary gland type together with papillomas are the true benign tumours in or around the bronchial tree. Alveolar adenoma and papillary adenoma are more frequently observed in peripheral parenchime although this group of tumours is very rare and often incidentally diagnosed. Presenting usually as solitary nodules in adults after 45 years, are easily recognized because of distinct morphology but alveolar adenomas may be difficult to evaluate in frozen sections. Two cases of pleomorphic adenoma and alveolar adenoma are presented and a review of literature is made.
Topics: Adenoma; Bronchial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary
PubMed: 15300313
DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30573-0 -
Annual Review of Pathology Jan 2013Asbestos causes asbestosis and malignancies by molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. The modes of action underlying asbestosis, lung cancer, and... (Review)
Review
Asbestos causes asbestosis and malignancies by molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. The modes of action underlying asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma appear to differ depending on the fiber type, lung clearance, and genetics. After reviewing the key pathologic changes following asbestos exposure, we examine recently identified pathogenic pathways, with a focus on oxidative stress. Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, which is an important early event in asbestosis, is mediated by mitochondria- and p53-regulated death pathways and may be modulated by the endoplasmic reticulum. We review mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-damage and -repair mechanisms, focusing on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, as well as cross talk between reactive oxygen species production, mtDNA damage, p53, OGG1, and mitochondrial aconitase. These new insights into the molecular basis of asbestos-induced lung diseases may foster the development of novel therapeutic targets for managing degenerative diseases (e.g., asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), tumors, and aging, for which effective management is lacking.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Asbestos; Asbestosis; DNA Damage; DNA, Mitochondrial; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Mesothelioma; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 23347351
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163942 -
Journal of Toxicologic Pathology Oct 2018Surfactant proteins (SPs) are essential for the proper structure and respiratory function of the lungs. There are four subtypes of SPs: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. The... (Review)
Review
Surfactant proteins (SPs) are essential for the proper structure and respiratory function of the lungs. There are four subtypes of SPs: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. The expectorant drug ambroxol hydrochloride is clinically used to stimulate pulmonary surfactant and airway serous secretion. In addition, previous studies showed that ambroxol regulated SP production and attenuated pulmonary inflammation, with ambroxol hydrochloride being found to suppress quartz-induced lung inflammation stimulation of pulmonary surfactant and airway serous secretion. In this study, we investigated the expression of SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D in neoplastic and inflammatory lung lesions in rodents, as well as their possible application as potential markers for diagnostic purposes. SP-B and SP-C showed strong expression in lung hyperplasia and adenoma, whereas SP-A and SP-D were expressed in the mucus or exudates of inflammatory alveoli. Rodent tumorigenic hyperplasic tissues induced by various carcinogens were positive for napsin A, an aspartic proteinase involved in the maturation of SP-B; this indicated a focal increase in type II pneumocytes in the lungs. Therefore, high expression of napsin A in the alveolar walls may serve as a useful marker for prediction of the tumorigenic potential of lung hyperplasia in rodents.
PubMed: 30393427
DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0025 -
Toxicologic Pathology Jan 2007This paper reviews respiratory tract lesions observed in rodents administered various chemicals by noninhalation routes. Chemicals administered by inhalation caused... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews respiratory tract lesions observed in rodents administered various chemicals by noninhalation routes. Chemicals administered by inhalation caused lesions in the respiratory tract and were well described; however, when chemicals were administered by noninhalation routes the effort to evaluate tissues for lesions may have been less or not considered, especially in the upper respiratory tract, and some lesions may have gone undetected. Lesions described in this review mostly occurred in rodent chronic noninhalation studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program; however, some were noted in studies of shorter duration. The nasal cavity was vulnerable to damage when chemicals were administered by noninhalation routes. Changes included respiratory epithelial hyperplasia, degeneration and necrosis of olfactory epithelium, olfactory epithelial metaplasia, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. In the lung, compound-related lesions included alveolar histiocytosis, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, bronchiolar metaplasia of the alveolar epithelium, squamous metaplasia, alveolar/bronchial adenoma and carcinoma, and squamous tumors. Pathogenesis of these lesions included regurgitation of volatiles, metabolites arriving from the blood stream, and additional metabolism by olfactory epithelium or Clara cells. The presence of respiratory tract lesions in noninhalation studies emphasizes the need for a thorough examination of the respiratory tract including nasal passages, regardless of the route of administration.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Injections; Lung; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Respiratory System; Toxicity Tests; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 17325986
DOI: 10.1080/01926230601059969 -
Analytical Cellular Pathology... 2020Papillary adenoma of the lung is a rather rare tumor. We will present a case of papillary adenoma in the lung with malignant transformation in a 65-year-old male... (Review)
Review
Papillary adenoma of the lung is a rather rare tumor. We will present a case of papillary adenoma in the lung with malignant transformation in a 65-year-old male patient. A high dense soft tissue mass was detected in the lateral segment of the right middle lobe by CT examination. Cytologically, the tumor contained the benign cells similar to normal alveolar epithelium and the malignant cells which were significantly enlarged and irregular, crowded, or overlapping. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the epithelial cells were diffusely positive for TTF-1, napsin-A, and CK7, but were negative for p63, p40, CK5/6, CgA, Syn, CD56, and TG. The Ki67 index was about 5%. All of these evidences indicated that it was a case of papillary adenoma with malignant transformation. Thus, it should be noted that more active treatment measures should be taken to treat pulmonary papillary adenoma.
Topics: Adenoma; Aged; Bronchoscopy; Cell Aggregation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocytes; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Neutrophils; Plasma Cells; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33282636
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827056 -
Environmental Health and Preventive... May 2013Asbestos exposure causes asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma, disorders which remain difficult to cure. We focused on alveolar macrophages (AM) and natural killer (NK)... (Review)
Review
Asbestos exposure causes asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma, disorders which remain difficult to cure. We focused on alveolar macrophages (AM) and natural killer (NK) cells in asbestosis and mesothelioma, respectively, and examined their functions upon exposure to asbestos or in patients with mesothelioma. Exposure to asbestos caused rat AM to exhibit high production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) with prolonged survival in the absence of other cells, not simultaneously with the apoptosis caused by asbestos. The NK cell line showed impaired cytotoxicity with altered expression of activating receptors upon exposure to asbestos, and primary NK cells in culture with asbestos and peripheral blood NK cells in mesothelioma shared a decrease in expression of NKp46, a representative activating receptor. The AM finding indicates that AM contribute to asbestosis by playing a direct role in the fibrogenic response, as well as the inflammatory response. The response of NK cells indicates that exposure to asbestos has an immune-suppressive effect, as well as a tumorigenic effect. Our studies therefore reveal novel effects of asbestos exposure on AM and tumor immunity, which may represent valuable information for construction of a strategy for prevention and cure of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma.
Topics: Animals; Asbestos; Asbestosis; Cell Line; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages, Alveolar; Mesothelioma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Rats
PubMed: 23463177
DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0333-y -
Human Cell Jul 2020This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the thyroid-related hormones as markers of acute systemic hypoxia/ischemia to identify deaths caused by asphyxiation...
This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the thyroid-related hormones as markers of acute systemic hypoxia/ischemia to identify deaths caused by asphyxiation due to neck compression in human autopsy cases. The following deaths from pathophysiological conditions were examined: mechanical asphyxia and acute/subacute blunt head injury; acute/subacute non-head blunt injury; sharp instrument injury as the hemorrhagic shock condition; drowning as alveolar injury; burn; and death due to cardiac dysfunction. Blood samples were collected from the left and right cardiac chambers and iliac veins, and serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroglobulin (Tg), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Two types of thyroid cell lines were used to confirm independent thyroid function under the condition of hypoxia (3% O). The human thyroid carcinoma cell line (HOTHC) cell line derived from human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and the UD-PTC (sample of the second resection papillary thyroid carcinoma) cell line derived from human thyroid papillary adenoma, which forms Tg retention follicles, were used to examine the secretion levels of T3, T4, and Tg hormones. The results showed a strong correlation between T3 and T4 levels in all blood sampling sites, while the TSH and Tg levels were not correlated with the other markers. Serum T3 and T4 levels were higher in cases of mechanical asphyxia and acute/subacute blunt head injury, representing hypoxic and ischemic conditions of the brain as compared to those in other causes of death. In the thyroid gland cell line, T4, T3, and Tg levels were stimulated after exposure to hypoxia for 10-30 min. These findings suggest that systemic advanced hypoxia/ischemia may cause a rapid and TSH-independent release of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones in autopsy cases. These findings demonstrate that increased thyroid-related hormone (T3 and T4) levels in the pathophysiological field may indicate systemic hypoxia/ischemia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asphyxia; Autopsy; Biomarkers; Female; Head Injuries, Closed; Humans; Hypoxia; Ischemia; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroglobulin; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 32146707
DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00341-x -
Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine Dec 2014Periapical lesions (PLs) occur as a result of pulpal inflammation and may rarely be seen in the absence of pulpal diseases. They are the most common pathological lesions... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Periapical lesions (PLs) occur as a result of pulpal inflammation and may rarely be seen in the absence of pulpal diseases. They are the most common pathological lesions affecting the alveolar bone.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to describe the clinicopathological features of PLs of the jaws with emphasis on the two most common types.
METHODS
Histopathology records of PLs diagnosed from January 1990 to December 2012 at the Department of Oral Pathology, University College Hospital Ibadan, were examined and categorized into periapical cysts (PCs); periapical granuloma (PGs) and others. Clinical data and histopathological features of these PLs were reviewed and analyzed.
RESULTS
One hundred and four lesions met the criteria for this study and consisted of PGs with 71 (68.3%) cases and PCs with 31 (29.8%) cases and one case each of apical scar and pleomorphic adenoma. Age range of cases was 9 to 80 years (mean=35.6 ± 15.8years) with a peak at age group of 20-29 years. Females were more frequently affected with 51.9% of cases. PLs were most frequently diagnosed in the anterior maxillary region with 58 (56.9%) cases, while the most frequently involved tooth was the left maxillary central incisor with 23 (22.1%) cases.
CONCLUSION
Findings in this study are consistent with those of previous studies. It is important for all periapical pathological specimens to be submitted for histological examination to establish an accurate diagnosis and aid in the identification of sinister lesions that may present in the Periradicular region of teeth.
PubMed: 25960702
DOI: No ID Found -
Diagnostic Pathology Oct 2022Pulmonary papillary adenoma is a rare benign tumor in the periphery of the lung. We report a 66-year-old female patient with a tumor in the lower lobe of the right lung... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pulmonary papillary adenoma is a rare benign tumor in the periphery of the lung. We report a 66-year-old female patient with a tumor in the lower lobe of the right lung and present the clinicopathological features and review the literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
A tumor in the lower lobe of the right lung was found incidentally on chest X-ray during the physical examination of the patient, and the patient occasionally had a dry cough that was not treated. The tumor was clearly demarcated and lobulated on CT scan. After 2 years of follow-up, the boundary of the tumor was still clear, with more lobulations and the enhanced scan showed uniform enhancement. Grossly, the tumor had a granular cut surface and was easy to fall off, which was helpful for the diagnosis of papillary adenoma during intraoperative frozen examination. Under the microscope, most areas of the tumor had the typical morphological structure of papillary adenoma. However, the tumor locally protruded into the surrounding lung tissue, accompanied by crowded cells and high cell proliferation index. It was suggested that this case of papillary adenoma had malignant potential and needed active intervention and treatment.
CONCLUSION
Pulmonary papillary adenoma is a rare epithelial tumor with malignant potential. Surgical treatment should be performed as soon as possible after diagnosis to prevent malignant transformation.
Topics: Adenoma; Aged; Female; Humans; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Radiography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 36229884
DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01259-8