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Journal of the American Veterinary... Mar 2019OBJECTIVE To describe the signalment, clinical signs, biological behavior, and outcome for cats with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) that underwent...
OBJECTIVE To describe the signalment, clinical signs, biological behavior, and outcome for cats with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) that underwent surgical excision. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 30 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Databases of 13 Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology member-affiliated institutions were searched for records of cats with a histologic diagnosis of AGASACA that underwent tumor excision. For each cat, information regarding signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome was extracted from the medical record. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine median time to local recurrence (TLR), disease-free interval (DFI), and survival time. Cox regression was used to identify factors associated with TLR, DFI, and survival time. RESULTS Perineal ulceration or discharge was the most common clinical sign in affected cats. Eleven cats developed local recurrence at a median of 96 days after AGASACA excision. Incomplete tumor margins and a high nuclear pleomorphic score were risk factors for local recurrence. Nuclear pleomorphic score was negatively associated with DFI. Local recurrence and a high nuclear pleomorphic score were risk factors for death. Median DFI and survival time were 234 and 260 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, in cats, perineal ulceration or discharge should raise suspicion of AGASACA and prompt rectal and anal sac examinations. Local recurrence was the most common life-limiting event in cats that underwent surgery for treatment of AGASACA, suggesting that wide margins should be obtained whenever possible during AGASACA excision. Efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for treatment of cats with AGASACA requires further investigation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254:716-722).
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Cat Diseases; Cats; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 30835176
DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.6.716 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2021Canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a malignant tumour with variable clinical progression. The objective of this study was to use robust...
A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Histopathological Features of 81 Cases of Canine Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac: Independent Clinical and Histopathological Risk Factors Associated with Outcome.
Canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a malignant tumour with variable clinical progression. The objective of this study was to use robust multivariate models, based on models employed in human medical oncology, to establish clinical and histopathological risk factors of poor survival. Clinical data and imaging of 81 cases with AGASAC were reviewed. Tissue was available for histological review and immunohistochemistry in 49 cases. Tumour and lymph node size were determined using the response evaluation criteria in the solid tumours system (RECIST). Modelling revealed tumour size over 2 cm, lymph node size grouped in three tiers by the two thresholds 1.6 cm and 5 cm, surgical management, and radiotherapy were independent clinical variables associated with survival, irrespective of tumour stage. Tumour size over 1.3 cm and presence of distant metastasis were independent clinical variables associated with the first progression-free interval. The presence of the histopathological variables of tumour necrosis, a solid histological pattern, and vascular invasion in the primary tumour were independent risk factors of poor survival. Based upon these independent risk factors, scoring algorithms to predict survival in AGASAC patients are presented.
PubMed: 34828058
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113327 -
BMC Ecology and Evolution Sep 2021Chemical communication is an important aspect of the behavioural ecology of a wide range of mammals. In dogs and other carnivores, anal sac glands are thought to convey...
BACKGROUND
Chemical communication is an important aspect of the behavioural ecology of a wide range of mammals. In dogs and other carnivores, anal sac glands are thought to convey information to conspecifics by secreting a pallet of small volatile molecules produced by symbiotic bacteria. Because these glands are unique to carnivores, it is unclear how their secretions relate to those of other placental mammals that make use of different tissues and secretions for chemical communication. Here we analyse the anal sac glands of domestic dogs to verify the secretion of proteins and infer their evolutionary relationship to those involved in the chemical communication of non-carnivoran mammals.
RESULTS
Proteomic analysis of anal sac gland secretions of 17 dogs revealed the consistently abundant presence of three related proteins. Homology searches against online databases indicate that these proteins are evolutionary related to 'odorant binding proteins' (OBPs) found in a wide range of mammalian secretions and known to contribute to chemical communication. Screening of the dog's genome sequence show that the newly discovered OBPs are encoded by a single cluster of three genes in the pseudoautosomal region of the X-chromosome. Comparative genomic screening indicates that the same locus is shared by a wide range of placental mammals and that it originated at least before the radiation of extant placental orders. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a dynamic evolution of gene duplication and loss, resulting in large gene clusters in some placental taxa and recurrent loss of this locus in others. The homology of OBPs in canid anal sac glands and those found in other mammalian secretions implies that these proteins maintained a function in chemical communication throughout mammalian evolutionary history by multiple shifts in expression between secretory tissues involved in signal release and nasal mucosa involved in signal reception.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study elucidates a poorly understood part of the biology of a species that lives in close association with humans. In addition, it shows that the protein repertoire underlying chemical communication in mammals is more evolutionarily stable than the variation of involved glands and tissues would suggest.
Topics: Anal Sacs; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Dogs; Female; Mammals; Odorants; Proteomics
PubMed: 34565329
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01910-w -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery Feb 2017Full-thickness rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is the passage of the full-thickness wall of the rectum beyond the anal sphincters. This condition results in pain and... (Review)
Review
Full-thickness rectal prolapse, or procidentia, is the passage of the full-thickness wall of the rectum beyond the anal sphincters. This condition results in pain and fecal incontinence which greatly impairs the quality of life of those afflicted. It is associated with several anatomic abnormalities, including decreased anal sphincter tone, levator muscle diastasis, and a deep anterior cul-de-sac. The diagnosis of rectal prolapse is made based on physical examination, although several other modalities are used to provide additional information about the patients' condition. While medical management of rectal prolapse can be effective in some cases, the mainstay of management of rectal prolapse is surgical correction.
PubMed: 28144208
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593431 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023Naturally occurring canine cancers have remarkable similarities to their human counterparts. To better understand these similarities, we investigated 671 client-owned... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Naturally occurring canine cancers have remarkable similarities to their human counterparts. To better understand these similarities, we investigated 671 client-owned dogs from 96 breeds with 23 common tumor types, including those whose mutation profile are unknown (anal sac carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma) or understudied (thyroid carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma). We discovered mutations in 50 well-established oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and compared them to those reported in human cancers. As in human cancer, TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene, detected in 22.5% of canine tumors overall. Canine tumors share mutational hotspots with human tumors in oncogenes including PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, KIT and EGFR. Hotspot mutations with significant association to tumor type include NRAS G61R and PIK3CA H1047R in hemangiosarcoma, ERBB2 V659E in pulmonary carcinoma, and BRAF V588E (equivalent of V600E in humans) in urothelial carcinoma. Our findings better position canines as a translational model of human cancer to investigate a wide spectrum of targeted therapies.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Oncogene Proteins; Mutation; Neoplasms; Humans; Antineoplastic Agents
PubMed: 37414794
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37505-2 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Sep 2022To report intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications associated with removal of metastatic iliosacral lymph nodes in dogs with apocrine gland anal sac...
OBJECTIVE
To report intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications associated with removal of metastatic iliosacral lymph nodes in dogs with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma.
ANIMALS
There were 136 client-owned dogs in the study.
PROCEDURE
Retrospective multi-institutional study. The database of collaborating institutions was searched for dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma that underwent lymphadenectomy for removal of one or more iliosacral lymph nodes. Information of signalment, hematological abnormalities, abdominal computed tomography or ultrasound findings, number and size of enlarged lymph nodes, intraoperative and postoperative complications, treatment and outcome were collected.
RESULTS
The overall complication rate associated with metastatic iliosacral lymphadenectomy was 26.1%. The only intraoperative complication recorded was hemorrhage and was reported in 24 (17.6%) surgeries, 11 (45.8%) of which received a blood transfusion. Postoperative complications were reported in 10.4% of surgeries, and included edema formation ( = 4, 2.6%), unilateral or bilateral paraparesis ( = 4, 2.6%), hypotension ( = 3, 2.0%), surgical site infection ( = 2, 1.3%), abdominal incision dehiscence ( = 1, 0.6%), urinary incontinence ( = 1, 0.6%), and death ( = 1, 0.6%). The size of the iliosacral lymph nodes was significantly associated with a greater risk of complications, hemorrhage, and the need of transfusion during lymphadenectomy for metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma.
CONCLUSION
Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy for metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma are relatively common and mostly relate to hemorrhage. These complications are significantly associated with the size of the extirpated metastatic lymph nodes.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This retrospective study provides information for the clinician regarding the potential surgical complications for extirpation of metastatic iliosacral lymph nodes. These complications, although not common, can be severe and should be discussed with owners before surgery.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Lymph Node Excision; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36060485
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Apr 2019To assess response and outcome in dogs with stage 4 anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (ASAGA) treated with toceranib phosphate as the sole chemotherapeutic agent.
OBJECTIVE
To assess response and outcome in dogs with stage 4 anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (ASAGA) treated with toceranib phosphate as the sole chemotherapeutic agent.
DESIGN
Retrospective case series.
ANIMALS
15 client-owned dogs with stage 4 ASAGA treated with toceranib phosphate between March 2013 and June 2017.
PROCEDURES
Medical records were reviewed, and data collected included signalment, clinical signs, results of physical examinations and diagnostic procedures, treatments, response, follow-up information, and outcomes. Adverse events and response to treatment were assessed according to standard guidelines, and the Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used for analyses of progression-free interval and survival time.
RESULTS
No dogs had a complete or partial response to treatment with toceranib; however, 13 dogs had signs of clinical benefit. No dogs had signs of toxic effects related to toceranib or were withdrawn completely from treatment because of adverse events. Median progression-free interval and median survival time were 354 and 356 days, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results of the present study indicated that dogs with stage 4 ASAGA treated with toceranib had improved outcomes, compared with outcomes previously reported for dogs with ASAGA that had received non-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments. Some dogs had improvement in clinical signs, but euthanasia was often performed because of signs of locoregional failure; therefore, toceranib alone may not be an appropriate treatment for dogs with marked clinical signs attributed to ASAGA, particularly when signs suggest limited quality of life. Further study of toceranib in multimodality treatments for dogs with advanced ASAGA is warranted.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Indoles; Pyrroles; Quality of Life; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30938616
DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.8.960 -
PloS One 2024The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis has not been extensively investigated, although atopic dogs seem to be predisposed to the disease. The aim of this study was... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis has not been extensively investigated, although atopic dogs seem to be predisposed to the disease. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize and compare the bacterial microbiota and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of dogs from three groups (healthy dogs, untreated atopic dogs and atopic dogs receiving antipruritic treatment or allergen-specific immunotherapy) in order to determine whether changes could be at the origin of anal sacculitis in atopic dogs. Bacterial populations of anal sac secretions from fifteen healthy dogs, fourteen untreated and six treated atopic dogs were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina technology. Proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed with the Luminex multiplex test. Community membership and structure were significantly different between the anal sacs of healthy and untreated atopic dogs (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) and between those of untreated and treated atopic dogs (P = 0.012 and P = 0.017, respectively). However, the community structure was similar in healthy and treated atopic dogs (P = 0.332). Among the proinflammatory cytokines assessed, there was no significant difference between groups, except for interleukin 8 which was higher in the anal sacs of untreated atopic dogs compared to treated atopic dogs (P = 0.02), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha which was lower in the anal sacs of healthy dogs compared to treated atopic dogs (P = 0.04). These results reveal a dysbiosis in the anal sacs of atopic dogs, which may partially explain the predisposition of atopic dogs to develop bacterial anal sacculitis. Treatments received by atopic dogs (oclacitinib, desloratadine and allergen-specific immunotherapy) shift the microbiota of the anal sacs towards that of healthy dogs. Further studies are required to identify significant cytokines contributing to anal sacculitis in atopic dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Cytokines; Dog Diseases; Anal Sacs; Male; Microbiota; Female; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dermatitis, Atopic; Case-Control Studies; Bacteria
PubMed: 38814946
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298361 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Sep 2023An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass...
An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a well-differentiated mast cell tumor. Analyses for the Ki-67 protein, KIT expression pattern, and the presence of mutations were done. Recovery from surgery was unremarkable and repeat staging revealed no evidence of mast cell disease at 4, 8, and 12 mo after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, primary mast cell neoplasia of the anal sac has not previously been reported in the veterinary literature. Key clinical message: Although mast cell tumors of the perineal region are commonly encountered in veterinary practice, the anal sac represents a novel location for this disease. Cytology of anal sac masses can be a useful diagnostic tool to confirm the diagnosis, guide staging, and assist in treatment decisions.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Anal Sacs; Mast Cells; Perineum; Neoplasms; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37663027
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... 2023Volatile compounds of anal sac secretions are odorant chemicals used across the carnivores for social communication such as identifying individuals and group membership....
Volatile compounds of anal sac secretions are odorant chemicals used across the carnivores for social communication such as identifying individuals and group membership. Odor profiles taken from expressed anal sac secretions of some species of carnivores have been detected in previous studies. In this study, the volatile compounds of anal sac secretions between five male and five female domestic dogs () were compared. Volatile chemicals were extracted, separated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid-phase micro-extraction and identified from their electron ionization mass spectra and Kovats retention indices. The results showed the presence of various types of compounds including organic fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, and alcohols in the anal sac secretions of dogs. Greater amounts of diversity and esters, and lower amounts of alcohols were detected in the anal sac secretions of females compared to males. This was accompanied by finding citrate and acetic acid ester only in the females. Furthermore, presence of some sex-specific organic compounds like dimethylcyclopentyl ethanone indicates that the volatile profiles of anal sac secretions in 10 domestic dogs are differentiated by host sex.
PubMed: 37033781
DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.1983063.3714