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Radiology and Oncology Dec 2022Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising imaging modality that uses visible light to obtain information about blood flow. It has the distinct advantage of being... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising imaging modality that uses visible light to obtain information about blood flow. It has the distinct advantage of being noncontact, nonionizing, and noninvasive without the need for a contrast agent. Among the many applications of HSI in the medical field are the detection of various types of tumors and the evaluation of their blood flow, as well as the healing processes of grafts and wounds. Since tumor perfusion is one of the critical factors in oncology, we assessed the value of HSI in quantifying perfusion changes during interventions in clinical oncology through a systematic review of the literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched using the terms "hyperspectral imaging perfusion cancer" and "hyperspectral imaging resection cancer". The inclusion criterion was the use of HSI in clinical oncology, meaning that all animal, phantom, , experimental, research and development, and purely methodological studies were excluded.
RESULTS
Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. The anatomic locations of the neoplasms in the selected articles were as follows: kidneys (1 article), breasts (2 articles), eye (1 article), brain (4 articles), entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract (1 article), upper GI tract (5 articles), and lower GI tract (6 articles).
CONCLUSIONS
HSI is a potentially attractive imaging modality for clinical application in oncology, with assessment of mastectomy skin flap perfusion after reconstructive breast surgery and anastomotic perfusion during reconstruction of gastrointenstinal conduit as the most promising at present.
Topics: Animals; Mastectomy; Medical Oncology; Diagnostic Imaging; Phantoms, Imaging; Contrast Media
PubMed: 36503709
DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0051 -
Journal of Thoracic Disease Apr 2019A gastric conduit is most frequently used for reconstruction in oesophageal surgery, and ischemia of the conduit is the most fragile aspect of the esophagogastric... (Review)
Review
A gastric conduit is most frequently used for reconstruction in oesophageal surgery, and ischemia of the conduit is the most fragile aspect of the esophagogastric anastomosis with as consequence the anastomotic leakage. In order to avoid it, the concept of ischaemic conditioning of the stomach previous to surgery has been designed. The basis of ischemic conditioning is that interrupting vascularization of the stomach before making the anastomosis eases the gastric fundus adaptation to ischemic conditions. It consists of the interruption of the principal feeding arteries of the stomach (except the right gastroepiploic artery) weeks before esophagectomy. Previously published literature contemplates two different techniques: angiographic embolization or laparoscopic ligation or division of vessels. In this study, the anatomic and physio-pathologic background of ischemic preconditioning is described and the published current evidence is reviewed.
PubMed: 31080643
DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.01.43 -
Journal of Visualized Surgery 2016Esophageal cancer is the malignant tumor arising from the esophagus and has a poor prognosis. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the main subtypes of... (Review)
Review
Esophageal cancer is the malignant tumor arising from the esophagus and has a poor prognosis. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the main subtypes of esophageal cancer with different risk factors. In the early stage, surgical resection is the most curative treatment modality. However, the procedure is considered an advanced and technically demanding surgery because esophageal cancer surgery includes esophagectomy, lymph node dissection, and a creation of esophageal conduit. Stomach is the commonest organ for the esophageal substitute. In open procedures, pulmonary complications and anastomotic failure are the most severe problems. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been introduced to decrease the postoperative pulmonary complications, but anastomotic failure remains a serious issue because of the extra-anatomical anastomosis between the esophagus and the conduit in the thorax or the neck.
PubMed: 29078550
DOI: 10.21037/jovs.2016.10.03 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2019In arguing that articulate language is underpinned by an algorithmically simple neural operation, the Minimalist Program (MP) retrodicts that language emerged in a... (Review)
Review
In arguing that articulate language is underpinned by an algorithmically simple neural operation, the Minimalist Program (MP) retrodicts that language emerged in a short-term event. Because spoken language leaves no physical traces, its ancient use must be inferred from archeological proxies. These strongly suggest that modern symbolic human behavior patterns - and, by extension, cognition - emerged both abruptly and late in time (subsequent to the appearance of as an anatomical entity some 200 thousand years kyr ago). Because the evidence is compelling that language is an integral component of modern symbolic thought, the archeological evidence clearly supports the basic tenet of the MP. But the associated proposition, that language was externalized in an independent event that followed its initial appearance as a conduit to internal thought, is much more debatable.
PubMed: 31001169
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00677 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2020The mammalian ear is made up of three parts (the outer, middle, and inner ear), which work together to transmit sound waves into neuronal signals perceived by our... (Review)
Review
The mammalian ear is made up of three parts (the outer, middle, and inner ear), which work together to transmit sound waves into neuronal signals perceived by our auditory cortex as sound. This review focuses on the often-neglected outer ear, specifically the external auditory meatus (EAM), or ear canal. Within our complex hearing pathway, the ear canal is responsible for funneling sound waves toward the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and into the middle ear, and as such is a physical link between the tympanic membrane and the outside world. Unique anatomical adaptations, such as its migrating epithelium and cerumen glands, equip the ear canal for its function as both a conduit and a cul-de-sac. Defects in development, or later blockages in the canal, lead to congenital or acquired conductive hearing loss. Recent studies have built on decades-old knowledge of ear canal development and suggest a novel multi-stage, complex and integrated system of development, helping to explain the mechanisms underlying congenital canal atresia and stenosis. Here we review our current understanding of ear canal development; how this biological lumen is made; what determines its location; and how its structure is maintained throughout life. Together this knowledge allows clinical questions to be approached from a developmental biology perspective.
PubMed: 33553153
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.617354 -
Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery Nov 2023Risk prediction of anastomotic leakage using anatomical and vascular factors has not been well established. This study aimed to assess the anatomical and vascular...
BACKGROUND
Risk prediction of anastomotic leakage using anatomical and vascular factors has not been well established. This study aimed to assess the anatomical and vascular factors affecting the hemodynamics of the gastric conduit and develop a novel risk stratification system in patients undergoing esophagectomy with retrosternal reconstruction.
METHODS
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 202 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with gastric tube retrosternal reconstruction between January 2008 and December 2020. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage (AL), including the anatomical index (AI) and anastomotic viability index (AVI), were evaluated using a logistic regression model.
RESULTS
According to the logistic regression model, the independent risk factors for AL were preoperative body mass index ≥23.6 kg/m (odds ratio [OR], 7.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44-26.00; 0.01), AI <1.4 (OR, 23.90; 95% CI, 5.02-114.00; 0.01), and AVI <0.62 (OR, 8.02; 95% CI, 2.57-25.00; 0.01). The patients were stratified into four AL risk groups using AI and AVI as follows: low-risk group (AI ≥1.4, AVI ≥0.62 [2/99, 2.0%]), intermediate low-risk group (AI ≥1.4, AVI <0.62 [2/29, 6.9%]), intermediate high-risk group (AI <1.4, AVI ≥0.62 [8/53, 15.1%]), and high-risk group (AI <1.4, AVI <0.62 [11/21, 52.4%]).
CONCLUSION
The combination of AI and AVI strongly predicted AL. Additionally, the use of AI and AVI enabled the stratification of the risk of AL in patients who underwent esophagectomy with retrosternal reconstruction.
PubMed: 37927915
DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12693 -
Visual Neuroscience Jan 2017The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the principal conduit for visual information from retina to visual cortex. Viewed initially as a simple... (Review)
Review
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus is the principal conduit for visual information from retina to visual cortex. Viewed initially as a simple relay, recent studies in the mouse reveal far greater complexity in the way input from the retina is combined, transmitted, and processed in dLGN. Here we consider the structural and functional organization of the mouse retinogeniculate pathway by examining the patterns of retinal projections to dLGN and how they converge onto thalamocortical neurons to shape the flow of visual information to visual cortex.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Geniculate Bodies; Mice; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 28965501
DOI: 10.1017/S0952523817000062 -
Netherlands Heart Journal : Monthly... Jan 2017Although the benefits of using the left internal mammary artery to bypass the left anterior descending artery (LAD) have been extensively ascertained, freedom from major... (Review)
Review
Although the benefits of using the left internal mammary artery to bypass the left anterior descending artery (LAD) have been extensively ascertained, freedom from major cardiovascular events and survival after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) also correlate with the completeness of revascularisation. Hence, careful selection of the second-best graft conduit is crucial for CABG success. The more widespread use of saphenous vein grafts contrasts with the well-known long-term efficacy of multiple arterial grafting, which struggles to emerge as the procedure of choice due to concerns over increased technical difficulties and higher risk of postoperative complications. Conduit choice is at the discretion of the operator instead of being discussed by the heart team, where cardiologists are not usually engaged in such decisions due to a hypothetical lack of technical knowledge. Furthermore, according to the ESC/EACTS guidelines, traditional CABG remains the gold standard for multi-vessel coronary artery disease with complex LAD stenosis, but hybrid procedures using percutaneous coronary intervention for non-LAD targets could combine the best of two worlds. With the aim of raising the cardiologist's awareness of the surgical treatment options, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical, functional and clinical aspects guiding the decision-making process in CABG strategy.
PubMed: 27878548
DOI: 10.1007/s12471-016-0919-2 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Nov 2021The most durable valved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit for the repair of congenital heart defects in patients of different ages, sizes, and anatomic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
The most durable valved right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit for the repair of congenital heart defects in patients of different ages, sizes, and anatomic substrate remains uncertain.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective analysis of 4 common right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits used in a single institution over 30 years, using univariable and multivariable models of time-to-failure to analyze freedom from conduit dysfunction, reintervention, and replacement.
RESULTS
Between 1988 and 2018, 959 right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits were implanted: 333 aortic homografts, 227 pulmonary homografts, 227 composite porcine valve conduits, and 172 bovine jugular vein conduits. Patients weighed 1.6 to 98.3 kg (median 15.3 kg), and median duration of follow-up was 11.4 years, with 505 (52.2%) conduits developing dysfunction, 165 (17.2%) requiring catheter intervention, and 415 (43.2%) being replaced. Greater patient weight, conduit z-score, type and position, as well as catheter intervention were predictors of freedom from replacement. Multivariable analysis demonstrated inferior durability for smaller composite porcine valve conduits, with excellent durability for larger diameter conduits of the same type. Bovine jugular vein conduit longevity was inferior to that of homografts in all but the smallest patients. Freedom from dysfunction at 8 years was 60.7% for aortic homografts, 72% for pulmonary homografts, 51.2% for composite porcine valve conduits, and 41.3% for bovine jugular vein conduits. Judicious oversizing of the conduit improved conduit durability in all patients, but to the greatest extent in patients weighing 5 to 20 kg.
CONCLUSIONS
Pulmonary and aortic homografts had greater durability than xenograft conduits, particularly in patients weighing 5 to 20 kg. Judicious oversizing was the most significant surgeon-modifiable factor affecting conduit longevity.
Topics: Adolescent; Aorta; Bioprosthesis; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Infant; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Pulmonary Artery; Retrospective Studies; Transplantation, Autologous; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33640135
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.12.144 -
BMC Plant Biology Feb 2023Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) reflect the carbon supply status and affect the construction and development of plants. Previous studies have focused on the dynamics...
Drought- and soil substrate-induced variations in root nonstructural carbohydrates result from fine root morphological and anatomical traits of Juglans mandshurica seedlings.
BACKGROUND
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) reflect the carbon supply status and affect the construction and development of plants. Previous studies have focused on the dynamics of NSCs among plant organs, however, few studies have paid attention to the synergistic variations between fine root traits and NSCs under drought based on the perspective of branch order roots. This study aims to explore the responses of fine root traits and NSCs among root orders of Juglans mandshurica seedlings under different drought intensities and soil substrates. The 2-year-old J. mandshurica potted seedlings were planted in three different soil substrates (humus, loam and sandy-loam soil) and subjected to four drought intensities (CK, mild drought T1, moderate drought T2 and severe drought T3) for 60 days.
RESULTS
The root biomass of seedlings in sandy-loam soil under the same drought intensity was higher than that of seedlings in humus soil. With an increase in drought, the root biomass, average diameter, root tissue density and cortex thickness decreased significantly, and the specific root length, stele diameter and conduit density increased. The root NSC contents in humus soil were higher than those in sandy-loam soil. The fine root soluble sugar content in all soil substrates decreased with increasing drought intensity, while the root starch and total NSC contents varied among the different soil substrates. Compared with transportive roots, the morphological and anatomical traits jointly explained the higher variation in NSC contents of the absorptive roots. The anatomical traits explained the higher variation in the NSC content of first five order roots.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that coordinated adaptation of the root traits and NSCs of Manchurian walnut seedlings exposed to water gradients in different soil substrates.
Topics: Juglans; Seedlings; Soil; Plant Roots; Droughts; Carbohydrates; Sand
PubMed: 36750810
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03987-x