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Medicine Sep 2023Pernicious placenta previa (PPP) accompanied by placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a life-threatening placental implantation that causes a variety of complications,... (Review)
Review
Pernicious placenta previa (PPP) accompanied by placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a life-threatening placental implantation that causes a variety of complications, including antepartum hemorrhage, postpartum hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock, preterm birth, and neonatal asphyxia. Along with continuous improvements in medical technology, interventional procedures have been widely used to prevent intraoperative hemorrhage associated with PPP. The commonly used interventional procedures include abdominal aorta clamping, prophylactic balloon occlusion of the internal or common iliac arteries, and uterine artery embolization. The above-mentioned interventional procedures have their respective advantages and disadvantages. The best procedure for different situations continues to be debated considering the complex pattern of blood supply to the uterus in patients with PPP. The specific choice of interventional procedure depends on the clinical situation of the patient with PPP. For grade III PAS, the need for uterine artery embolization is assessed based on blood loss and preoperative hemostatic effect following abdominal aorta clamping. Repair or hysterectomy may be performed following uterine artery embolization if there is a hybrid operating room for grade III PAS patients with extensive sub-serosal penetration of the uterus and repair difficulty. For grade II PAS (shallow placental implantation), prophylactic balloon occlusion may not be necessary before surgery. Uterine artery embolization can be performed in case of postoperative hemorrhage.
Topics: Female; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Humans; Placenta Previa; Placenta Accreta; Placenta; Premature Birth; Postpartum Hemorrhage
PubMed: 37713901
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034770 -
International Journal of Applied &... 2017Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the developing world like ours....
BACKGROUND
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the developing world like ours. Prevention, early detection, and prompt management cannot be overemphasized to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
OBJECTIVES
The study is aimed at determining the prevalence, etiology, sociodemographic characteristics, and the fetomaternal outcome of pregnancies complicated by APH in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 5 years retrospective study of all pregnancies complicated by APH at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, was conducted.
RESULTS
A total of 224 cases of APH were recorded out of the 18,273 cases admitted for delivery during the study period, giving an institutional prevalence rate of 1.2%. Two hundred and eighteen folders were retrieved and analyzed giving a retrieval rate of 97.3%. The mean gestational age at presentation was 35.3 ± 2 weeks and the most common causes were abruptio placenta and placenta previa constituting 68.3% and 30.0%, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics associated with the occurrence of APH included age, booking status, parity, and socioeconomic status. The peak prevalence of APH was observed in the 35-39 year age group accounting for 33.0%. There were 123 live births and 92 stillbirths. The cesarean section rate was 53.5%. Major complications were intrauterine fetal deaths in 42.8%, postpartum hemorrhage in 24.2% of cases, and anemia necessitating blood transfusion in 61.5%. There were three maternal deaths all due to abruptio placentae during the study period giving a case specific fatality rate of 2%.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of APH in our setting is high. The major causes were abruptio placenta and placenta previa. The major fetal complication was intrauterine fetal death, and the major maternal complications were postpartum hemorrhage and anemia with consequent high blood transfusion rate. Early detection, provision of antenatal care, and emergency obstetric care services can reduce the negative effects of APH.
PubMed: 28584742
DOI: 10.4103/2229-516X.205819 -
Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) Oct 2018How is endometriosis associated with adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy? (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
STUDY QUESTION
How is endometriosis associated with adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Women with endometriosis are at elevated risk for serious and important adverse maternal (pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, placenta praevia and Cesarean section) and fetal or neonatal outcomes (preterm birth, PPROM, small for gestational age, stillbirth and neonatal death).
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
A number of studies have shown an association between endometriosis and certain adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, but the results have been conflicting with potential for confounding by the use of assisted reproductive technology.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (1 January 1990-31 December 2017) that evaluated the effect of endometriosis on maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes was conducted.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Studies were considered for inclusion if they were prospective or retrospective cohort or case-control studies; included women greater than 20 weeks gestational age with endometriosis; included a control group of gravid women without endometriosis; and, reported at least one of the outcomes of interest. Each study was reviewed for inclusion, data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The search strategy identified 33 studies (sample size, n = 3 280 488) for inclusion. Compared with women without endometriosis, women with endometriosis had higher odds of pre-eclampsia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18 [1.01-1.39]), gestational hypertension and/or pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.21 [1.05-1.39]), gestational diabetes (OR = 1.26 [1.03-1.55]), gestational cholestasis (OR = 4.87 [1.85-12.83]), placenta praevia (OR = 3.31 [2.37, 4.63]), antepartum hemorrhage (OR = 1.69 [1.38-2.07]), antepartum hospital admissions (OR = 3.18 [2.60-3.87]), malpresentation (OR = 1.71 [1.34, 2.18]), labor dystocia (OR = 1.45 [1.04-2.01]) and cesarean section (OR = 1.86 [1.51-2.29]). Fetuses and neonates of women with endometriosis were also more likely to have preterm premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.33 [1.39-3.90]), preterm birth (OR = 1.70 [1.40-2.06]), small for gestational age <10th% (OR = 1.28 [1.11-1.49]), NICU admission (OR = 1.39 [1.08-1.78]), stillbirth (OR = 1.29 [1.10, 1.52]) and neonatal death (MOR = 1.78 [1.46-2.16]). Among the subgroup of women who conceived spontaneously, endometriosis was found to be associated with placenta praevia, cesarean section, preterm birth and low birth weight. Among the subgroup of women who conceived with the use of assisted reproductive technology, endometriosis was found to be associated with placenta praevia and preterm birth.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
As with any systematic review, the review is limited by the quality of the included studies. The diagnosis for endometriosis and the selection of comparison groups were not uniform across studies. However, the effect of potential misclassification would be bias towards the null hypothesis.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The association between endometriosis with the important and serious pregnancy outcomes observed in our meta-analysis, in particular stillbirth and neonatal death, is concerning and warrants further studies to elucidate the mechanisms for the observed findings.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
Dr Shifana Lalani is supported by a Physicians' Services Incorporated Foundation Research Grant, and Dr Innie Chen is supported by a University of Ottawa Clinical Research Chair in Reproductive Population Health and Health Services. Dr Singh declares conflicts of interests with Bayer, Abvie, Allergan and Cooper Surgical. All other authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.
REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO CRD42015013911.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Endometriosis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Perinatal Death; Placenta Previa; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Stillbirth
PubMed: 30239732
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey269 -
American Journal of Obstetrics &... Sep 2021Maternal anemia is a common pregnancy complication and often leads to a requirement for additional treatments and interventions. Identifying the frequency at which women...
BACKGROUND
Maternal anemia is a common pregnancy complication and often leads to a requirement for additional treatments and interventions. Identifying the frequency at which women with antenatally diagnosed anemia experience severe morbidity at the time of admission to the labor and delivery unit will guide future recommendations regarding screening and interventions for anemia during pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between antenatally diagnosed anemia and severe maternal morbidity as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in a large, contemporary, US cohort. Neonatal outcomes were also examined.
STUDY DESIGN
This was a secondary analysis of the Consortium on Safe Labor database from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which collected data on 228,438 deliveries in 19 United States hospitals from 2002 to 2008. This analysis included women with viable, singleton gestations and excluded stillbirths and gestations with severe congenital anomalies. Women with a diagnosis of antenatal anemia were compared with those without. Identification of diagnoses of antenatal anemia was obtained via electronic medical record abstraction and International Classification of Diseases coding according to each hospital protocol within the Consortium on Safe Labor. The primary maternal outcome consisted of a composite of severe maternal morbidity as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and included maternal death, eclampsia, thrombosis, transfusion, hysterectomy, and maternal intensive care unit admission. The primary neonatal outcome was a composite that included a 5-minute Apgar score of <7, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, periventricular or intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal sepsis, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and neonatal death. Each outcome within the composites was assessed individually along with other additional secondary outcomes, including a composite of severe maternal morbidity not including transfusion morbidity. All statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 14.2 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX) using Student's t test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney U) test, as appropriate. A multivariable logistic regression was performed with potential confounding variables entered into the regression equation if they differed between groups at a significance level of P<.05.
RESULTS
A total of 166,566 women met the inclusion criteria. From the original cohort, 56,734 women could not be included because of an unknown diagnosis of anemia. Of those included, 10,217 (6.1%) were diagnosed with anemia during the pregnancy. Women with anemia were more likely to be younger, non-Hispanic Black, single, multiparous, and have a higher prepregnancy body mass index than those without anemia. The frequency of the primary maternal composite outcome, the neonatal composite outcome, and other secondary outcomes including the severe maternal morbidity composite not including transfusion, maternal death, transfusion during labor and the postpartum period, hysterectomy, postpartum hemorrhage, infectious morbidity, cesarean delivery, and preterm delivery were more common in women with anemia (P<.05). After multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounders, higher rates of severe maternal morbidity remained persistently associated with anemia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.86-2.23) in addition to the association of anemia with the severe maternal morbidity composite not including transfusion, maternal death, thrombosis, transfusion, hysterectomy, intensive care unit admission, postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, and infectious morbidity. The composite neonatal outcome also remained associated with anemia after adjusting for confounders (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.23).
CONCLUSION
Women with antepartum anemia experienced increased rates of severe maternal morbidity and other serious adverse outcomes. Diagnosis and treatment of anemia during the antepartum period may lead to the identification and treatment of women at higher risk for maternal morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Anemia; Cesarean Section; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Obstetric Labor Complications; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; United States
PubMed: 33992832
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100395 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Oct 2016BACKGROUND A spontaneous intra-amniotic hemorrhage is rarely encountered during pregnancy. The correct diagnosis and management are problematic because of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND A spontaneous intra-amniotic hemorrhage is rarely encountered during pregnancy. The correct diagnosis and management are problematic because of the infrequency of this condition and the high likelihood of a misdiagnosis. CASE REPORT A primigravida with an uncomplicated pregnancy and a normal targeted ultrasound presented late in the second trimester of pregnancy with antepartum bleeding of unknown origin. A repeat ultrasound was suggestive of an abdominal wall defect (gastroschisis). The patient continued to have antepartum bleeding and developed uterine contractions and abdominal pain necessitating frequent visits to labor and delivery. An MRI ruled out gastroschisis and diagnosed intra-amniotic hematoma. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain and was clinically considered to be having an abruption, and was delivered by cesarean. Old blood was noted in the abdominal cavity and within the uterine cavity. At the time of the cesarean, an area of intra-amniotic hematoma was identified, as well as a retroplacental blood clot. CONCLUSIONS An intra-amniotic hematoma is unusual and may be misdiagnosed. MRI may be helpful in determining the correct diagnosis and subsequent management.
Topics: Adult; Amnion; Female; Gastroschisis; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 27760979
DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.900114 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2023One in 20 births could be affected by hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (hEDS/HSD); however, these are under-diagnosed and lacking...
One in 20 births could be affected by hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (hEDS/HSD); however, these are under-diagnosed and lacking research. This study aimed to examine outcomes and complications in people childbearing with hEDS/HSD. A large online international survey was completed by women with experience in childbearing and a diagnosis of hEDS/HSD ( = 947, total pregnancies = 1338). Data were collected on demographics, pregnancy and birth outcomes and complications. Participants reported pregnancies in the UK ( = 771), USA ( = 364), Australia ( = 106), Canada ( = 60), New Zealand ( = 23) and Ireland ( = 14). Incidences were higher in people with hEDS/HSD than typically found in the general population for pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, pre-term rupture of membranes, pre-term birth, antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage, hyperemesis gravidarum, shoulder dystocia, caesarean wound infection, postpartum psychosis, post-traumatic stress disorder, precipitate labour and being born before arrival at place of birth. This potential for increased risk related to maternal and neonatal outcomes and complications highlights the importance of diagnosis and appropriate care considerations for childbearing people with hEDS/HSD. Recommendations include updating healthcare guidance to include awareness of these possible complications and outcomes and including hEDS/HSD in initial screening questionnaires of perinatal care to ensure appropriate consultation and monitoring can take place from the start.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Female; Joint Instability; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Hemorrhage
PubMed: 37887695
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206957 -
Ochsner Journal 2022The optimal delivery timing for patients with placenta previa remains controversial in the literature. To reduce spontaneous vaginal bleeding rates, which occur...
The optimal delivery timing for patients with placenta previa remains controversial in the literature. To reduce spontaneous vaginal bleeding rates, which occur increasingly with advancing gestational weeks, elective cesarean delivery is advocated between 36 and 37 weeks of gestation, but this clinical approach does not take into consideration numerous patient variables. Few papers identify the risk factors for emergency cesarean delivery in patients with placenta previa. An enhanced understanding of these variables could help with determining patients at high risk for emergency cesarean delivery and individualizing delivery date scheduling. This study sought to identify predictor variables associated with emergency cesarean delivery in pregnant patients with placenta previa in a tertiary referral hospital. We also investigated differences in maternal and perinatal outcomes between patients with placenta previa who underwent emergency vs planned cesarean delivery. This retrospective cohort study included 208 singleton pregnancy patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of placenta previa at the time of delivery and who underwent cesarean delivery in our hospital beyond 24 weeks of gestation. To define risk factors of the outcome variable (emergency vs planned cesarean delivery), univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis and adjusted odds ratios with their confidence intervals were calculated. Ninety-seven patients (46.6%) required emergency cesarean delivery, and 111 patients (53.4%) underwent planned cesarean delivery. Antepartum bleeding episode (37.1% and 20.7%, =0.013) and first antepartum bleeding episode ≤28 weeks of gestation (36.1% and 14.4%, <0.001) were significantly higher in the emergency group than the planned group. Antepartum bleeding episode (odds ratio [OR]=1.968, 95% CI 1.001-4.200, =0.042), first antepartum bleeding episode ≤28 weeks of gestation (OR=2.750, 95% CI 1.315-5.748, =0.007), and preoperative hemoglobin level (OR=0.713, 95% CI 0.595-0.854, <0.001) were the independent predictors significantly associated with emergency cesarean delivery. Three factors-antepartum bleeding episode during pregnancy, first antepartum bleeding episode ≤28 weeks of gestation, and lower preoperative hemoglobin level-might be useful in predicting emergency cesarean delivery in pregnancies complicated with placenta previa.
PubMed: 35756596
DOI: 10.31486/toj.21.0138 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology... Dec 2016This study was conducted to compare underweight and obese women and their weight gain during pregnancy on fetomaternal outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to compare underweight and obese women and their weight gain during pregnancy on fetomaternal outcome.
METHOD
This is a prospective, non-interventional, observational study on 1000 women (BMI between 20 and 30 were excluded). Women attending ANC OPD with singleton pregnancy at or before 16 weeks were included and BMI calculated in early pregnancy. Their weight gain during pregnancy was noted. Any complications in the mother or perinate were noted.
RESULTS
Incidence of obesity in our institute was 17 % and that of underweight was 18 %. Pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertensions, gestational DM, antepartum hemorrhage, all were more common among obese women, while anemia was more common in the underweight. Post-dated pregnancy, induction of labor, cesarean delivery, and postpartum complications were more common in obese women. Fetal complications were also higher in obese patients.
CONCLUSION
Lower as well as higher prepregnancy BMI is an independent risk factor that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both the mother and the fetus.
PubMed: 27821986
DOI: 10.1007/s13224-015-0735-4 -
Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics &... Oct 2018Ruptured cervical varicose veins can cause significant vaginal bleeding during the third trimester of pregnancy. The etiology is not uncommon, yet receives little... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Ruptured cervical varicose veins can cause significant vaginal bleeding during the third trimester of pregnancy. The etiology is not uncommon, yet receives little discussion in current literature. We here report such a case with complete evaluations, managements and follow ups; while analyzing similar cases published.
CASE REPORT
A 34-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 1, presented with sudden onset of painless antepartum hemorrhage at 31 weeks of gestation. Speculum examination revealed ruptured cervical varicose veins; further evaluations with transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging were done to study the extensiveness and characteristics of the lesion. The cervical varices spontaneously regressed by postpartum day 4 and no recurrence was observed in the immediate postpartum follow-up period or in the subsequent pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
The case is unique for the lack of association with placenta previa. Cervical varicose veins rupture should be considered for painless vaginal bleeding during the third trimester pregnancy.
Topics: Adult; Cervix Uteri; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Placenta Previa; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Rupture, Spontaneous; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Uterine Hemorrhage; Varicose Veins
PubMed: 30342667
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.08.028 -
JAMA Network Open Jun 2023Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with adverse health-related outcomes. However, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among women with OCD have been sparsely...
IMPORTANCE
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with adverse health-related outcomes. However, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among women with OCD have been sparsely studied.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate associations of maternal OCD with pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Two register-based cohort studies in Sweden and British Columbia (BC), Canada, included all singleton births at 22 weeks or more of gestation between January 1, 1999 (Sweden), or April 1, 2000 (BC), and December 31, 2019. Statistical analyses were conducted between August 1, 2022, and February 14, 2023.
EXPOSURE
Maternal OCD diagnosis recorded before childbirth and use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) during pregnancy.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Pregnancy and delivery outcomes examined were gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, maternal infection, antepartum hemorrhage or placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes, induction of labor, mode of delivery, and postpartum hemorrhage. Neonatal outcomes included perinatal death, preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight (<2500 g), low 5-minute Apgar score, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, neonatal respiratory distress, neonatal infections, and congenital malformations. Multivariable Poisson log-linear regressions estimated crude and adjusted risk ratios (aRRs). In the Swedish cohort, sister and cousin analyses were performed to account for familial confounding.
RESULTS
In the Swedish cohort, 8312 pregnancies in women with OCD (mean [SD] age at delivery, 30.2 [5.1] years) were compared with 2 137 348 pregnancies in unexposed women (mean [SD] age at delivery, 30.2 [5.1] years). In the BC cohort, 2341 pregnancies in women with OCD (mean [SD] age at delivery, 31.0 [5.4] years) were compared with 821 759 pregnancies in unexposed women (mean [SD] age at delivery, 31.3 [5.5] years). In Sweden, maternal OCD was associated with increased risks of gestational diabetes (aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.65) and elective cesarean delivery (aRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30-1.49), as well as preeclampsia (aRR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29), induction of labor (aRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.18), emergency cesarean delivery (aRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.25), and postpartum hemorrhage (aRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.22). In BC, only emergency cesarean delivery (aRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.31) and antepartum hemorrhage or placental abruption (aRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.03-2.14) were associated with significantly higher risk. In both cohorts, offspring of women with OCD were at elevated risk of low Apgar score at 5 minutes (Sweden: aRR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.42-1.85; BC: aRR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.74-3.04), as well as preterm birth (Sweden: aRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.21-1.45; BC: aRR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.32-1.87), low birth weight (Sweden: aRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.44; BC: aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.07-1.82), and neonatal respiratory distress (Sweden: aRR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.49-1.79; BC: aRR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.20-1.80). Women with OCD taking SRIs during pregnancy had an overall increased risk of these outcomes, compared with those not taking SRIs. However, women with OCD not taking SRIs still had increased risks compared with women without OCD. Sister and cousin analyses showed that at least some of the associations were not influenced by familial confounding.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
These cohort studies suggest that maternal OCD was associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes. Improved collaboration between psychiatry and obstetric services and improved maternal and neonatal care for women with OCD and their children is warranted.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Child; Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; British Columbia; Sweden; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Abruptio Placentae; Diabetes, Gestational; Pre-Eclampsia; Premature Birth; Placenta; Obstetric Labor Complications; Cohort Studies; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
PubMed: 37314804
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18212