-
Experimental Dermatology Dec 2013Gentian violet (GV) has a long and varied history as a medicinal agent. Historically used as an antibacterial and antifungal, recent reports have shown its utility as an... (Review)
Review
Gentian violet (GV) has a long and varied history as a medicinal agent. Historically used as an antibacterial and antifungal, recent reports have shown its utility as an antitypranosomal, antiviral and anti-angiogenic agent. The objective of this article is to summarize evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of GV use in dermatology. Recent discoveries have found novel targets of GV, namely NADPH oxidase in mammalian cells and thioredoxin reductase 2 in bacterial, fungal and parasitic cells. These discoveries have expanded the use of GV in the 21st century. Given that GV is well tolerated, effective and inexpensive, its use in dermatology is predicted to increase.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antineoplastic Agents; Dermatology; Gentian Violet; History, 19th Century; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Plant Extracts; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 24118276
DOI: 10.1111/exd.12257 -
Biofouling Jan 2022Plasma-initiated free radical polymerization was used to engineer carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with tailored chemical and physical properties. Following surface...
Plasma-initiated free radical polymerization was used to engineer carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with tailored chemical and physical properties. Following surface modification, CNPs were loaded with a highly effective anti-infection agent called metal-free Russian propolis ethanol extract (MFRPEE), thus, creating nano-based drug delivery systems (NBDDSs). The loading of MFRPEE onto grafted CNPs occurred naturally through both electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. When constructed under optimal experimental conditions, the NBDDSs were stable under physiologic conditions, and demonstrated enhanced anti-biofilm activity when compared with free MFRPEE. Mechanistic studies revealed that the enhanced anti-infectious activity of the NBDDSs was attributed to the modified surface chemistry of grafted CNPs. More specifically, the overall positive surface charge on grafted CNPs, which stems from quaternary ammonium polymer brushes covalently bound to the CNPs, provides NBDDSs with the ability to specifically target negatively charged components of biofilms. When studying the release profile of MFRPEE from the modified CNPs, acidic components produced by a biofilm triggered the release of MFRPEE bound to the NBDDS. Once in its free form, the anti-infectious properties of MFRPEE became activated and damaged the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) of the biofilm. Once the architecture of the biofilm became compromised, the EPM was no longer capable of protecting the bacteria encapsulated within the biofilm from the anti-infectious agent. Consequently, exposure of bacteria to MFRPEE led to bacterial cell death and biofilm inactivation. The results obtained from this study begin to examine the potential application of NBDDSs for the treatment of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Carbon; Drug Delivery Systems; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Nanoparticles; Polymerization; Polymers; Propolis
PubMed: 34839780
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.2008376 -
Veterinary Research Communications Sep 2023Aquaculture is an important food sector throughout the globe because of its importance in ensuring the availability of nutritious and safe food for human beings. In... (Review)
Review
Aquaculture is an important food sector throughout the globe because of its importance in ensuring the availability of nutritious and safe food for human beings. In recent years, this sector has been challenged with several obstacles especially the emergence of infectious disease outbreaks. Various treatment and control aspects, including antibiotics, antiseptics, and other anti-microbial agents, have been used to treat farmed fish and shrimp against diseases. Nonetheless, these medications have been prohibited and banned in many countries because of the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, the accumulation of residues in the flesh of farmed fish and shrimp, and their environmental threats to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, scientists and researchers have concentrated their research on finding natural and safe products to control disease outbreaks. From these natural products, bovine lactoferrin can be utilized as a functional feed supplement. Bovine lactoferrin is a multi-functional glycoprotein applied in various industries, like food preservation, and numerous medications, due to its non-toxic and ecological features. Recent research has proposed multiple advantages and benefits of using bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture. Reports showed its potential ability to enhance growth, reduce mortalities, regulate iron metabolism, decrease disease outbreaks, stimulate the antioxidant defense system, and recuperate the overall health conditions of the treated fish and shrimp. Besides, bovine lactoferrin can be considered as a safe antibiotic alternative and a unique therapeutic agent to decrease the negative impacts of infectious diseases. These features can be attributed to its well-known antibacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant capabilities. This literature review will highlight the implications of bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture, particularly highlighting its therapeutic features and ability to promote immunological defensive pathways in fish. The information included in this article would be valuable for further research studies to improve aquaculture's sustainability and the functionality of aquafeeds.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Lactoferrin; Antioxidants; Ecosystem; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36658448
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10060-3 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2021Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic derivative of imidazolinedione, used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA, RNA and cell...
Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic derivative of imidazolinedione, used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA, RNA and cell wall protein synthesis. It is used prophylactically as a urinary anti-infective agent against most gram-positive organism and for long-term suppression of infections. Nitrofurantoin-associated pulmonary injuries occur in 1% of patients, presenting with dyspnoea and dry cough, and it can mimic interstitial lung disease. We present a case of an 81-year-old woman with shortness of breath and cough 3 days after initiation of nitrofurantoin. CT of the chest revealed bilateral pleural effusion and extensive pulmonary interstitial prominence, suggesting pulmonary fibrosis. According to the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale score of 6, it was determined that nitrofurantoin was the probable cause, and immediate cessation of the medication showed a marked clinical improvement and resolution after 10 days.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Lung; Nitrofurantoin; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 33853812
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237571 -
Monaldi Archives For Chest Disease =... Jul 2021Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide multifaceted crisis. The medical world agonizes to contend with the problem, but a string of tested...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide multifaceted crisis. The medical world agonizes to contend with the problem, but a string of tested medications has been proven unavailing. Vitamin C is well described as a salutary antioxidant and some trials conclude that it may be a potential antiviral drug. In high doses, vitamin C can alternate crucial steps in the pathogenesis of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This dynamic was the driving force behind trials around the world that tried immunonutrition as a weapon against clinical entities. We summarize the mechanisms of action of vitamin C and its role against infections and the current literature referring to the potential role of vitamin C in SARS-CoV-2 infection, also as a contingent treatment agent.
Topics: Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Ascorbic Acid; COVID-19; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34284566
DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2021.1808 -
Pharmacotherapy Dec 2018Omadacycline is a novel aminomethylcycline approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.... (Review)
Review
Omadacycline is a novel aminomethylcycline approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. This article reviews existing data pertaining to the biochemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, in vitro activity, and current progress with omadacycline in clinical trials. Omadacycline inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome at the tetracycline-binding site with an affinity similar to glycylcyclines. It is able to bypass older tetracycline resistance mechanisms and demonstrates activity against bacterial strains that are tetracycline resistant. In addition, omadacycline displays broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive organisms (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci), gram-negative organisms, atypical organisms, and anaerobes. It has been evaluated against infections in adults both intravenously and orally. Dosage adjustments are not required for patients with renal impairment. Omadacycline displays a comparable efficacy and safety profile to standard-of-care agents, with the most common side effects observed being gastrointestinal. Currently available data for omadacycline suggest that this is a promising agent added to our antimicrobial armamentarium.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Approval; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Tetracyclines
PubMed: 30290000
DOI: 10.1002/phar.2185 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020Traditional folk medicine in Sri Lanka is mostly based on plants and plant-derived products, however, many of these medicinal plant species are scientifically...
Traditional folk medicine in Sri Lanka is mostly based on plants and plant-derived products, however, many of these medicinal plant species are scientifically unexplored. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potency of 28 different extracts prepared from seven popular medicinal plant species employed in Sri Lanka. The extracts were subjected to cell-based and cell-free assays of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Moreover, antibacterial and disinfectant activities were assessed. Characterization of secondary metabolites was achieved by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. -Hexane- and dichloromethane-based extracts of efficiently suppressed 5-LO activity in human neutrophils (IC = 0.92 and 1.39 µg/mL), and potently inhibited isolated human 5-LO (IC = 0.15 and 0.16 µg/mL) and mPGES-1 (IC = 0.29 and 0.49 µg/mL). Lipophilic extracts of displayed potent inhibition of mPGES-1 only. A methanolic extract of caused significant NO scavenging activity. The lipophilic extracts of exhibited prominent antibacterial and disinfectant activities, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids, sesquiterpenes and other types of secondary metabolites. Together, our results suggest the prospective utilization of as disinfective agent with potent anti-inflammatory properties.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Medicine, Traditional; Nitric Oxide; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Prostaglandin-E Synthases; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 32326068
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081894 -
Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and... 2016The process of wound healing is often accompanied by bacterial infection or critical colonization, resulting in protracted inflammation, delayed reepithelization, and... (Review)
Review
The process of wound healing is often accompanied by bacterial infection or critical colonization, resulting in protracted inflammation, delayed reepithelization, and production of pungent odors. The malodor produced by these wounds may lower health-related quality of life and produce psychological discomfort and social isolation. Current management focuses on reducing bacterial activity within the wound site and absorbing malodorous gases. For example, charcoal-based materials have been incorporated into dressing for direct adsorption of the responsible gases. In addition, multiple topical agents, including silver, iodine, honey, sugar, and essential oils, have been suggested for incorporation into dressings in an attempt to control the underlying bacterial infection. This review describes options for controlling malodor in chronic wounds, the benefits and drawbacks of each topical agent, and their mode of action. We also discuss the use of subjective odor evaluation techniques to assess the efficacy of odor-controlling therapies. The perspectives of employing novel biomaterials and technologies for wound odor management are also presented.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents; Charcoal; Deodorants; Honey; Humans; Iodine; Metronidazole; Odorants; Silver Compounds; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27684356
DOI: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000273 -
Recent Advances in the Development of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles for Combating Resistant Pathogens.Advanced Healthcare Materials Jul 2018The rapid growth of harmful pathogens and their multidrug-resistance poses a severe challenge for health professionals and for the development of new healthcare... (Review)
Review
The rapid growth of harmful pathogens and their multidrug-resistance poses a severe challenge for health professionals and for the development of new healthcare products. Various strategies are exploited for the development of effective antimicrobial agents, and nanoparticles are a particularly promising class of materials in this respect. This review summarizes recent advances in antimicrobial metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. The latter materials in particular are engineered for antimicrobial agent delivery and act by encapsulation, receptor-based binding, and disruption of microbial adherence to cellular substrates. Potential strategies for the design of multifunctional antimicrobial nanocarriers, combining material chemistry and biological interface science, are also discussed.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Polymers
PubMed: 29717819
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701400 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the coprecipitation method and used as nanocarriers for etoricoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor drug) and...
Synthesis of Copper Oxide-Based Nanoformulations of Etoricoxib and Montelukast and Their Evaluation through Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, and Acute Toxicity Activities.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the coprecipitation method and used as nanocarriers for etoricoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor drug) and montelukast (leukotriene product inhibitor drug) in combination therapy. The CuO NPs, free drugs, and nanoformulations were investigated through UV/Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and DLS. SEM imaging showed agglomerated nanorods of CuO NPs of about 87 nm size. The CE1, CE2, and CE6 nanoformulations were investigated through DLS, and their particle sizes were 271, 258, and 254 nm, respectively. The nanoformulations were evaluated through in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo analgesic activity, in vivo anti-pyretic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity activity. In vivo activities were performed on albino mice. BSA denaturation was highly inhibited by CE1, CE2, and CE6 as compared to other nanoformulations in the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo bioactivities showed that low doses (5 mg/kg) of nanoformulations were more potent than high doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of free drugs in the inhibition of pain, fever, and inflammation. Lastly, CE2 was more potent than that of other nanoformulations.
Topics: Acetates; Analgesics; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Copper; Cyclopropanes; Drug Compounding; Etoricoxib; Metal Nanoparticles; Quinolines; Spectrum Analysis; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfides
PubMed: 35209221
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041433