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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Jan 2023
Topics: Antibody Formation
PubMed: 36611028
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01305-3 -
Arthritis Research 2002Proteomics technologies enable profiling of autoantibody responses using biological fluids derived from patients with autoimmune disease. They provide a powerful tool to... (Review)
Review
Proteomics technologies enable profiling of autoantibody responses using biological fluids derived from patients with autoimmune disease. They provide a powerful tool to characterize autoreactive B-cell responses in diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoantibody profiling may serve purposes including classification of individual patients and subsets of patients based on their 'autoantibody fingerprint', examination of epitope spreading and antibody isotype usage, discovery and characterization of candidate autoantigens, and tailoring antigen-specific therapy. In the coming decades, proteomics technologies will broaden our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of and will further our ability to diagnose, prognosticate and treat autoimmune disease.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; B-Lymphocytes; Genome; Humans; Immunotherapy; Protein Array Analysis; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 12223102
DOI: 10.1186/ar426 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Nov 1967
Review
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Binding Sites; Dogs; Drug Synergism; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lymphocytes; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Rabbits; Rats; Thymus Gland; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 4966356
DOI: No ID Found -
The AAPS Journal Aug 2006The capacity of protein aggregates to enhance immune responses to the monomeric form of the protein has been known for over a half-century. Despite the clear connection... (Review)
Review
The capacity of protein aggregates to enhance immune responses to the monomeric form of the protein has been known for over a half-century. Despite the clear connection between protein aggregates and antibody mediated adverse events in treatment with early therapeutic protein products such as intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and human growth hormone, surprisingly little is known about the nature of the aggregate species responsible for such effects. This review focuses on a framework for understanding how aggregate species potentially interact with the immune system to enhance immune responses, garnered from basic immunologic research. Thus, protein antigens presented in a highly arrayed structure, such as might be found in large nondenatured aggregate species, are highly potent in inducing antibody responses even in the absence of T-cell help. Their potency may relate to the ability of multivalent protein species to extensively cross-link B-cell receptor, which (1) activates B cells via Bt kinases to proliferate, and (2) targets protein to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-loading compartments, efficiently eliciting T-cell help for antibody responses. The review further focuses on protein aggregates as they affect an immunogenicity risk assessment, the use of animal models and studies in uncovering effects of protein aggregates, and changes in product manufacture and packaging that may affect generation of protein aggregates.
Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Proteins; Risk
PubMed: 17025268
DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080359 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Jul 2015It is generally accepted that the generation of antibodies proceeds due to immunization of an organism by alien antigens, and the level and affinity of antibodies are... (Review)
Review
It is generally accepted that the generation of antibodies proceeds due to immunization of an organism by alien antigens, and the level and affinity of antibodies are directly correlated to the presence of immunogen. At the same time, vast experimental material has been obtained providing evidence of antibodies whose level remains unchanged and affinity is constant during a lifetime. In contrast to the first, adaptive immunoglobulins, the latter are named natural antibodies (nAbs). The nAbs are produced by B1 cells, whereas adaptive Abs are produced by B2. This review summarizes general data on nAbs and presents in more detail data on antigens of carbohydrate origin. Hypotheses on the origin of nAbs and their activation mechanisms are discussed. We present our thoughts on this matter supported by our experimental data on nAbs to glycans.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Humans; Immunization; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 26541997
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297915070032 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Oct 1966The antibody-forming cells which appear in the popliteal lymph node and efferent lymph of the sheep following immunization with boiled Salmonella have been studied by...
The antibody-forming cells which appear in the popliteal lymph node and efferent lymph of the sheep following immunization with boiled Salmonella have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Cells were incubated in monolayers with target erythrocytes sensitized with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Three types of interaction between a proportion of the lymph cells and the erythrocytes surrounding them have been shown to indicate antibody formation: plaque-formation, immuno-cyto-adherence, and localized agglutination. At the peak of the response, 4 days after antigenic stimulation approximately 1 cell in every 200 from lymph node suspensions produces detectable specific antibody, while up to 1 cell in 20 in the lymph is active. For light microscope examination, individual antibody-forming cells were smeared in serum and stained with Leishman's stain. For electron microscopy, a number of active cells were clumped with antiserum to form a specimen of convenient size, then sectioned. Most of the active cells from efferent lymph are large and basophilic, while a small proportion are blastlike. These cells contain abundant free ribosomes and very little endoplasmic reticulum. In the node only, an additional class of antibody-forming plasma cells is found which have considerable amounts of endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antigens; In Vitro Techniques; Lymph; Lymph Nodes; Salmonella; Sheep
PubMed: 5950889
DOI: 10.1084/jem.124.4.701 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Vaccines play a vital role in protecting our communities against infectious disease. Unfortunately, some vaccines provide only partial protection or in some cases... (Review)
Review
Vaccines play a vital role in protecting our communities against infectious disease. Unfortunately, some vaccines provide only partial protection or in some cases vaccine-mediated immunity may wane rapidly, resulting in either increased susceptibility to that disease or a requirement for more booster vaccinations in order to maintain immunity above a protective level. The durability of antibody responses after infection or vaccination appears to be intrinsically determined by the structural biology of the antigen, with multivalent protein antigens often providing more long-lived immunity than monovalent antigens. This forms the basis for the Imprinted Lifespan model describing the differential survival of long-lived plasma cell populations. There are, however, exceptions to this rule with examples of highly attenuated live virus vaccines that are rapidly cleared and elicit only short-lived immunity despite the expression of multivalent surface epitopes. These exceptions have led to the concept that multivalency alone may not reliably determine the duration of protective humoral immune responses unless a minimum number of long-lived plasma cells are generated by reaching an appropriate antigenic threshold of B cell stimulation. Examples of long-term and in some cases, potentially lifelong antibody responses following immunization against human papilloma virus (HPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) provide several lessons in understanding durable serological memory in human subjects. Moreover, studies involving influenza vaccination provide the unique opportunity to compare the durability of hemagglutinin (HA)-specific antibody titers mounted in response to antigenically repetitive whole virus (i.e., multivalent HA), or detergent-disrupted "split" virus, in comparison to the long-term immune responses induced by natural influenza infection. Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that may be associated with the induction of protective immunity by long-lived plasma cells and their importance in future vaccine design.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Vaccines
PubMed: 31118935
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00956 -
Science Translational Medicine Dec 2015With an emphasis on systems analyses, the VSV-EBOVAC project harnesses state-of-the-art technologies that illuminate mechanisms behind the observed immunogenicity and... (Review)
Review
With an emphasis on systems analyses, the VSV-EBOVAC project harnesses state-of-the-art technologies that illuminate mechanisms behind the observed immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and ensures that such information is shared among stakeholders.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ebola Vaccines; Ebolavirus; Humans; Knowledge; Research; Vaccination
PubMed: 26659569
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3106 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Antibody Formation; Immune System Diseases
PubMed: 38077378
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1335217 -
Clinical Cancer Research : An Official... Nov 2021The role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment and B-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses remains relatively understudied. Recent seminal studies have discovered... (Review)
Review
The role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment and B-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses remains relatively understudied. Recent seminal studies have discovered that B cells and associated tertiary lymphoid structures correlate with responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and are prognostic for overall survival of cancer patients. B-cell subsets have remarkable functional diversity and include professional antigen-presenting cells, regulatory cells, memory populations, and antibody-producing plasma cells. Importantly, secreted antibodies can independently activate innate immune responses and induce the cancer immunity cycle. Thus, B cells and B-cell-mediated antibody responses comprise the largely underappreciated second arm of the adaptive immune system and certainly deserve further attention in the field of oncology. Here, we review the known functions of B cells in the tumor microenvironment, the contribution of B cells to the antitumor activity of immunotherapies, and the role of B cells in the overall survival of cancer patients.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigen-Presenting Cells; B-Lymphocytes; Biomarkers; Disease Management; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Immunomodulation; Lymphopoiesis; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34230025
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-0697