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Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Oct 2020Antibodies forming a complex with antigen in vivo can dramatically change the antibody response to this antigen. In some situations, the response will be a 100-fold... (Review)
Review
Antibodies forming a complex with antigen in vivo can dramatically change the antibody response to this antigen. In some situations, the response will be a 100-fold stronger than in animals immunized with antigen alone, and in other situations, the response will be completely suppressed. IgG is known to suppress the antibody response, for example to erythrocytes, and this is used clinically in Rhesus prophylaxis. The mechanism behind IgG-mediated immune suppression is still not understood. Here, we will review studies performed in experimental animal models and discuss the various hypotheses put forward to explain the profound suppressive effect of IgG. We conclude that an exclusive role for negative regulation of B cells through FcγRIIB, increased clearance of erythrocytes from the circulation or complement-mediated lysis is unlikely. Epitope masking, where IgG hides the epitope from B cells, or trogocytosis, where IgG removes the epitope from the erythrocyte, is compatible with many observations. These two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, it cannot be ruled out that clearance, in combination with other mechanisms, plays a role.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Epitopes; Immunoglobulin G; Immunosuppression Therapy; Lymphocyte Activation
PubMed: 32594540
DOI: 10.1111/sji.12921 -
Infection and Immunity Jan 1983The kinetics of antibody synthesis was investigated after intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and footpad infection of various strains of mice with herpes simplex virus....
The kinetics of antibody synthesis was investigated after intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and footpad infection of various strains of mice with herpes simplex virus. Immunoglobulin M antibodies appeared 5 days after and immunoglobulin G antibodies appeared 10 to 12 days after intraperitoneal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1. The major histocompatibility complex and the background genome of inbred mice were not found to have a systematical influence on antibody synthesis. Female mice, however, consistently produced more antibodies than did male if the infection was done intraperitoneally, but not if it was done subcutaneously or into footpads. Castration considerably increased the amount of antibodies produced by male mice. The difference in antibody formation between females and males could be abolished by injection of silica; moreover, antibody titers were enhanced by this treatment. This has also been found by immunization with a Formalin-inactivated herpes simplex virus vaccine. The effect of silica in enhancing antibody formation could be observed up to 12 days after infection. Infectious virus could be detected up to 2 days after infection, and herpes simplex virus type 1 antibody-stimulating antigens could be detected up to 4 days in ultrasonicates of macrophages. The assumption is made that androgen-sensitive cell populations, including macrophages and their soluble products, are involved in antibody-depressing mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; H-2 Antigens; Herpes Simplex; Kinetics; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Sex Factors; Silicon Dioxide; Virus Replication
PubMed: 6295954
DOI: 10.1128/iai.39.1.15-23.1983 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Apr 1993Our desire to understand the potential adverse human health effects of environmental chemical exposure has coincided with an increased understanding of the immune system... (Review)
Review
Our desire to understand the potential adverse human health effects of environmental chemical exposure has coincided with an increased understanding of the immune system and an appreciation of its complex regulatory network. This has spawned a broad interest in the area of immunotoxicology within the scientific community as well as certain concerns in the public sector regarding chemical-induced hypersensitivity and immunosuppression. The incidence of alleged human sensitization to chemicals has increased, in part, due to the fact that chemical companies are moving to larger and/or different markets. It has been estimated that 35 million Americans suffer from allergic disease, of which 2-5% are from occupational exposure. Although there is not yet a clear understanding of dose-response relationships or disease predisposition, there are many well-defined examples (isocyanates, anhydrides) of chemical sensitizers in humans and experimental animals. Evidence that chemicals suppress immune responses in humans is considerably less well established, although there is a public perception that chemicals generally cause immunosuppression. This perception has been fueled by highly publicized legal cases and scientific controversies within the academic and industrial communities. As a consequence of these public and scientific concerns, many of the regulatory agencies are developing immunotoxicity testing guidelines. At the present, however, there are limitations on adequate human methodology and data that allow the extrapolation of animal data to assess human risk. The potential for human immunosuppression remains of concern, however, because of a large database generated from animal studies that demonstrates immunosuppression as well as reports of immunosuppression in humans inadvertently (e.g., halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons) or occupationally (asbestos, benzene) exposed to xenobiotics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Aerosols; Antibody Formation; Autoimmunity; Biological Factors; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Immunity
PubMed: 8354170
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.93100219 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 2023
Topics: Antibody Formation; Alkanesulfonic Acids; Vaccination; Fluorocarbons
PubMed: 37578903
DOI: 10.1289/EHP12971 -
Transfusion Mar 2014Both leukoreduction and ultraviolet (UV) light treatment of blood products have been shown to reduce the incidence of HLA antibody development in recipients, but the...
BACKGROUND
Both leukoreduction and ultraviolet (UV) light treatment of blood products have been shown to reduce the incidence of HLA antibody development in recipients, but the impact of these treatments on the magnitude and persistence of the antibody response is less clear.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
Longitudinal samples from 319 subjects taken from four different study cohorts were evaluated for HLA antibodies to determine the effects of leukoreduction and UV treatment on HLA antibody generation and persistence.
RESULTS
Subjects receiving leukoreduced or UV-treated blood products were less likely to generate Class I HLA antibodies, and those receiving leukoreduced blood were also less likely to generate Class II HLA antibodies. Among those receiving nonleukoreduced blood, 55% developed Class I HLA antibodies and 51% developed Class II HLA antibodies compared with 28% (Class I) and 15% (Class II) for those receiving leukoreduced blood and 36% (Class I) and 54% (Class II) for those receiving UV-treated blood. Among alloimmunized subjects, leukoreduction resulted in a significant twofold reduction in the magnitude of Class I HLA antibodies, and UV treatment resulted in a significant threefold reduction in the magnitude of Class II HLA antibodies. Both treatments resulted in shorter persistence of Class I HLA antibodies.
CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that leukoreduction and UV treatment of blood products results not only in a reduction in the incidence of HLA antibody production, but also in lower and more transient HLA antibody levels among sensitized transfusion recipients.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Female; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; Humans; Leukocyte Reduction Procedures; Male; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 23808544
DOI: 10.1111/trf.12317 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Dec 2015Because of N addition and variation in the site of VDJ joining, the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse component of... (Review)
Review
Because of N addition and variation in the site of VDJ joining, the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse component of the initial immunoglobulin antigen-binding site repertoire. A large component of the peritoneal cavity B-1 cell component is the product of fetal and perinatal B cell production. The CDR-H3 repertoire is thus depleted of N addition, which increases dependency on germ-line sequence. Cross-species comparisons have shown that DH gene sequence demonstrates conservation of amino acid preferences by reading frame. Preference for reading frame 1, which is enriched for tyrosine and glycine, is created both by rearrangement patterns and by pre-BCR and BCR selection. In previous studies, we have assessed the role of conserved DH sequence by examining peritoneal cavity B-1 cell numbers and antibody production in BALB/c mice with altered DH loci. Here, we review our finding that changes in the constraints normally imposed by germ-line-encoded amino acids within the CDR-H3 repertoire profoundly affect B-1 cell development, especially B-1a cells, and thus natural antibody immunity. Our studies suggest that both natural and somatic selection operate to create a restricted B-1 cell CDR-H3 repertoire.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; B-Lymphocyte Subsets; Complementarity Determining Regions; Conserved Sequence; Evolution, Molecular; Germ Cells; Humans
PubMed: 26104486
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12808 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2007The development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be attributed to many factors that cause damage to the liver and alter its functions. Data collected over the last... (Review)
Review
The development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be attributed to many factors that cause damage to the liver and alter its functions. Data collected over the last 30 years strongly suggests that an immune component may be involved in the onset of this disease. This is best evidenced by the detection of circulating autoantibodies, infiltration of immune cells in the liver, and the detection of hepatic aldehyde modified proteins in patients with ALD. Experimentally, there are numerous immune responses that occur when proteins are modified with the metabolites of ethanol. These products are formed in response to the high oxidative state of the liver during ethanol metabolism, causing the release of many inflammatory processes and potential of necrosis or apoptosis of liver cells. Should cellular proteins become modified with these reactive alcohol metabolites and be recognized by the immune system, then immune responses may be initiated. Therefore, it was the purpose of this article to shed some insight into how the immune system is involved in the development and/or progression of ALD.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Diet; Disease Progression; Ethanol; Humans; Immune System; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
PubMed: 17854135
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i37.4938 -
Blood Advances Jan 2018Individuals that become immunized to red blood cell (RBC) alloantigens can experience an increased rate of antibody formation to additional RBC alloantigens following...
Individuals that become immunized to red blood cell (RBC) alloantigens can experience an increased rate of antibody formation to additional RBC alloantigens following subsequent transfusion. Despite this, how an immune response to one RBC immunogen may impact subsequent alloimmunization to a completely different RBC alloantigen remains unknown. Our studies demonstrate that Kell blood group antigen (KEL) RBC transfusion in the presence of inflammation induced by poly (I:C) (PIC) not only enhances anti-KEL antibody production through a CD4 T-cell-dependent process but also directly facilitates anti-HOD antibody formation following subsequent exposure to the disparate HOD (hen egg lysozyme, ovalbumin, fused to human blood group antigen Duffy b) antigen. PIC/KEL priming of the anti-HOD antibody response required that RBCs express both the KEL and HOD antigens (HOD × KEL RBCs), as transfusion of HOD RBCs plus KEL RBCs or HOD RBCs alone failed to impact anti-HOD antibody formation in recipients previously primed with PIC/KEL. Transfer of CD4 T cells from PIC/KEL-primed recipients directly facilitated anti-HOD antibody formation following (HOD × KEL) RBC transfusion. RBC alloantigen priming was not limited to PIC/KEL enhancement of anti-HOD alloantibody formation, as HOD-reactive CD4 T cells enhanced anti-glycophorin A (anti-GPA) antibody formation in the absence of inflammation following transfusion of RBCs coexpressing GPA and HOD. These results demonstrate that immune priming to one RBC alloantigen can directly enhance a humoral response to a completely different RBC alloantigen, providing a potential explanation for why alloantibody responders may exhibit increased immune responsiveness to additional RBC alloantigens following subsequent transfusion.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Erythrocytes; Immunity, Humoral; Isoantibodies; Isoantigens; Mice
PubMed: 29365318
DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010124 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Mar 1962Injection of a small bacteriophage phiX 174 into guinea pigs results in an accelerated elimination of phage detectable as early as 24 hours after injection. The immune...
Injection of a small bacteriophage phiX 174 into guinea pigs results in an accelerated elimination of phage detectable as early as 24 hours after injection. The immune nature of the accelerated elimination is indicated by its specificity, by the appearance of excess specific serum antibody after phage elimination, and by the prevention of accelerated elimination by 400 r whole body x-irradiation of guinea pigs prior to injection of phage. The early antibody response is considered to be a primary one since an analogous response occurs in newborn guinea pigs, antibody is not detectable in the sera of non-immunized animals, and the second challenge with phiX stimulates a serum antibody response 100-fold greater than that after primary immunization. The early detection of immune elimination appears to be due, in part, to the small amounts of phage employed, since larger doses of phage delay the time of onset of detectable immune elimination. The early rise of serum antibody in the primary and secondary response appears exponential with a similar rate constant of antibody formation. The rate constant is also independent of dose. These findings have led to the suggestion that during this exponential phase, the relative rate of antibody formation at a cellular level may be constant for a given antigen.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Bacteriophage phi X 174; Bacteriophages; Guinea Pigs; Immunization
PubMed: 13923603
DOI: 10.1084/jem.115.3.655 -
Nature Communications Oct 2021The importance of breastmilk in postnatal life lies in the strong association between breastfeeding and the reduction in the risk of infection and infection-related...
The importance of breastmilk in postnatal life lies in the strong association between breastfeeding and the reduction in the risk of infection and infection-related infant mortality. However, data regarding the induction and dynamics of breastmilk antibodies following administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is scarce, as pregnant and lactating women were not included in the initial vaccine clinical trials. Here, we investigate the dynamics of the vaccine-specific antibody response in breastmilk and serum in a prospective cohort of ten lactating women who received two doses of the mRNA vaccine. We show that the antibody response is rapid and highly synchronized between breastmilk and serum, reaching stabilization 14 days after the second dose. The response in breastmilk includes both IgG and IgA with neutralization capacity.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antibody Formation; BNT162 Vaccine; Breast Feeding; COVID-19 Vaccines; Female; Humans; Milk; RNA, Messenger; Vaccines, Synthetic; mRNA Vaccines
PubMed: 34711825
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26507-1