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The Journal of Experimental Medicine Apr 1963The diffusion chamber technique permitted the demonstration of specific antibody formation in x-irradiated recipients of such chambers filled with normal lymph node...
Antibody formation initiated in vitro. II. Antibody synthesis in x-irradiated recipients of diffusion chambers containing nucleic acid derived from macrophages incubated with antigen.
The diffusion chamber technique permitted the demonstration of specific antibody formation in x-irradiated recipients of such chambers filled with normal lymph node cells and a cell-free homogenate of macrophages which had been incubated in intro with T2 bacteriophage. The activity of the cell-free homogenate was retained in its RNA fraction isolated by means of the phenol method. No antibody formation occurred if such RNA was treated with RNAase. On sucrose gradients (5 to 20 per cent), the active RNA was found to be present in the top third layer. The question of the possible presence of antigen complexed to the RNA is discussed.
Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Blood Cell Count; Coliphages; In Vitro Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Macrophages; Nucleic Acids; RNA; Radiation Effects
PubMed: 13945311
DOI: 10.1084/jem.117.4.595 -
Arthritis and Rheumatism Mar 2003
Review
Topics: Antibody Formation; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmunity; Humans; Immune System
PubMed: 12632408
DOI: 10.1002/art.10852 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 2001In laboratory animals, an adequate way to assess effects of environmental exposures on the immune system is to study effects on antigen-specific immune responses, such... (Review)
Review
In laboratory animals, an adequate way to assess effects of environmental exposures on the immune system is to study effects on antigen-specific immune responses, such as after sensitization to T-cell-dependent antigens. This probably also applies to testing effects in the human population. It has thus been suggested that antibody responses to vaccination might be useful in this context. Vaccination responses may be influenced by a variety of factors other than environmental ones. One factor is the vaccine itself; a second is the vaccination procedure used. In addition, the intrinsic capacity of the recipient to respond to a vaccine, which is determined by sex, genetic factors, and age, is important. Psychological stress, nutrition, and (infectious) diseases are also likely to have an impact. We reviewed the literature on vaccine response. With regard to exogenous factors, there is good evidence that smoking, diet, psychological stress, and certain infectious diseases affect vaccination titers, although it is difficult to determine to what extent. Genetic factors render certain individuals nonresponsive to vaccination. In general, in epidemiologic studies of adverse effects of exposure to agents in the environment in which vaccination titers are used, these additional factors need to be taken into consideration. Provided that these factors are corrected for, a study that shows an association of exposure to a given agent with diminished vaccination responses may indicate suboptimal function of the immune system and clinically relevant diminished immune response. It is quite unlikely that environmental exposures that affect responses to vaccination may in fact abrogate protection to the specific pathogen for which vaccination was performed. Only in those cases where individuals have a poor response to the vaccine may exogenous factors perhaps have a clinically significant influence on resistance to the specific pathogen. An exposure-associated inhibition of a vaccination response may, however, signify a decreased host resistance to pathogens against which no vaccination had been performed.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Animals; Antibody Formation; Biomarkers; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases; Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Environmental Exposure; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immune System; Immune Tolerance; Immunity, Innate; Infant; Life Style; Measles Vaccine; Nutritional Status; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Toxicology; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 11564609
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109757 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2019The dissociation constant of the circulating IgG antibodies is suggested to be proportional to the partial concentrations of these antibodies in blood serum in...
The dissociation constant of the circulating IgG antibodies is suggested to be proportional to the partial concentrations of these antibodies in blood serum in equilibrium. This coefficient, called serological number, is a dimensionless parameter and may be equal for all antibodies in a serum. Based on the serological number, we derived the equilibrium equation of the humoral immune system which allows estimating the number of different binding motifs in a serum. This equation also allows estimating the number of binding motifs of posttranslational and conformational nature. The feasibility of measuring the serological number via peptide arrays was demonstrated. Fifteen peptides with unique binding motifs were incubated and stained with the blood serum of a healthy adult at different dilutions. From these experiments, the serological number was determined. The serological number may explain the pre-existing antibody response after vaccination.
Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Models, Theoretical; Peptides; Vaccination
PubMed: 30704134
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030604 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Feb 1982The immune system of animals and man is extremely complex. This report will discuss the effect metals has on one segment of the immune system; that is, humoral immunity.... (Review)
Review
The immune system of animals and man is extremely complex. This report will discuss the effect metals has on one segment of the immune system; that is, humoral immunity. Humoral immunity is essentially the production of antibody in response to an antigen. The B-lymphocyte is the primary cell responsible for producing antibody. However, this cell is regulated by T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Many methods are available to assess humoral immune responses. A multitude of immunoassays have been developed for enumeration of serum antibody. Some of these are immunodiffusion, complement fixation, serum neutralization, hemagglutination, radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Detection of antibody-forming cells distinguishes between effect on antibody production compared to degradation of preformed antibody. Other available methods are measurement of surface receptor (Fc and complement) activity on B-cells. Mitogens (T-independent) have also been regarded as a measurement for humoral immunity. In our laboratory, we have developed an ELISA technique that is appropriate for general assessment of humoral immune responses resulting from chemical exposure. This technique is highly sensitive and can be mechanized. The assay can easily be incorporated into the drug and chemical efficacy testing programs of industry.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Metals
PubMed: 7037388
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.824337 -
Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... 2009Autoimmunity may evolve in predisposed individuals following an exogenous trigger. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic, immune, hormonal, and environmental factors.... (Review)
Review
Autoimmunity may evolve in predisposed individuals following an exogenous trigger. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic, immune, hormonal, and environmental factors. Immune mechanisms in heart diseases are complex and often not completely understood. Several cardiac disorders are believed to be mediated by an immune reaction. Both humoral and cellular immunity are associated with the development of myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, rheumatic fever, and atherosclerosis. Here the diagnostic criteria and autoimmune aspects of autoimmune-mediated cardiac disorders are reviewed. New diagnostic criteria for "autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy" were recently suggested by the authors. They presume that establishing a dominant autoimmune etiology in some patients will have clinical significance because these patients will potentially gain the greatest benefit from immunosuppressive and immunomodulating treatments.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Autoimmunity; Heart Diseases; Humans; Immunity, Cellular
PubMed: 19333734
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0013-1 -
Xenotransplantation Mar 2017Some patients with acute or acute-on-chronic hepatic failure die before a suitable human liver allograft becomes available. Encouraging results have been achieved in...
BACKGROUND
Some patients with acute or acute-on-chronic hepatic failure die before a suitable human liver allograft becomes available. Encouraging results have been achieved in such patients by the transplantation of human hepatocyte progenitor cells from fetal liver tissue. The aim of the study was to explore survival of hepatocytes from genetically engineered pigs after direct injection into the spleen and other selected sites in immunosuppressed baboons to monitor the immune response and the metabolic function and survival of the transplanted hepatocytes.
METHODS
Baboons (n=3) were recipients of GTKO/hCD46 pig hepatocytes. All three baboons received anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction and tapering methylprednisolone. Baboon 1 received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and rapamycin. Baboons 2 and 3 received an anti-CD40mAb/rapamycin-based regimen that prevents sensitization to pig solid organ grafts. The baboons were euthanized 4 or 5 weeks after hepatocyte transplantation. The baboon immune response was monitored by the measurement of anti-non-Gal IgM and IgG antibodies (by flow cytometry) and CFSE-mixed lymphocyte reaction. Monitoring for hepatocyte survival and function was by (i) real-time PCR detection of porcine DNA, (ii) real-time PCR for porcine gene expression, and (iii) pig serum albumin levels (by ELISA). The sites of hepatocyte injection were examined microscopically.
RESULTS
Detection of porcine DNA and porcine gene expression was minimal at all sites of hepatocyte injection. Serum levels of porcine albumen were very low-500-1000-fold lower than in baboons with orthotopic pig liver grafts, and approximately 5000-fold lower than in healthy pigs. No hepatocytes or infiltrating immune cells were seen at any of the injection sites. Two baboons (Baboons 1 and 3) demonstrated a significant increase in anti-pig IgM and an even greater increase in IgG, indicating sensitization to pig antigens.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
As a result of this disappointing experience, the following points need to be considered. (i) Were the isolated pig hepatocytes functionally viable? (ii) Are pig hepatocytes more immunogenic than pig hearts, kidneys, artery patch grafts, or islets? (iii) Does injection of pig cells (antigens) into the spleen and/or lymph nodes stimulate a greater immune response than when pig tissues are grafted at other sites? (iv) Did the presence of the recipient's intact liver prevent survival and proliferation of pig hepatocytes? (v) Is pig CD47-primate SIRP-α compatibility essential? In conclusion, the transplantation of genetically engineered pig hepatocytes into multiple sites in immunosuppressed baboons was associated with very early graft failure. Considerable further study is required before clinical trials should be undertaken.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Graft Survival; Hepatocytes; Immunosuppression Therapy; Immunosuppressive Agents; Papio hamadryas; Swine; Transplantation, Heterologous
PubMed: 28130881
DOI: 10.1111/xen.12289 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Aug 1964
Review
Topics: Antibody Formation; Cell Biology; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Research; gamma-Globulins
PubMed: 14197608
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006Innate immunity plays a major role as a first defense against microbes. Effectors of the innate response include pattern recognition receptors (PRR), phagocytic cells,... (Review)
Review
Innate immunity plays a major role as a first defense against microbes. Effectors of the innate response include pattern recognition receptors (PRR), phagocytic cells, proteolytic cascades and peptides/proteins with antimicrobial properties. Each element of these events has been well studied in vertebrates and in some invertebrates such as annelids. From these different researches, it appears that mammalian innate immunity could be considered as a mosaic of invertebrate immune responses. Annelids belonging to the lophotrochozoans' group are primitive coelomates that possess specially developed cellular immunity against pathogens including phagocytosis, encapsulation and spontaneous cytotoxicity of coelomocytes against allogenic or xenogenic cells. They have also developed an important humoral immunity that is based on antimicrobial, hemolytic and clotting properties of their body fluid. In the present review, we will emphasize the different immunodefense strategies that adaptation has taken during the course of evolution of two classes of annelids i.e. oligochaetes and achaetes.
Topics: Animals; Annelida; Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Immunological
PubMed: 16918433
DOI: 10.2174/138161206777947551 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1991Glucocorticosteroid hormones affect virtually every tissue type in the body, including tissues of host-defense systems. There is an enormous body of literature... (Review)
Review
Glucocorticosteroid hormones affect virtually every tissue type in the body, including tissues of host-defense systems. There is an enormous body of literature concerning specific effects of corticosteroids on host defenses. This literature review examines the affects of corticosteroids on leukocyte kinetics, phagocytic immunity, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity in steroid-resistant species.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Leukocytes; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 2061872
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00939.x