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Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Sep 2019The main goal of this review is to consider the main forms of dysfunctional neurocognition seen in individuals with clinically significant psychopathic traits (ie,... (Review)
Review
The main goal of this review is to consider the main forms of dysfunctional neurocognition seen in individuals with clinically significant psychopathic traits (ie, reduced guilt/empathy and increased impulsive/antisocial behavior). A secondary goal is to examine the extent to which these forms of dysfunction are seen in both adults with psychopathic traits and adolescents with clinically significant antisocial behavior that may also involve callous-unemotional traits (reduced guilt/empathy). The two main forms of neurocognition considered are emotional responding (to distress/pain cues and emotional stimuli more generally) and reward-related processing. Highly related forms of neurocognition, the response to drug cues and moral judgments, are also discussed. It is concluded that dysfunction in emotional responsiveness and moral judgments confers risk for aggression across adolescence and into adulthood. However, reduced reward-related processing, including to drug cues, is only consistently found in adolescents with clinically significant antisocial behavior, not adults with psychopathy. .
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Humans; Neurocognitive Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 31749653
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/rblair -
Current Opinion in Psychology Oct 2022Antisocial behavior in adolescents is generally seen as a neurodevelopmental problem; however, in spite of increasing knowledge on the neurobiology of persistent... (Review)
Review
Antisocial behavior in adolescents is generally seen as a neurodevelopmental problem; however, in spite of increasing knowledge on the neurobiology of persistent antisocial behavior, conduct disorders, and psychopathic traits, this knowledge is hardly used in clinical practice. The aim of this review is to give an overview of current research on the neurobiology of antisocial behavior in adolescents and to discuss how this knowledge can be translated to youth forensic clinical practice. First, an overview of recent literature on genetics, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, neurophysiology/neuroendocrinology, and antisocial behavior in adolescents is given. Second, implications for diagnostics, risk taxation, and treatment are discussed. Finally, an integrated biopsychosocial approach for future research regarding translational forensic child and adolescent psychology and psychiatry is advocated.
Topics: Adolescent; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Child; Conduct Disorder; Humans; Neurobiology; Psychology, Adolescent
PubMed: 35687917
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101356 -
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Nov 2013Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child's environment and... (Review)
Review
Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child's environment and impairs his or her functioning. A proportion of children with conduct disorder have psychopathic traits. Psychopathic traits consist of a callous-unemotional component and an impulsive-antisocial component, which are associated with two core impairments. The first is a reduced empathic response to the distress of other individuals, which primarily reflects reduced amygdala responsiveness to distress cues; the second is deficits in decision making and in reinforcement learning, which reflects dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Genetic and prenatal factors contribute to the abnormal development of these neural systems, and social-environmental variables that affect motivation influence the probability that antisocial behaviour will be subsequently displayed.
Topics: Adolescent; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Cognition; Cognitive Science; Emotions; Empathy; Endocrine System; Environment; Humans; Neurobiology; Neurosciences; Young Adult
PubMed: 24105343
DOI: 10.1038/nrn3577 -
BMC Psychiatry Jan 2022Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) describes individuals who engage in repetitive aggressiveness, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and unlawful behavior. It has a broad...
BACKGROUND
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) describes individuals who engage in repetitive aggressiveness, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and unlawful behavior. It has a broad impact on families, relationships, and social functioning, and also people with ASPD make heavy demands on the judicial system, social and mental health services. Even though ASPD is a common problem among incarcerated in prisons, it is not well studied in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of ASPD among incarcerated in prison in Dessie city correctional center.
METHOD
A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 320 incarcerated in prison at Dessie correctional center, Ethiopia. The study subjects were selected by using a simple random sampling technique and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th text revision (DSM-5) was used to measure ASPD using face-to-face interviews. Social support was assessed using the Oslo social support scale (Oslo-3). The collected data were checked for completeness and entered into Epi-data Version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify factors related to antisocial personality disorder. In multivariable logistic regression variables with a p-value, less than 0.05 were considered significant and, adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI was used to present the strength of the association.
RESULTS
The current study showed that the prevalence of ASPD was found to be 30.6% (95% CI:25.6,35.9). In a multivariable analysis, being single [AOR = 2.33; 95%CI (1.39,3.89)], monthly income of 1000-2000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr) [AOR = 2.12; 95%CI (1.163,3.45)], reconviction [AOR = 2.37; 95%CI (1.08,5.19)], and alcohol use [AOR = 2.00; 95% CI (1.16,3.45)] were discovered to be predictors of antisocial personality disorder.
CONCLUSION
This study revealed that nearly one-third of incarcerated in prison were found to have an anti-social personality disorder. Being single, 1000-2000 ETB income, reconviction, and alcohol users were variables that are independent predictors of ASPD. A screening and intervention program is required and further research should be needed.
Topics: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Humans; Prisoners; Prisons
PubMed: 35073903
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03710-y -
The Journal of Rural Health : Official... Apr 2017Examination of the association of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with substance use and HIV risk behaviors within the social networks of rural people who use...
PURPOSE
Examination of the association of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with substance use and HIV risk behaviors within the social networks of rural people who use drugs.
METHODS
Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to assess substance use, HIV risk behavior, and social network characteristics of drug users (n = 503) living in rural Appalachia. The MINI International Psychiatric Interview was used to determine whether participants met DSM-IV criteria for ASPD and Axis-I psychological comorbidities (eg, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder). Participants were also tested for herpes simplex 2, hepatitis C, and HIV. Multivariate generalized linear mixed modeling was used to determine the association between ASPD and risk behaviors, substance use, and social network characteristics.
RESULTS
Approximately one-third (31%) of participants met DSM-IV criteria for ASPD. In multivariate analysis, distrust and conflict within an individual's social networks, as well as past 30-day use of heroin and crack, male gender, younger age, lesser education, heterosexual orientation, and comorbid MDD were associated with meeting diagnostic criteria for ASPD.
CONCLUSIONS
Participants meeting criteria for ASPD were more likely to report recent heroin and crack use, which are far less common drugs of abuse in this population in which the predominant drug of abuse is prescription opioids. Greater discord within relationships was also identified among those with ASPD symptomatology. Given the elevated risk for blood-borne infection (eg, HIV) and other negative social and health consequences conferred by this high-risk subgroup, exploration of tailored network-based interventions with mental health assessment is recommended.
Topics: Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Comorbidity; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kentucky; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Risk-Taking; Rural Population; Social Support; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 27171488
DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12184 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Nov 2022The behavioral disinhibition model (BDM) posits that a liability toward impulsivity evident by early adolescence underlies the coemergence of antisocial behavior and...
PURPOSE
The behavioral disinhibition model (BDM) posits that a liability toward impulsivity evident by early adolescence underlies the coemergence of antisocial behavior and alcohol use (i.e., problem behaviors) in early-adolescence to mid-adolescence, but that the subsequent development of these problem behaviors (rather than impulsivity itself) predicts the emergence of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in late adolescence. The present study was designed to test these predictions of the BDM from early to late adolescence.
METHODS
We used five-year longitudinal self-report data from the Philadelphia Trajectory Study that was collected from 2006-2012. Mediational analyses were performed using the Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, which enables the detection of within-person predictions of changes in problem behaviors during adolescence. The sample was ethnically and socioeconomically diverse, including 364 urban US community youth (at baseline: M = 13.51(.95); 49.1% female).
RESULTS
Consistent with the BDM, mediational analyses revealed that changes in early adolescent impulsivity predicted late adolescent APD and AUD criteria, mediated by changes in mid-adolescent alcohol use and conduct problems.
DISCUSSION
Interventions targeting impulsivity in early adolescence could potentially halt the cascading chain of events leading to both late adolescent APD and AUD by decelerating growth in antisocial behavior and alcohol use during early-adolescence to mid-adolescence. From mid-adolescence to late-adolescence, the consequences of early impulsivity, especially involvement in antisocial behaviors, become a more relevant predictor of both APD and AUD rather than impulsivity itself.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Alcoholism; Alcohol Drinking; Impulsive Behavior; Underage Drinking
PubMed: 35934585
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.007 -
Journal of Personality Dec 2015Psychopathy is a personality disorder that involves a constellation of traits including callous-unemotionality, manipulativeness, and impulsiveness. Here we review... (Review)
Review
Psychopathy is a personality disorder that involves a constellation of traits including callous-unemotionality, manipulativeness, and impulsiveness. Here we review recent advances in the research of functional neural correlates of psychopathic personality traits in adults. We first provide a concise overview of functional neuroimaging findings in clinical samples diagnosed with the PCL-R. We then review studies with community samples that have focused on how individual differences in psychopathic traits (variously measured) relate to individual differences in brain function. Where appropriate, we draw parallels between the findings from these studies and those with clinical samples. Extant data suggest that individuals with high levels of psychopathic traits show lower activity in affect-processing brain areas to emotional/salient stimuli, and that attenuated activity may be dependent on the precise content of the task. They also seem to show higher activity in regions typically associated with reward processing and cognitive control in tasks involving moral processing, decision making, and reward. Furthermore, affective-interpersonal and lifestyle-antisocial facets of psychopathy appear to be associated with different patterns of atypical neural activity. Neuroimaging findings from community samples typically mirror those observed in clinical samples, and largely support the notion that psychopathy is a dimensional construct.
Topics: Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Brain; Cognition; Emotions; Empathy; Facial Expression; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Reward; Social Perception
PubMed: 25041571
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12113 -
Development and Psychopathology Aug 2012An overview is provided of recent twin, molecular genetic, and magnetic resonance imaging studies that are helping to inform a model of developmental vulnerability to... (Review)
Review
An overview is provided of recent twin, molecular genetic, and magnetic resonance imaging studies that are helping to inform a model of developmental vulnerability to adult psychopathy. Although the current evidence base suggests that children with high levels of callous-unemotional traits are genetically and neurocognitively vulnerable to developing psychopathic and antisocial behaviors, existing research also clearly indicates that environmental influences play an important role. One potential implication is that interventions for children with antisocial behavior and callous-unemotional traits may need to be tailored to take into account their distinct pattern of neurocognitive vulnerability, as revealed by developmental neuroimaging studies. Specifically, interventions that pursue punishment-oriented or explicit empathy induction strategies may be less effective with this group of antisocial children. By contrast, preliminary evidence suggests that enhancing positive parenting and parental involvement, as well as applying consistent rewards may represent more promising intervention approaches.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Child; Conduct Disorder; Empathy; Guilt; Humans; Parenting; Personality Assessment
PubMed: 22781866
DOI: 10.1017/S095457941200048X -
Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience :... Oct 2016
Topics: Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Criminal Behavior; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Neurosciences; Social Control, Formal
PubMed: 27768561
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160147 -
Adicciones Apr 2016Editorial of vol 28-2.
Editorial of vol 28-2.
Topics: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Violence
PubMed: 27131334
DOI: 10.20882/adicciones.805