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Genitourinary Medicine Dec 1994To understand whether barrier methods of contraception (BMC) and/or spermicides lower the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted disease (STD) and to quantify the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To understand whether barrier methods of contraception (BMC) and/or spermicides lower the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted disease (STD) and to quantify the protection.
DESIGN
Review of published experimental studies, in vitro and in vivo evidence on the issue.
SUBJECTS
We reviewed 22 papers that examined the impermeability of BMC in vitro against STD agents or the effect of spermicides, and 60 papers reporting results of epidemiological studies on the risk of STD in users of BMC.
RESULTS
There was in vitro evidence that both BMC and spermicides were effective against most sexually transmissible agents. Doubts remain on the effectiveness of BMC and spermicides in normal conditions of use, particularly against human papilloma virus. Natural membrane condoms are not impermeable and pores are seen by electron microscopy. Epidemiological studies show a consistent reduction in the risk for use of condoms against gonococcal (most studies giving relative risk, RR, estimates around 0.4 to 0.6) and HIV infection (RRs between 0.3 and 0.6 in most studies). Spermicides protect women against gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis; their role against other STDs is less clear and there is some indication of an irritative effect on the vaginal mucosa that is likely to be dose-dependent.
CONCLUSIONS
A large amount of evidence indicates that BMC reduce the risk of gonorrhoea and HIV transmission, but the results are--at least in quantitative terms--less consistent for other diseases. Implications for individual choices and public health approaches should relate to frequency of exposure and severity of the disease too.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Condoms; Contraceptive Devices; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Spermatocidal Agents
PubMed: 7705860
DOI: 10.1136/sti.70.6.410 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2023Triptolide, a controversial natural compound due to its significant pharmacological activities and multiorgan toxicity, has gained much attention since it was isolated... (Review)
Review
Triptolide, a controversial natural compound due to its significant pharmacological activities and multiorgan toxicity, has gained much attention since it was isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. However, in addition to its severe toxicity, triptolide also presents powerful therapeutic potency in the same organs, such as the liver, kidney, and heart, which corresponds to the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun (anti-fire with fire) and deeply interested us. To determine the possible mechanisms involved in the dual role of triptolide, we reviewed related articles about the application of triptolide in both physiological and pathological conditions. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the two main ways triptolide exerts different roles, and the cross-talk between NF-κB and Nrf2 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of triptolide and may represent the scientific connotation of You Gu Wu Yun. For the first time, we present a review of the dual role of triptolide in the same organ and propose the possible scientific connotation of the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun, hoping to promote the safe and efficient use of triptolide and other controversial medicines.
Topics: Liver; Kidney; Oxidative Stress; Diterpenes; Phenanthrenes; Epoxy Compounds
PubMed: 36868013
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114470 -
American Journal of Public Health Dec 1986In a case-control study spanning five years' experience at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, we could demonstrate no plausible association between the use of...
In a case-control study spanning five years' experience at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, we could demonstrate no plausible association between the use of spermicides, oral contraceptives, Bendectin, or antibiotics prior to conception and the occurrence of 73 nontraumatic stillbirths.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Contraceptives, Oral; Dicyclomine; Doxylamine; Drug Combinations; Female; Fetal Death; Health Surveys; Humans; Pregnancy; Pyridines; Pyridoxine; Spermatocidal Agents
PubMed: 3777291
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.76.12.1428 -
Toxins Mar 2023Impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions contribute to increased infections and cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic toxins...
Impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions contribute to increased infections and cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic toxins reduce hydrogen sulfide (HS) levels and the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of HS. Its biosynthesis occurs as a side process of transsulfuration and in the disposal of adenosylhomocysteine, a transmethylation inhibitor and proposed uremic toxin. PMNL chemotaxis was measured by the under-agarose method, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by flow cytometry in whole blood and apoptosis by determining DNA content by flow cytometry and morphological features by fluorescence microscopy. Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), diallyl trisulphide (DATS) and diallyl disulphide (DADS), cysteine, and GYY4137 were used as HS-producing substances. Increased HS concentrations did not affect chemotaxis and phagocytosis. NaHS primed PMNL oxidative burst activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or . Both DATS and cysteine significantly decreased -activated oxidative burst but had no effect on PMA stimulation. While NaHS, DADS, and cysteine attenuated PMNL apoptosis, GYY4137 decreased their viability. Experiments with signal transduction inhibitors suggest that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is mainly involved in GYY4137-induced PMNL apoptosis and that GYY4137 and cysteine target signaling downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
Topics: Cysteine; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen Sulfide; Neutrophils; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
PubMed: 36977089
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030198 -
Genitourinary Medicine Apr 1994Heterosexual transmission is the predominant mode of spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in most of the world. Whether the use of hormonal contraceptives,... (Review)
Review
Heterosexual transmission is the predominant mode of spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in most of the world. Whether the use of hormonal contraceptives, IUDs and spermicides is associated with an increased or decreased risk for HIV acquisition remains controversial. Several mechanisms whereby contraceptive methods may influence the transmission of HIV have been proposed. As contraceptive use increases among women of reproductive age, the group most vulnerable to HIV infection, any associations between contraceptive method and HIV risk become even more important. The available studies of these associations are predominantly cross-sectional and give conflicting results. We review the published evidence for associations between HIV and individual contraceptive methods. At this time no definitive conclusions regarding these associations can be drawn. Further research, especially prospective epidemiological studies and basic biological research on mechanisms of heterosexual transmission and the effect of contraceptives on these mechanisms, is urgently needed.
Topics: Condoms; Consumer Behavior; Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral; Family Planning Services; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Spermatocidal Agents
PubMed: 8206468
DOI: 10.1136/sti.70.2.110 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... 2001The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have advocated alternative guidelines for the use of diaphragms.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of the diaphragm with and without spermicide.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and reference lists of relevant articles. In addition, we contacted experts in the field to identify unpublished studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized controlled trials comparing women of reproductive age using the diaphragm with and without spermicide as the sole contraceptive method that reported clinical outcomes.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently extracted data on outcomes and trial characteristics and any discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by consultation with the third reviewer. The results of the one identified study are presented descriptively.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified only one study. No significant difference was found in the pregnancy rates (with typical use or consistent use) or discontinuation rates between the diaphragm-with-spermicide and diaphragm-without-spermicide groups. There was a trend towards higher pregnancy rates in the diaphragm-without-spermicide group. However, this study failed to recruit the planned number of participants and was consequently underpowered.
REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
As only one underpowered study was identified, we cannot distinguish between the contraceptive effectiveness of the diaphragm with and without spermicide. We cannot draw any conclusion at this point, further research is needed.
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Spermatocidal Agents
PubMed: 11406025
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002031 -
Fertility and Sterility Oct 1999To investigate the effects of two virucidal compounds, MAP30 (Momordica anti-human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] protein; molecular weight, 30 kd) and GAP31 (Gelonium...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of two virucidal compounds, MAP30 (Momordica anti-human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] protein; molecular weight, 30 kd) and GAP31 (Gelonium anti-HIV protein; molecular weight, 31 kd), obtained from Momordica charantia and Gelonium multiflorum, respectively, on the motility and vitality of human spermatocytes.
DESIGN
Prospective, controlled study.
SETTING
New York University School of Medicine.
PATIENT(S)
Ten healthy men undergoing evaluation for infertility provided 10 semen specimens.
INTERVENTION(S)
Human sperm were treated with the anti-HIV agents, MAP30 and GAP3 1. Nonoxynol-9, a commonly used spermicide, and phosphate-buffered saline were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
The motility and vitality of human spermatocytes treated with MAP30 and GAP31 at doses that inhibit HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus.
RESULT(S)
MAP30 and GAP31 did not inhibit the motility or vitality of human sperm cells over a dose range of 100-0.1 microg/mL, whereas nonoxynol-9 demonstrated spermicidal action on all 10 samples over the same dose range.
CONCLUSION(S)
The antiviral agents, MAP30 and GAP31, were not toxic to human sperm cells at the doses at which they inhibit HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus. They had no effect on the motility of spermatozoa, even at a dose of 1,000 times the maximum effective concentration. These results indicate that MAP30 and GAP31 may be useful as nonspermicidal protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Cell Survival; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Nonoxynol; Plant Proteins; Prospective Studies; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sperm Motility; Spermatocidal Agents; Spermatozoa; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 10521111
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00302-7 -
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical... 2008Alk(en)yl sulfides are characteristic flavor components of garlic. Several lines of epidemiological study indicate that the risk of a certain cancer can be prevented by... (Review)
Review
Alk(en)yl sulfides are characteristic flavor components of garlic. Several lines of epidemiological study indicate that the risk of a certain cancer can be prevented by consumption of garlic. In this manuscript, we examined the anticancer property of garlic-derived alk(en)yl sulfides, and the molecular basis especially for diallyl trisulfide which is a major constituent of the garlic oil. Alk(en)yl sulfides with different numbers of sulfur atom (i.e., mono-, di-, and trisulfide) were synthesized and purified (>99%). The anticancer activity of the alk(en)yl sulfides was primarily examined using human colon cancer cells HCT-15 and DLD-1. The growth of the cells was significantly suppressed by diallyl trisulfide, but neither diallyl monosulfide nor diallyl disulfide showed such an effect. The number of cells arrested at G2/M phase, the cells with a sub-G1 DNA content, and the cells with caspase-3 activity were dramatically increased by diallyl trisulfide treatment. Diallyl trisulfide disrupted microtubule network formation of the cells, and microtubule fragments could be seen at the interphase. There was a specific oxidative modification of cysteine residues Cys12 beta and Cys354 beta, forming S-allylmercaptocysteines in the tubulin molecule. These results suggest that diallyl trisulfide is responsible, at least in part, for the epidemiologically proven anticancer effect for garlic eaters.
Topics: Allyl Compounds; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Garlic; Humans; Microtubules; Neoplasms; Sulfides
PubMed: 18296348
DOI: No ID Found -
Anatolian Journal of Cardiology Jan 2020
Topics: Humans; No-Reflow Phenomenon; Octoxynol; Polyethylene Glycols; Polysorbates
PubMed: 31911573
DOI: No ID Found -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2020dl-Mandelic acid (MA), an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, has been widely used as an intermediate of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Here, we evaluated the... (Review)
Review
dl-Mandelic acid (MA), an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid, has been widely used as an intermediate of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Here, we evaluated the sperm-immobilizing activity of MA and its safety profiles. Spermatozoon motility was assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis, the integrity of the plasma membrane and. mitochondrial potential was assessed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-pisum sativum agglutinin and JC-1, respectively. The local tolerance of the MA-containing gel formulation was evaluated using a rabbit vaginal irritation test. We found that MA inhibited sperm motility and movement patterns in a concentration-dependent manner. Within 20 s, MA-induced spermatozoa immobilization occurred with a minimum effective concentration and a median effective concentration of 0.86 and 0.54 mg/mL, respectively. Plasma membrane disruptions of MA-treated spermatozoa were relatively mild, but mitochondrial depolarization occurred. Histopathological examination showed that MA exposure did not exert obvious effects on the integrity of spermatozoa membrane structures and only caused slight irritation to the rabbit vaginal epithelium. The vaginal irritation scores of the vehicle control and the nonoxynol -9 gel control groups were 1.38 ± 0.65 and 7.88 ± 1.67, respectively (p < 0.01), whereas those of the MA gel groups at 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL were 1.69 ± 1.04, 2.98 ± 0.77, and 4.35 ± 1.04 with p values of >0.05, >0.05, and <0.05 (vs. vehicle control), respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable range (<8). Therefore, our results confirmed that MA exhibited significant sperm-immobilizing effects and caused mild plasma membrane injury, suggesting that it has potential for development as a future non-surfactant spermicide.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Contraception; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Mandelic Acids; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mucous Membrane; Rabbits; Sperm Motility; Spermatocidal Agents; Spermatozoa; Vagina
PubMed: 32224371
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110104