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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023In the complex field of cell-to-cell communication and physiological regulation, there is a remarkable category of tiny messengers called extracellular vesicles (EVs)...
In the complex field of cell-to-cell communication and physiological regulation, there is a remarkable category of tiny messengers called extracellular vesicles (EVs) [...].
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Cell Communication
PubMed: 38003324
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216134 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Mar 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane bound complexes that have been identified as a mean for intercellular communication between cells and tissues both... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane bound complexes that have been identified as a mean for intercellular communication between cells and tissues both in physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles contain numerous molecules involved in signal transduction including microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, proteins, lipids, and cytokines and can affect the behavior of recipient cells. Female reproduction is dependent on extremely fine-tuned endocrine regulation, and EVs may represent an added layer that contributes to this regulation. This narrative review article provides an update on the research of the role of EVs in female reproduction including folliculogenesis, fertilization, embryo quality, and implantation. We also highlight potential pitfalls in typical EV studies and discuss gaps in the current literature.
Topics: Embryo Implantation; Extracellular Vesicles; Female; Humans; Ovarian Follicle; Reproduction
PubMed: 33471231
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-02048-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022The intrinsic healing following tendon injury is ideal, in which tendon progenitor cells proliferate and migrate to the injury site to directly bridge or regenerate...
The intrinsic healing following tendon injury is ideal, in which tendon progenitor cells proliferate and migrate to the injury site to directly bridge or regenerate tendon tissue. However, the mechanism determining why and how those cells are attracted to the injury site for tendon healing is not understood. Since the tenocytes near the injury site go through apoptosis or necrosis following injury, we hypothesized that secretions from injured tenocytes might have biological effects on cell proliferation and migration to enhance tendon healing. Tenocyte apoptosis was induced by 24 h cell starvation. Apoptotic body-rich media (T-ABRM) and apoptotic body-depleted media (T-ABDM) were collected from culture media after centrifuging. Tenocytes and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) were isolated and cultured with the following four media: (1) T-ABRM, (2) T-ABDM, (3) GDF-5, or (4) basal medium with 2% fetal calf serum (FCS). The cell activities and functions were evaluated. Both T-ABRM and T-ABDM treatments significantly stimulated the cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis for both tenocytes and BMDSCs compared to the control groups (GDF-5 and basal medium). However, cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix production of T-ABRM-treated cells were significantly higher than the T-ABDM, which indicates the apoptotic bodies are critical for cell activities. Our study revealed the possible mechanism of the intrinsic healing of the tendon in which apoptotic bodies, in the process of apoptosis, following tendon injury promote tenocyte and stromal cell proliferation, migration, and production. Future studies should analyze the components of the apoptotic bodies that play this role, and, thus, the targeting of therapeutics can be developed.
Topics: Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Extracellular Vesicles; Growth Differentiation Factor 5; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Tendon Injuries; Tenocytes
PubMed: 36232777
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911475 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Nov 2021Cancer cells release a variety of factors that contribute to the alteration of proximal and distal tissues to promote metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that... (Review)
Review
Cancer cells release a variety of factors that contribute to the alteration of proximal and distal tissues to promote metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that aggressive cancer cells release extracellular vesicles with higher protein content and in excess than extracellular vesicles isolated from patients with less aggressive disease or healthy individuals. We found that melanoma tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) downregulate type I interferon receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1), suppress expression of the interferon stimulated gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Loss of CH25H is observed in the leukocytes from melanoma patients, which correlated with metastasis and poor survival. Similarly, mice also exhibit loss of IFNAR1 following TEV administration. Moreover, loss of CH25H increased TEV uptake and TEV-induced pre metastatic niche and lung metastasis. Use of the anti-hypertensive drug, reserpine, mimicked the effects of the CH25H product 25-hydroxycholesterol to suppress TEV uptake and TEV-mediated tumor growth, pre-metastatic niche formation, and lung metastasis. These results suggest the importance of CH25H in suppressing TEV mediate cancer progression and importance of developing strategies to suppress TEV uptake and TEV-mediated disease progression.
Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34090999
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.032 -
Cell Proliferation Jan 2021Metastasis refers to the progressive dissemination of primary tumour cells and their colonization of other tissues and is associated with most cancer-related... (Review)
Review
Metastasis refers to the progressive dissemination of primary tumour cells and their colonization of other tissues and is associated with most cancer-related mortalities. The disproportional and systematic distribution pattern of distant metastasis in different cancers has been well documented, as is termed metastatic organotropism, a process orchestrated by a combination of anatomical, pathophysiological, genetic and biochemical factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized cell-derived membrane-bound particles known to mediate intercellular communication, are now considered crucial in organ-specific metastasis. Here, we review and summarize recent findings regarding EV-associated organotropic metastasis as well as some of the general mechanisms by which EVs contribute to this important process in cancer and provide a future perspective on this emerging topic. We highlight studies that demonstrate a role of tumour-derived EVs in organotropic metastasis via pre-metastatic niche modulation. The bioactive cargo carried by EVs is of diagnostic and prognostic values, and counteracting the functions of such EVs may be a novel therapeutic strategy targeting metastasis. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the functions and mechanisms of EVs in organotropic metastasis and accelerate the relevant clinical translation.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33145869
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12948 -
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Sep 2023Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation.
METHODS
In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles.
RESULTS
Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Homeostasis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37749626
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9 -
American Journal of Physiology. Heart... May 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-delimited particles released from cells that mediate intercellular communications and play a pivotal role in... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-delimited particles released from cells that mediate intercellular communications and play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological processes. Subtypes of EVs may include plasma membrane ectosomes or microvesicles and endosomal origin exosomes, although functional distinctions remain unclear. EVs carry cargo proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), lipids, and metabolites. By presenting or transferring this cargo to recipient cells, EVs can trigger cellular responses. We summarize contemporary understanding of EV biogenesis, composition, and function, with an emphasis on the role of EVs in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we outline the functional relevance of EVs in cardiovascular pathophysiology, further highlighting their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 33666501
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2020 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) May 2018The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly evolving field, owing in large part to recent advances in the realization of their significant contributions to... (Review)
Review
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly evolving field, owing in large part to recent advances in the realization of their significant contributions to normal physiology and disease. Once discredited as cell debris, these membrane vesicles have now emerged as mediators of intercellular communication by interaction with target cells, drug and gene delivery, and as potentially versatile platforms of clinical biomarkers as a result of their distinctive protein, nucleic acid and lipid cargoes. While there are multiple classes of EVs released from almost all cell types, here we focus primarily on the biogenesis, fate and functional cargoes of microvesicles (MVs). MVs regulate many important cellular processes including facilitating cell invasion, cell growth, evasion of immune response, stimulating angiogenesis, drug resistance and many others.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Organelle Biogenesis
PubMed: 29479795
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12558 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied in the last two decades. It is now well documented that they can actively participate in the activation or... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied in the last two decades. It is now well documented that they can actively participate in the activation or regulation of immune system functions through different mechanisms, the most studied of which include protein-protein interactions and miRNA transfers. The functional diversity of EV-secreting cells makes EVs potential targets for immunotherapies through immune cell-derived EV functions. They are also a potential source of biomarkers of graft rejection through donor cells or graft environment-derived EV content modification. This review focuses on preclinical studies that describe the role of EVs from different cell types in immune suppression and graft tolerance and on the search for biomarkers of rejection.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immune System; Transplantation Tolerance; Transplants
PubMed: 35185891
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.800018 -
Comprehensive Physiology Jun 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles released by cells and are an important means of intercellular communication in physiological and... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles released by cells and are an important means of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological states. We provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of EV biogenesis, cargo selection, recipient cell effects, and key considerations in isolation and characterization techniques. Studies on the physiological role of EVs have relied on cell-based model systems due to technical limitations of studying endogenous nanoparticles in vivo . Several recent studies have elucidated the mechanistic role of EVs in liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, acute liver injury, and liver cancers. Employing disease models and human samples, the biogenesis of lipotoxic EVs downstream of endoplasmic reticulum stress and microvesicles via intracellular activation stress signaling are discussed in detail. The diverse cargoes of EVs including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids can be enriched in a disease-specific manner. By carrying diverse cargo, EVs can directly confer pathogenic potential, for example, recruitment and activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in NASH and tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. We discuss the pathogenic role of EVs cargoes and the signaling pathways activated by EVs in recipient cells. We review the literature that EVs can serve as biomarkers in hepatobiliary diseases. Further, we describe novel approaches to engineer EVs to deliver regulatory signals to specific cell types, and thus use them as therapeutic shuttles in liver diseases. Lastly, we identify key lacunae and future directions in this promising field of discovery and development. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4631-4658, 2023.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Models, Biological; Biological Transport
PubMed: 37358519
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210046