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Respiratory Research Jul 2020The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the... (Review)
Review
The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the circulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. In addition to the endothelium, EVs may arise from alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Because EVs harbor cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA, and proteins, these intercellular communicators provide important insight into the health and disease condition of donor cells and may serve as useful biomarkers of lung disease processes. This comprehensive review focuses on what is currently known about the role of EVs as markers and mediators of lung pathologies including COPD, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, lung cancer and ALI/ARDS. We also explore the role EVs can potentially serve as therapeutics for these lung diseases when released from healthy progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 32641036
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01423-y -
Analytical Sciences : the International... Jul 2020Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying molecular messages that reflect physiological and pathological conditions... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying molecular messages that reflect physiological and pathological conditions of the parent cells. EVs have been identified in all body fluids; and among them, urine stands out as a sample that is easy and inexpensive to obtain and can be collected over time to monitor changes. Various protocols have been established to study urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) and they have shown great potential as a biomarker source for clinical applications, not only for urological, but also non-urological diseases. Due to the high variability and low reproducibility of pre-analytical and analytical methods for UEVs, establishing a standardized protocol remains a challenge in the field of diagnosis. Here, we review UEV studies and present the techniques that are most commonly used, those that have been applied as new developments, and those that have the most potential for future applications. The workflow procedures from the sampling step to the qualitative and quantitative analysis steps are summarized along with advantages and disadvantages of the methodologies, in order to give consideration for choosing the most promising and suitable method to analyze human UEVs.
Topics: Biomarkers; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans
PubMed: 32173678
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20R001 -
Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received considerable attention in biological and clinical research due to their ability to mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received considerable attention in biological and clinical research due to their ability to mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on their size and secretory origin, EVs are categorized as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Increasing number of studies highlight the contribution of EVs in the regulation of a wide range of normal cellular physiological processes, including waste scavenging, cellular stress reduction, intercellular communication, immune regulation, and cellular homeostasis modulation. Altered circulating EV level, expression pattern, or content in plasma of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in diverse cardiovascular pathologies. Due to their inherent characteristics and physiological functions, EVs, in turn, have become potential candidates as therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the evolving understanding of the role of EVs in CVD, summarize the current knowledge of EV-mediated regulatory mechanisms, and highlight potential strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of CVD. We also attempt to look into the future that may advance our understanding of the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of CVD and provide novel insights into the field of translational medicine.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Translational Science, Biomedical
PubMed: 34809830
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.02.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous, rounded vesicles released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in their normal and pathophysiological states. These vesicles... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous, rounded vesicles released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in their normal and pathophysiological states. These vesicles form a network of intercellular communication as they can transfer cell- and function-specific information (lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) to different cells and thus alter their function. Fungi are not an exception; they also release EVs to the extracellular space. The vesicles can also be retained in the periplasm as periplasmic vesicles (PVs) and the cell wall. Such fungal vesicles play various specific roles in the lives of these organisms. They are involved in creating wall architecture and maintaining its integrity, supporting cell isolation and defence against the environment. In the case of pathogenic strains, they might take part in the interactions with the host and affect the infection outcomes. The economic importance of fungi in manufacturing high-quality nutritional and pharmaceutical products and in remediation is considerable. The analysis of fungal EVs opens new horizons for diagnosing fungal infections and developing vaccines against mycoses and novel applications of nanotherapy and sensors in industrial processes.
Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Extracellular Vesicles; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Genes, Fungal; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Models, Biological; Mycoses; RNA, Fungal
PubMed: 34281276
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137221 -
Haematologica Mar 2018Self-renewal and differentiation are defining characteristics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and their balanced regulation is central to lifelong function... (Review)
Review
Self-renewal and differentiation are defining characteristics of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and their balanced regulation is central to lifelong function of both blood and immune systems. In addition to cell-intrinsic programs, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate decisions are subject to extrinsic cues from within the bone marrow microenvironment and systemically. Yet, many of the paracrine and endocrine mediators that shape hematopoietic function remain to be discovered. Extracellular vesicles serve as evolutionarily conserved, constitutive regulators of cell and tissue homeostasis, with several recent reports supporting a role for extracellular vesicles in the regulation of hematopoiesis. We review the physiological and pathophysiological effects that extracellular vesicles have on bone marrow compartmental function while highlighting progress in understanding vesicle biogenesis, cargo incorporation, differential uptake, and downstream effects of vesicle internalization. This review also touches on the role of extracellular vesicles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fate regulation and recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles in hematologic disorders.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Extracellular Vesicles; Hematologic Diseases; Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans
PubMed: 29439185
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.183335 -
Molecules and Cells Sep 2022Cells can communicate in a variety of ways, such as by contacting each other or by secreting certain factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed... (Review)
Review
Cells can communicate in a variety of ways, such as by contacting each other or by secreting certain factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to be mediators of cell communication. EVs are small vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane that are secreted by cells and contain DNA, RNAs, lipids, and proteins. These EVs are secreted from various cell types and can migrate and be internalized by recipient cells that are the same or different than those that secrete them. EVs harboring various components are involved in regulating gene expression in recipient cells. These EVs may also play important roles in the senescence of cells and the accumulation of senescent cells in the body. Studies on the function of EVs in senescent cells and the mechanisms through which nonsenescent and senescent cells communicate through EVs are being actively conducted. Here, we summarize studies suggesting that EVs secreted from senescent cells can promote the senescence of other cells and that EVs secreted from nonsenescent cells can rejuvenate senescent cells. In addition, we discuss the functional components (proteins, RNAs, and other molecules) enclosed in EVs that enter recipient cells.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 36058888
DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0056 -
Endocrinology Sep 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are emerging as important carriers of signals in normal and pathological physiology. As EVs are a long-range... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are emerging as important carriers of signals in normal and pathological physiology. As EVs are a long-range communication or signaling modality-just like hormones are-the field of endocrinology is uniquely poised to offer insight into their functional biology and regulation. EVs are membrane-bound particles secreted by many different cell types and can have local or systemic effects, being transported in body fluids. They express transmembrane proteins, some of which are shared between EVs and some being specific to the tissue of origin, that can interact with target cells directly (much like hormones can). They also contain cargo within them that includes DNA, RNA, miRNA, and various metabolites. They can fuse with target cells to empty their cargo and alter their target cell physiology in this way also. Similar to the endocrine system, the EV system is likely to be under homeostatic control, making the regulation of their biogenesis and secretion important aspects to study. In this review, we briefly highlight select examples of how EVs are implicated in normal physiology and disease states. We also discuss what is known about their biogenesis and regulation of secretion. We hope that this paper inspires the endocrinology field to use our collective expertise to explore these new multimodal "hormones."
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Biomedical Research; Cell Communication; Endocrinology; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 34180968
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab133 -
The American Journal of Pathology Oct 2022Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells in the form of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They can be taken up by neighboring cells, and their... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells in the form of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They can be taken up by neighboring cells, and their contents can have functional impact on the cells that engulf them. As the mediators of intercellular communication, EVs can play important roles in both physiological and pathologic contexts. In addition, early detection of EVs in different body fluids may offer a sensitive diagnostic tool for certain diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, targeting specific EVs may also become a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the latest findings of EVs in the field of liver research, with a focus on the different contents of the EVs and their impact on liver function and on the development of inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor in the liver. The goal of this review is to provide a succinct account of the various molecules that can mediate the function of EVs so the readers may apply this knowledge to their own research.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Liver; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35752228
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.007 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells in various (patho)physiological conditions. EVs can transfer effector molecules and elicit... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells in various (patho)physiological conditions. EVs can transfer effector molecules and elicit potent responses in recipient cells, making them attractive therapeutic agents and drug delivery platforms. In contrast to their tremendous potential, only a few EV-based therapies and drug delivery have been approved for clinical use, which is largely attributed to limited therapeutic loading technologies and efficiency. As EV cargo has major influence on their functionality, understanding and translating the biology underlying the packaging and transferring of biomolecule cargos (e.g. miRNAs, pathogen antigens, small molecule drugs) into EVs is key in harnessing their therapeutic potential. In this review, through recent insights into EVs' content packaging, we discuss different mechanisms utilized by EVs during cargo packaging, and how one might therapeutically exploit this process. Apart from the well-characterized EVs like exosomes and microvesicles, we also cover the less-studied and other EV subtypes like apoptotic bodies, large oncosomes, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, and migrasomes to highlight therapeutically-diverse opportunities of EV armoury.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36045692
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946422 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023Skin photoaging is a complex biological process characterized by the accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skin, resulting from chronic exposure... (Review)
Review
Skin photoaging is a complex biological process characterized by the accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skin, resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the growing demand for effective treatments, current therapeutic options for skin photoaging remain limited. However, emerging research has highlighted the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, micro-vesicles, apoptotic bodies and liposomes, as promising therapeutic agents in skin rejuvenation. EVs are involved in intercellular communication and can deliver bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, to recipient cells, thereby influencing various cellular processes. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the current research progress in the application of EVs for the treatment of skin photoaging, including their isolation and characterization methods, roles in skin homeostasis, therapeutic potential and clinical applications for skin photoaging. Additionally, challenges and future directions in EVs-based therapies for skin rejuvenation are discussed.
Topics: Skin Aging; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Skin; Cell Communication
PubMed: 37954453
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S433611