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Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Nov 2020Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are secreted from virtually every cell. EV contain mRNA, miRNA, lipids and proteins and can... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EV), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are secreted from virtually every cell. EV contain mRNA, miRNA, lipids and proteins and can deliver this expansive cargo into nearby cells as well as over long distances via the blood stream. Great interest has been given to them for their role in cell to cell communication, disease progression, or as biomarkers, and more recent studies have interrogated their potential as a therapeutic that may replace paracrine-acting cell therapies. The retina is a conveniently accessible component of the central nervous system and the proposed paradigm for the testing of many cell therapies. Recently, several studies have been published demonstrating that the delivery of EV/exosomes into the eye can elicit significant therapeutic effects in several models of retinal disease. We summarize results from currently available studies, demonstrating their efficacy in multiple eye disease models as well as highlighting where future research efforts should be directed.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biomarkers; Disease Management; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Retinal Diseases
PubMed: 32169632
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100849 -
Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry :... May 2021Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death culminating in packing cell content and corpse dismantling into membrane sealed vesicles called apoptotic bodies (ABs)....
Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death culminating in packing cell content and corpse dismantling into membrane sealed vesicles called apoptotic bodies (ABs). Apoptotic bodies are engulfed and disposed by neighboring and immune system cells without eliciting a noxious inflammatory response, thus preventing sterile tissue damage. AB formation requires a total surface area larger than the apparent, initial cell's surface area. Apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) is a two-stage process leading to an isotonic, osmotic reduction in cell water content driven by net K and Cl extrusion. In this article, the role of AVD is presented from a geometric point of view through the process of AB formation. AVD decisively contributes to (i) endowing the cell with the appropriate electrolytic environment for apoptotic execution; (ii) increasing the membrane surface area-to-volume ratio, along with the mobilization of membrane reservoirs (cell rounding, membrane folds and endosomal membranes), so that the cell corpse can be dismantled into ABs; and (iii) reducing plasmalemmal stretch, tension and stiffness, thus facilitating membrane bulging, blebbing and vesicle expansion ultimately leading to separation and release.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Caspases; Cell Membrane; Chloride Channels; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Osmosis
PubMed: 33961353
DOI: 10.33594/000000369 -
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) Oct 2023Reliable label-free methods are needed for detecting and profiling apoptotic events in time-lapse cell-cell interaction assays. Prior studies relied on fluorescent...
MOTIVATION
Reliable label-free methods are needed for detecting and profiling apoptotic events in time-lapse cell-cell interaction assays. Prior studies relied on fluorescent markers of apoptosis, e.g. Annexin-V, that provide an inconsistent and late indication of apoptotic onset for human melanoma cells. Our motivation is to improve the detection of apoptosis by directly detecting apoptotic bodies in a label-free manner.
RESULTS
Our trained ResNet50 network identified nanowells containing apoptotic bodies with 92% accuracy and predicted the onset of apoptosis with an error of one frame (5 min/frame). Our apoptotic body segmentation yielded an IoU accuracy of 75%, allowing associative identification of apoptotic cells. Our method detected apoptosis events, 70% of which were not detected by Annexin-V staining.
AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
Open-source code and sample data provided at https://github.com/kwu14victor/ApoBDproject.
Topics: Humans; Microscopy, Video; Time-Lapse Imaging; Neural Networks, Computer; Extracellular Vesicles; Annexins
PubMed: 37773981
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad584 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022In numerous body locations, muscle and adipose tissue are in close contact. Both tissues are endocrine organs that release cytokines, playing a crutial role in the... (Review)
Review
In numerous body locations, muscle and adipose tissue are in close contact. Both tissues are endocrine organs that release cytokines, playing a crutial role in the control of tissue homeostasis in health and diseases. Within this context, the identification of the signals involved in muscle-fat crosstalk has been a hot topic over the last 15 years. Recently, it has been discovered that adipose tissue and muscles can release information embedded in lipid-derived nanovesicles called 'extracellular vesicles' (EVs), which can modulate the phenotype and the homeostasis of neighboring recipient cells. This article reviews knowledge on EVs and their involvement in the communication between adipose tissue and muscle in several body locations. Even if the works are scarce, they have revolutionized our vision in the field of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Muscles
PubMed: 35806052
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137052 -
Cells May 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as ectosomes and exosomes have gained attention as promising natural carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes, which range from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, possess a lipid bilayer and are secreted by various cells. Due to their high biocompatibility, stability, and low immunogenicity, exosomes are favored as cargo carriers. The lipid bilayer membrane of exosomes also offers protection against cargo degradation, making them a desirable candidate for drug delivery. However, loading cargo into exosomes remains to be a challenge. Despite various strategies such as incubation, electroporation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycling, and transfection that have been developed to facilitate cargo loading, inadequate efficiency still persists. This review offers an overview of current cargo delivery strategies using exosomes and summarizes recent approaches for loading small-molecule, nucleic acid, and protein drugs into exosomes. With insights from these studies, we provide ideas for more efficient and effective delivery of drug molecules by using exosomes.
Topics: Exosomes; Lipid Bilayers; Drug Delivery Systems; Extracellular Vesicles; Cell-Derived Microparticles
PubMed: 37408250
DOI: 10.3390/cells12101416 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2016Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the progression of irreversible airflow limitation and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality... (Review)
Review
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the progression of irreversible airflow limitation and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although several crucial mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis have been studied, the precise mechanism remains unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are released from almost all cell types and are recognized as novel cell-cell communication tools. They have been shown to carry and transfer a wide variety of molecules, such as microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins, which are involved in physiological functions and the pathology of various diseases. Recently, EVs have attracted considerable attention in pulmonary research. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of EV-mediated COPD pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential clinical usefulness of EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic agents for the treatment of COPD.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Communication; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Disease Progression; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 27801806
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111801 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Jul 2023Immunotherapy, including immunostimulation and immunosuppression, has seen significant development in the last 10 years. Immunostimulation has been verified as effective... (Review)
Review
Immunotherapy, including immunostimulation and immunosuppression, has seen significant development in the last 10 years. Immunostimulation has been verified as effective in anti-cancer treatment, while immunosuppression is used in the treatment of autoimmune disease and inflammation. Currently, with the update of newly-invented simplified isolation methods and the findings of potent triggered immune responses, extracellular vesicle-based immunotherapy is very eye-catching. However, the research on three main types of extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, needs to be more balanced. These three subtypes share a certain level of similarity, and at the same time, they have their own properties caused by the different methods of biogensis. Herein, we summarized respectively the status of immunotherapy based on each kind of vesicle and discuss the possible involved mechanisms. In conclusion, we highlighted that the effect of the apoptotic body is clear and strong. Apoptotic bodies have an excellent potential in immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies .
Topics: Exosomes; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Extracellular Vesicles; Immunotherapy; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 37461033
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04342-w -
Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal... Feb 2020Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanovesicles secreted by cells. These EVs are important mediators of... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanovesicles secreted by cells. These EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer of proteins, mRNA, miRNA and lipids between cells. Various visualization methods have been established to explore the characteristics of EVs and their role in physiological and pathological processes. The nanoscale size and high heterogeneity of EVs hamper the identification of their biological characteristics and functions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of EV imaging methods in light of the origin, separation and dynamic tracking of EVs, and the advantages and disadvantages of different imaging strategies are discussed. We believe that studies at the levels of single vesicles and single cells will become the frontier of future researches of EVs.
Topics: Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 32376541
DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.22 -
Genes Mar 2021Blood cancers are a heterogeneous group of disorders including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. They may derive from the clonal evolution of the hemopoietic... (Review)
Review
Blood cancers are a heterogeneous group of disorders including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. They may derive from the clonal evolution of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment or from the transformation of progenitors with immune potential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanovesicles which are released by cells into body fluids with a role in intercellular communication in physiology and pathology, including cancer. EV cargos are enriched in nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and these molecules can be delivered to target cells to influence their biological properties and modify surrounding or distant targets. In this review, we will describe the "smart strategy" on how blood cancer-derived EVs modulate tumor cell development and maintenance. Moreover, we will also depict the function of microenvironment-derived EVs in blood cancers and discuss how the interplay between tumor and microenvironment affects blood cancer cell growth and spreading, immune response, angiogenesis, thrombogenicity, and drug resistance. The potential of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers will be also discussed. Lastly, we discuss the clinical application viewpoint of EVs in blood cancers. Overall, blood cancers apply a 'vesicular intelligence' strategy to spread signals over their microenvironment, promoting the development and/or maintenance of the malignant clone.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33805807
DOI: 10.3390/genes12030416 -
Military Medical Research Jun 2024In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting... (Review)
Review
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Bone and Bones; Cytokines; Homeostasis; Animals
PubMed: 38867330
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9