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The Journal of Physiology Mar 2022
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Diet; Energy Intake
PubMed: 35288934
DOI: 10.1113/JP282727 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Mar 2017This paper reviews the state of the science on psychological and neural contributions to appetite self-regulation in the context of obesity. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This paper reviews the state of the science on psychological and neural contributions to appetite self-regulation in the context of obesity.
METHODS
Three content areas (neural systems and cognitive functions; parenting and early childhood development; and goal setting and goal striving) served to illustrate different perspectives on the psychological and neural factors that contribute to appetite dysregulation in the context of obesity. Talks were initially delivered at an NIH workshop consisting of experts in these three content areas, and then content areas were further developed through a review of the literature.
RESULTS
Self-regulation of appetite involves a complex interaction between multiple domains, including cognitive, neural, social, and goal-directed behaviors and decision-making. Self-regulation failures can arise from any of these factors, and the resulting implications for obesity should be considered in light of each domain. In some cases, self-regulation is amenable to intervention; however, this does not appear to be universally true, which has implications for both prevention and intervention efforts.
CONCLUSIONS
Appetite regulation is a complex, multifactorial construct. When considering its role in the obesity epidemic, it is advisable to consider its various dimensions together to best inform prevention and treatment efforts.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Health Education; Humans; Neurons; Obesity
PubMed: 28229541
DOI: 10.1002/oby.21789 -
Trends in Neurosciences Aug 2018The precise regulation of fluid and energy homeostasis is essential for survival. It is well appreciated that ingestive behaviors are tightly regulated by both... (Review)
Review
The precise regulation of fluid and energy homeostasis is essential for survival. It is well appreciated that ingestive behaviors are tightly regulated by both peripheral sensory inputs and central appetite signals. With recent neurogenetic technologies, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of basic taste qualities, the molecular and/or cellular basis of taste sensing, and the central circuits for thirst and hunger. In this review, we first highlight the functional similarities and differences between mammalian and invertebrate taste processing. We then discuss how central thirst and hunger signals interact with peripheral sensory signals to regulate ingestive behaviors. We finally indicate some of the directions for future research.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Brain; Humans; Perception; Sensation; Sensory Receptor Cells
PubMed: 29914721
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.003 -
Nutrients Aug 2023Orexin plays a significant role in the modulation of REM sleep, as well as in the regulation of appetite and feeding. This review explores, first, the current evidence... (Review)
Review
Orexin plays a significant role in the modulation of REM sleep, as well as in the regulation of appetite and feeding. This review explores, first, the current evidence on the role of orexin in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness and highlights that orexin should be considered essentially as a neurotransmitter inhibiting REM sleep and, to a much lesser extent, a wake promoting agent. Subsequently, the relationship between orexin, REM sleep, and appetite regulation is examined in detail, shedding light on their interconnected nature in both physiological conditions and diseases (such as narcolepsy, sleep-related eating disorder, idiopathic hypersomnia, and night eating syndrome). Understanding the intricate relationship between orexin, REM sleep, and appetite regulation is vital for unraveling the complex mechanisms underlying sleep-wake patterns and metabolic control. Further research in this field is encouraged in order to pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to sleep disorders and metabolic conditions associated with orexin dysregulation.
Topics: Appetite; Sleep, REM; Orexins; Appetite Regulation; Sleep
PubMed: 37686711
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173679 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Oct 2021This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx).
METHODS
Physically inactive adults (n = 24, 35% ± 2% body fat, 50% female) completed three conditions: AEx (walking at 65%-70% heart rate max for 45 min), REx (1 set to failure of 12 exercises), and sedentary control (SED). Each condition was initiated in the postprandial state (35 min after breakfast). Appetite (visual analog scale for hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption) and hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after a standardized breakfast. Area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoid method. Ad libitum energy intake was evaluated at a lunch meal after the 180-min measurements.
RESULTS
No differences in ad libitum energy intake (REx, 991 ± 68; AEx, 937 ± 65; SED, 944 ± 76 kcal; P = 0.50) or appetite ratings (all, P > 0.05) were detected. The area under the curve for ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 were all lower after REx versus AEx (ghrelin: 130,737 ± 4928 for REx; 143,708 ± 7500 for AEx (P = 0.006); PYY: 20,540 ± 1177 for REx, 23,812 ± 1592 for AEx (P = 0.001); and GLP-1: 1314 ± 93 for REx, 1615 ± 110 for AEx (P = 0.013)). Neither exercise condition significantly differed from SED.
CONCLUSIONS
Acute REx lowers both orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorectic (PYY and GLP-1) gut peptides compared with acute AEx. Ad libitum energy intake did not increase compared with SED in either exercise condition, indicating both exercise modalities have appetite and energy intake suppressing effects. Future work is needed to determine if exercise of differing modalities influences chronic appetite regulation.
Topics: Adult; Appetite Regulation; Craving; Cross-Over Studies; Energy Intake; Exercise; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hunger; Male; Peptide YY; Resistance Training
PubMed: 33831896
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002678 -
Nature Dec 2023The termination of a meal is controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the caudal brainstem. A key challenge is to understand how these circuits transform the sensory...
The termination of a meal is controlled by dedicated neural circuits in the caudal brainstem. A key challenge is to understand how these circuits transform the sensory signals generated during feeding into dynamic control of behaviour. The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) is the first site in the brain where many meal-related signals are sensed and integrated, but how the cNTS processes ingestive feedback during behaviour is unknown. Here we describe how prolactin-releasing hormone (PRLH) and GCG neurons, two principal cNTS cell types that promote non-aversive satiety, are regulated during ingestion. PRLH neurons showed sustained activation by visceral feedback when nutrients were infused into the stomach, but these sustained responses were substantially reduced during oral consumption. Instead, PRLH neurons shifted to a phasic activity pattern that was time-locked to ingestion and linked to the taste of food. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that PRLH neurons control the duration of seconds-timescale feeding bursts, revealing a mechanism by which orosensory signals feed back to restrain the pace of ingestion. By contrast, GCG neurons were activated by mechanical feedback from the gut, tracked the amount of food consumed and promoted satiety that lasted for tens of minutes. These findings reveal that sequential negative feedback signals from the mouth and gut engage distinct circuits in the caudal brainstem, which in turn control elements of feeding behaviour operating on short and long timescales.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Brain Stem; Eating; Feedback, Physiological; Food; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Prolactin-Releasing Hormone; Satiation; Solitary Nucleus; Stomach; Taste; Time Factors; Animals; Mice
PubMed: 37993711
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06758-2 -
Biomolecules Jul 2023Physical exercise is considered an important physiological intervention able to prevent cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and obesity-related cardiometabolic imbalance....
Physical exercise is considered an important physiological intervention able to prevent cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and obesity-related cardiometabolic imbalance. Nevertheless, basic molecular mechanisms that govern the metabolic benefits of physical exercise are poorly understood. Recent data unveil new mechanisms that potentially explain the link between exercise, feeding suppression, and obesity.
Topics: Humans; Appetite Regulation; Exercise; Cardiovascular Diseases; Obesity
PubMed: 37627235
DOI: 10.3390/biom13081170 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces... (Review)
Review
Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces inflammatory signaling after activation. Inflammation is considered to affect the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems of appetite, which are dominated by hypothalamic and mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Although the pathological features of many types of inflammation are known, their physiological functions in appetite are largely unknown. This review mainly addresses several key issues, including the structures of the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. In addition, the mechanism by which TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling contributes to these two systems to regulate appetite is also discussed. This review will provide potential opportunities to develop new therapeutic interventions that control appetite under inflammatory conditions.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Eating; Homeostasis; Humans; Hypothalamus; Inflammation; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 34899611
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.777997 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Feb 2015Bariatric surgery continues to be remarkably efficient in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and a debate has started whether it should remain the last resort... (Review)
Review
Bariatric surgery continues to be remarkably efficient in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and a debate has started whether it should remain the last resort only or also be used for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Intense research efforts in humans and rodent models are underway to identify the critical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects with a view towards non-surgical treatment options. This non-systematic review summarizes and interprets some of this literature, with an emphasis on changes in the controls of appetite. Contrary to earlier views, surgery-induced reduction of energy intake and subsequent weight loss appear to be the main drivers for rapid improvements of glycaemic control. The mechanisms responsible for suppression of appetite, particularly in the face of the large weight loss, are not well understood. Although a number of changes in food choice, taste functions, hedonic evaluation, motivation and self-control have been documented in both humans and rodents after surgery, their importance and relative contribution to diminished appetite has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, none of the major candidate mechanisms postulated in mediating surgery-induced changes from the gut and other organs to the brain, such as gut hormones and sensory neuronal pathways, have been confirmed yet. Future research efforts should focus on interventional rather than descriptive approaches in both humans and rodent models.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Bariatric Surgery; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Mice; Obesity; Rats; Weight Loss
PubMed: 25614206
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12258 -
Lakartidningen Jan 2018Mason performed the first gastric bypass (GBP) for obesity in 1967 after having observed substantial weight loss in patients operated for gastric ulcer. The weight...
Mason performed the first gastric bypass (GBP) for obesity in 1967 after having observed substantial weight loss in patients operated for gastric ulcer. The weight loss after GBP is 30 % and 2/3 of patients with type II diabetes can stop their medication. Half of the patients can stop medication for hypertension or hyperlipidemia, 75% are cured from reflux and obstructive sleep apnea. GBP prolongs survival especially among diabetics. Restriction and malabsorption is of minor importance for weight loss. The mechanisms underlying weight loss and diabetes remissions are endocrine. GBP enhances food passage to the distal small bowel where the food contact stimulates release of satiety hormones from endocrine cells. Elevated levels of these hormones cause weight loss, increases insulin secretion and counteracts weight induced decrease in resting metabolic rate, an important starving protection mechanism that activates when fasting and makes traditional weight loss difficult.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gastric Bypass; History, 20th Century; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 29319835
DOI: No ID Found