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BioMed Research International 2022The objective is to investigate the relationship and correlation between PEDF and TGF- in aqueous humor and serum and high myopia CNV lesions.
OBJECTIVE
The objective is to investigate the relationship and correlation between PEDF and TGF- in aqueous humor and serum and high myopia CNV lesions.
METHODS
For each group of patients (namely, group A: patients with high myopia CNV (mCNV); group B: patients with high myopia without CNV; group C: patients with CNV caused by other eye diseases; and group D (control group): patients with simple cataract (without CNV and high myopia)), 20 patients were collected. A total of 40 patients have been collected since the beginning of the study in December 2020, including 7 patients in group A, 13 patients in group B, 10 patients in group C, and 10 patients in group D. Serum and aqueous humor samples were collected, and PEDF and TGF- levels in serum and aqueous humor were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to process the data. Independent sample -test was used to compare the data of the same factor in the same group between serum and aqueous humor. Comparisons of the same factors between different groups were performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlation analysis was conducted by the Pearson correlation coefficient test. < 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in age, gender, and course of disease among all groups ( > 0.05). The concentration of PEDF in aqueous humor in group A and group C was higher than that in group B and group D. There was no significant correlation between serum PEDF content and the above-mentioned diseases. The concentration of TGF- in aqueous humor in groups A, B, and C was significantly higher than that in group D. However, there was no significant correlation between TGF- content in serum and the above-mentioned diseases. There was no significant correlation between aqueous humor and serum PEDF. There was no significant correlation between the content of TGF- in aqueous humor and serum.
CONCLUSION
TGF- in aqueous humor may be involved in the development of high myopia and intraocular CNV disease. However, PEDF in aqueous humor may be involved in the development of intraocular CNV disease and has no significant correlation with high myopia. At the same time, TGF- and PEDF in serum had no significant correlation with high myopia and intraocular CNV disease. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of TGF- and PEDF in aqueous humor and serum.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Cataract; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Myopia; Serpins; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 35535041
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8592729 -
PloS One 2020Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an ageing-related neurodegenerative disease characterized and diagnosed by deposition of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an ageing-related neurodegenerative disease characterized and diagnosed by deposition of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The plaque accumulation in the brain directly affects reduced levels of Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, as Aβ can freely transport the blood-brain barrier, and clinical investigations have suggested these two biofluids as promising samples for in vitro diagnosis. Given that the human eye structurally resembles the brain and Aβ accumulation often observed in the ocular region of AD patients, in this study, we examined aqueous humor Aβ as another possible surrogate biomarker. First, using the acute Aβ-infused AD mouse model by injecting Aβ to the CSF in intracerebroventricular region of normal ICR mice, we investigated whether Aβ concentration in the aqueous humor in AD models is positively correlated with the concentration in the CSF. Then, we examined the correlation of aqueous humor Aβ levels with increased plaque deposition in the brain and reduced Aβ levels in both CSF and blood in adult and aged 5XFAD Alzheimer transgenic mice. Collectively, the synthetic Aβ injected into CSF immediately migrate to the aqueous humor, however, the age-dependently reducing pattern of Aβ levels in CSF and blood was not observed in the aqueous humor.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Biomarkers; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Transgenic; Plaque, Amyloid
PubMed: 31923257
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227618 -
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and... 2018Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous transmitter with well-known biological actions in a wide variety of tissues and organs. The potential involvement of this gas in... (Review)
Review
Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous transmitter with well-known biological actions in a wide variety of tissues and organs. The potential involvement of this gas in physiological and pathological processes in the eye has led to several in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies to understand its pharmacological role in some mammalian species. Evidence from literature demonstrates that 4 enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of this gas (cystathionine β-synthase, CBS; cystathionine γ-lyase, CSE; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, 3MST; and d-amino acid oxidase) are present in the cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, and retina. Studies of the pharmacological actions of HS (using several compounds as fast- and slow-releasing gas donors) on anterior uveal tissues reveal an effect on sympathetic neurotransmission and the ability of the gas to relax precontracted iris and ocular vascular smooth muscles, responses that were blocked by inhibitors of CSE, CBS, and K channels. In the retina, there is evidence that HS can inhibit excitatory amino acid neurotransmission and can also protect this tissue from a wide variety of insults. Furthermore, exogenous application of HS-releasing compounds was reported to increase aqueous humor outflow facility in an ex vivo model of the porcine ocular anterior segment and lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in both normotensive and glaucomatous rabbits. Taken together, the finding that HS-releasing compounds can lower IOP and can serve a neuroprotective role in the retina suggests that HS prodrugs could be used as tools or therapeutic agents in diseases such as glaucoma.
Topics: Animals; Aqueous Humor; Glaucoma; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 29215951
DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0077 -
Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology Mar 2018Maintaining healthy aqueous humour outflow (AHO) is important for intraocular cellular health and stable vision. Impairment of AHO can lead to increased intraocular... (Review)
Review
Maintaining healthy aqueous humour outflow (AHO) is important for intraocular cellular health and stable vision. Impairment of AHO can lead to increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage and concomitant glaucoma. An improved understanding of AHO will lead to improved glaucoma surgeries that enhance native AHO as well as facilitate the development of AHO-targeted pharmaceuticals. Recent AHO imaging has evolved to live human assessment and has focused on the structural evaluation of AHO pathways and the functional documentation of fluid flow. Structural AHO evaluation is predominantly driven by optical coherence tomography, and functional evaluation of flow is performed using various methods, including aqueous angiography. Advances in structural and functional evaluation of AHO are reviewed with discussion of strengths, weaknesses and potential future directions.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Trabecular Meshwork
PubMed: 28898516
DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13064 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2021To correlate the aqueous humor electrolytes with serum electrolytes in patients with cataract.
PURPOSE
To correlate the aqueous humor electrolytes with serum electrolytes in patients with cataract.
METHODS
In this study, 348 eyes of patients undergoing cataract surgery, who had presented between 1 January 2019 and 30 June 2020, were included. Serum electrolytes were obtained and 0.15 ml of aqueous humor was obtained during surgery using an insulin syringe via the side port incision. Mean and standard deviation was used to analyze all the categorical and continuous data including all the electrolytes levels. Pearson's correlation of coefficient was used to analyze the comparison between serum and aqueous humor electrolytes. Student T-test was used to compare electrolyte values between the serum and aqueous humor.
RESULTS
We observed a significant correlation of the aqueous humor electrolytes with their serum counterparts. The coefficient of correlation is 0.155, 0.44, and 0.405 for Na+, K+, and Cl-, respectively. There is also a significant increase in the aqueous humor electrolytes as compared to the serum levels.
CONCLUSION
A significant increase in electrolytes levels in the aqueous humor of cataract patients possibly could have a role in the etiology of cataract.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Electrolytes; Humans
PubMed: 34571613
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_20_21 -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Jun 2023Intraocular pressure (IOP) is maintained via a dynamic balance between the production of aqueous humor and its drainage through the trabecular meshwork (TM),...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is maintained via a dynamic balance between the production of aqueous humor and its drainage through the trabecular meshwork (TM), juxtacanalicular connective tissue (JCT), and Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelium of the conventional outflow pathway. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is often associated with IOP elevation that occurs due to an abnormally high outflow resistance across the outflow pathway. Outflow tissues are viscoelastic and actively interact with aqueous humor dynamics through a two-way fluid-structure interaction coupling. While glaucoma affects the morphology and stiffness of the outflow tissues, their biomechanics and hydrodynamics in glaucoma eyes remain largely unknown. This research aims to develop an image-to-model method allowing the biomechanics and hydrodynamics of the conventional aqueous outflow pathway to be studied.
METHODS
We used a combination of X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct high-fidelity, eye-specific, 3D microstructural finite element models of the healthy and glaucoma outflow tissues in cellularized and decellularized conditions. The viscoelastic TM/JCT/SC complex finite element models with embedded viscoelastic beam elements were subjected to a physiological IOP load boundary; the stresses/strains and the flow state were calculated using fluid-structure interaction and computational fluid dynamics.
RESULTS
Based on the resultant hydrodynamics parameters across the outflow pathway, the primary site of outflow resistance in healthy eyes was in the JCT and immediate vicinity of the SC inner wall, while the majority of the outflow resistance in the glaucoma eyes occurred in the TM. The TM and JCT in the glaucoma eyes showed 1.32-fold and 1.13-fold larger beam thickness and smaller trabecular space size (2.24-fold and 1.50-fold) compared to the healthy eyes.
CONCLUSIONS
Characterizing the accurate morphology of the outflow tissues may significantly contribute to constructing more accurate, robust, and reliable models, that can eventually help to better understand the dynamic IOP regulation, hydrodynamics of the aqueous humor, and outflow resistance dynamic in the human eyes. This model demonstrates proof of concept for determining changes to outflow resistance in healthy and glaucomatous tissues and thus may be utilized in larger cohorts of donor tissues where disease specificity, race, age, and gender of the eye donors may be accounted for.
Topics: Humans; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Glaucoma; Trabecular Meshwork; Aqueous Humor; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 37149973
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107485 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2015In order to understand the pathophysiology, select optimal therapeutic options for patients and provide clients with honest expectations for cases of canine glaucoma,... (Review)
Review
In order to understand the pathophysiology, select optimal therapeutic options for patients and provide clients with honest expectations for cases of canine glaucoma, clinicians should be familiar with a rational understanding of the functional anatomy of the ocular structures involved in this group of diseases. The topographical extension and the structural and humoral complexity of the regions involved with the production and the outflow of aqueous humor undergo numerous changes with aging and disease. Therefore, the anatomy relative to the fluid dynamics of aqueous has become a pivotal yet flexible concept to interpret the different phenotypes of glaucoma.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Anterior Chamber; Aqueous Humor; Capillaries; Cats; Ciliary Body; Dogs; Eye; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 26337760
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.005 -
Medicine Feb 2017Detailed characterizations of ocular biometrics and parameters of aqueous humor dynamics are lacking in primary angle closure suspect (PACS) patients. This study aims to... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Detailed characterizations of ocular biometrics and parameters of aqueous humor dynamics are lacking in primary angle closure suspect (PACS) patients. This study aims to characterize these parameters and compare them with age-matched healthy volunteers.Elderly healthy volunteers (60.6 ± 7.2 years of age, mean ± SD, n = 28) and PACS patients (64.1 ± 11.6 years, n = 30) completed the study. Parameters investigated were axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), central cornea thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous flow (Fa), outflow facility (C), episcleral venous pressure (EVP), and uveoscleral outflow (Fu). Comparisons and correlations were made between and within groups.In healthy volunteers, ocular biometric parameters, IOP, and EVP correlated very well between the 2 eyes of each individual, but Fa, C, and Fu were not significantly correlated. Biometric parameters of the PACS group significantly (P < 0.001) differed from those of the healthy controls: AXL (23.31 ± 1.03 mm [PACS] vs 22.39 ± 1.04 mm [Control]; mean ± SD), ACD (2.44 ± 0.33 mm [PACS] vs 1.86 ± 0.25 mm [Control]), ACV (136.0 ± 36.1 μL [PACS] vs 81.4 ± 21.8 μL [Control]), CCT (526.9 ± 37.0 μm [PACS] vs 556.1 ± 28.4 μm [Control]). There was no significant change in IOP, Fa, C, EVP, or Fu between Control and PACS. Furthermore, IOP showed no significant correlations with AXL, ACD, ACV, CCT, or C in both groups.The PACS eyes had a shorter AXL, a shallower ACD, and a smaller ACV, but a thicker CCT. Despite these morphological changes, the PACS eyes did not have any significant changes in IOP, and aqueous humor dynamics parameters. This is consistent with the findings that IOP did not show significant correlations with biometrics, or C.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anterior Chamber; Aqueous Humor; Cornea; Female; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 28207520
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006096 -
Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2020To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the role of intraocular fluid analysis as a diagnostic aid for uveitis.
METHODS
Twenty-eight samples (27 patients including 3 HIV-infected patients) with active (n=24) or non-active (n=4) uveitis were submitted to aqueous (AH; n=12) or vitreous humor (VH) analysis (n=16). All samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Toxoplasma gondii.
RESULTS
The positivity of the PCR in AH was 41.7% (5/12), with 50% (2/4) in immunocompetent and 67% (2/3) in HIV+ patients. The positivity of the PCR in VH was 31.2% (5/16), with 13% (1/8) in immunocompetent and 50% (4/8) in immunosuppressed HIV negative patients. The analysis was a determinant in the diagnostic definition in 58% of HA and 50% of VH.
CONCLUSION
Even in posterior uveitis, initial AH analysis may be helpful. A careful formulation of possible clinical diagnosis seems to increase the chance of intraocular sample analysis being meaningful.
Topics: Aqueous Humor; Cytomegalovirus; DNA, Viral; HIV-1; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunocompetence; Immunocompromised Host; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Simplexvirus; Toxoplasma; Uveitis; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 31994615
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1498 -
Experimental Eye Research May 2017The promise of revolutionary insights into intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor outflow homeostasis, IOP pathogenesis, and novel therapy offered by engineered... (Review)
Review
The promise of revolutionary insights into intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor outflow homeostasis, IOP pathogenesis, and novel therapy offered by engineered mouse models has been hindered by a lack of appropriate tools for studying the aqueous drainage tissues in their original 3-dimensional (3D) environment. Advances in 2-photon excitation fluorescence imaging (TPEF) combined with availability of modalities such as transgenic reporter mice and intravital dyes have placed us on the cusp of unlocking the potential of the mouse model for unearthing insights into aqueous drainage structure and function. Multimodality 2-photon imaging permits high-resolution visualization not only of tissue structural organization but also cells and cellular function. It is possible to dig deeper into understanding the cellular basis of aqueous outflow regulation as the technique integrates analysis of tissue structure, cell biology and physiology in a way that could also lead to fresh insights into human glaucoma. We outline recent novel applications of two-photon imaging to analyze the mouse conventional drainage system in vivo or in whole tissues: (1) collagen second harmonic generation (SHG) identifies the locations of episcleral vessels, intrascleral plexuses, collector channels, and Schlemm's canal in the distal aqueous drainage tract; (2) the prospero homeobox protein 1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter helps locate the inner wall of Schlemm's canal; (3) Calcein AM, siGLO™, the fluorescent reporters m-Tomato and GFP, and coherent anti-Stokes scattering (CARS), are adjuncts to TPEF to identify live cells by their membrane or cytosolic locations; (4) autofluorescence and sulforhodamine-B to identify elastic fibers in the living eye. These tools greatly expand our options for analyzing physiological and pathological processes in the aqueous drainage tissues of live mice as a model of the analogous human system.
Topics: Animals; Aqueous Humor; Fluorescent Dyes; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Limbus Corneae; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Trabecular Meshwork
PubMed: 27179411
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.009