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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 2015Even though dairy cows are known carriers of Arcobacter species and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of human Arcobacter infections in...
Even though dairy cows are known carriers of Arcobacter species and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of human Arcobacter infections in industrialized countries, data on Arcobacter excretion patterns in cows and in milk are scant. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic Arcobacter species in a dairy herd and to investigate the routes of Arcobacter transmission among animals and the potential sources of cattle infection and milk contamination. A strategy of sampling the same 50 dairy animals, feed, water, and milk every month for a 10-month period, as well as the sampling of quarter milk, animal teats, the milking environment, and animals living on the farm (pigeons and cats), was used to evaluate, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the characteristic patterns in animals, their living environment, and the raw milk they produced. Of the 463 samples collected, 105 (22.6%) were positive for Arcobacter spp. by culture examination. All the matrices except quarter milk and pigeon gut samples were positive, with prevalences ranging from 15 to 83% depending on the sample. Only three Arcobacter species, Arcobacter cryaerophilus (54.2%), A. butzleri (34.2%), and A. skirrowii (32.3%), were detected. PFGE analysis of 370 isolates from positive samples provided strong evidence of Arcobacter circulation in the herd: cattle likely acquire the microorganisms by orofecal transmission, either by direct contact or from the environment, or both. Water appears to be a major source of animal infection. Raw milk produced by the farm and collected from a bulk tank was frequently contaminated (80%) by A. butzleri; our PFGE findings excluded primary contamination of milk, whereas teats and milking machine surfaces could be sources of Arcobacter milk contamination.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Arcobacter; Carrier State; Cats; Cattle; Columbidae; DNA Fingerprinting; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Environmental Microbiology; Food Contamination; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Milk; Molecular Typing
PubMed: 26002896
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01035-15 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2023Arcobacters are emerging pathogens that have been underestimated due to a lack of a standardized isolation method. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability...
Arcobacters are emerging pathogens that have been underestimated due to a lack of a standardized isolation method. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability to isolate Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii using two Arcobacter-specific culture detection systems: (i) the Houf broth and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar supplemented with cefoperazone, amphotericin B, and teicoplanin (HB/mCCDA+CAT), and (ii) the Nguyen-Restaino-Juárez Arcobacter enrichment broth and chromogenic agar (NRJ-B/M). Both detection systems were evaluated for productivity ratio, sensitivity, and specificity. As a result, the productivity ratio for both plating agars were >90%, which indicates that the selective agents used in the two plating agars did not inhibit Arcobacter growth. Moreover, sensitivity evaluations using artificially inoculated retail ground poultry (n = 780) determined that both detection systems were able to isolate A. butlzeri with >95% sensitivity at the 0.1 and 1.0-2.0 CFU/g detection level. The sensitivity in A. cryaerophilus isolation was higher for NRJ-B/M (78.0% at 0.1 CFU/g; 95.1% at 1.0-2.0 CFU/g) when compared with HB/mCCDA+CAT (34.1% at 0.1 CFU/g; 51.2% at 1.0-2.0 CFU/g). Both detection systems resulted in <50% sensitivity when isolating A. skirrowii at 0.1 and 1.0-2.0 CFU/g; however, the sensitivity for NRJ-B/M was significantly higher than HB/mCCDA+CAT. At the detection level of 5.0 CFU/g, both detection systems were able to isolate A. skirrowii with 100% sensitivity. Specificity comparisons using uninoculated ground poultry samples (n = 40) indicated the growth of background microbiota were significantly inhibited or could be easily differentiated on NRJ-B/M (90.0%, specificity) when compared with HB/mCCDA+CAT (30.0%, specificity). Overall, these results show that the NRJ-B/M detection system is a more sensitive and specific detection system when isolating Arcobacter spp. from ground chicken.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Arcobacter; Agar; Cefoperazone
PubMed: 36916562
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100057 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2015The isolation frequency of Arcobacter species in children with diarrhea, fowls, mammals and food of avian and marine origin was established. In all the samples it was...
The isolation frequency of Arcobacter species in children with diarrhea, fowls, mammals and food of avian and marine origin was established. In all the samples it was possible to isolate Arcobacter species corresponding 201 (39.4%) to A. butzleri and 24 (4.7) to A. cryaerophilus . Both species were simultaneously isolated in 19 (3.7%) being A. butzleri the most frequently isolated species.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Birds; Child; Chile; Coinfection; Diarrhea; Disease Reservoirs; Food Microbiology; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Mammals; Prevalence
PubMed: 26221100
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246120140095 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2016Arcobacter butzleri has been linked to enteric disease in humans, but its pathogenicity and epidemiology remain poorly understood. The lack of suitable detection methods...
Arcobacter butzleri has been linked to enteric disease in humans, but its pathogenicity and epidemiology remain poorly understood. The lack of suitable detection methods is a major limitation. Using comparative genome analysis, we developed PCR primers for direct detection and quantification ofA. butzleri DNA in microbiologically complex matrices. These primers, along with existing molecular and culture-based methods, were used to detectA. butzleri and enteric pathogens in stools of diarrheic and nondiarrheic people (n= 1,596) living in southwestern Alberta, Canada, from May to November 2008. In addition, quantitative PCR was used to compare A. butzleridensities in diarrheic and nondiarrheic stools.Arcobacter butzleriwas detected more often by PCR (59.6%) than by isolation methods (0.8%). Comparison by PCR-based detection found no difference in the prevalence ofA. butzleri between diarrheic (56.7%) and nondiarrheic (45.5%) individuals. Rates of detection in diarrheic stools peaked in June (71.1%) and October (68.7%), but there was no statistically significant correlation between the presence ofA. butzleri and patient age, sex, or place of habitation. Densities ofA. butzleriDNA in diarrheic stools (1.6 ± 0.59 log10 copies mg(-1)) were higher (P= 0.007) than in nondiarrheic stools (1.3 ± 0.63 log10copies mg(-1)). Of the 892 diarrheic samples that were positive for A. butzleri, 74.1% were not positive for other bacterial and/or viral pathogens. The current study supports previous work suggesting that A. butzleri pathogenicity is strain specific and/or dependent on other factors, such as the level of host resistance.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alberta; Arcobacter; Bacterial Load; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 26865686
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03202-15 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019is an emerging pathogenic microorganism, whose taxonomy has been recently suggested to be emended to the comb. nov. Despite extensive taxonomic analysis, only few...
is an emerging pathogenic microorganism, whose taxonomy has been recently suggested to be emended to the comb. nov. Despite extensive taxonomic analysis, only few fragmented studies have investigated the occurrence and the prevalence of virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants of this species in strains isolated from shellfish. Herein we report for the first time the whole genome sequencing and genomic characterization of two strains isolated from shellfish, with particular reference to the antibiotic, heavy metals and virulence determinants. This study supported the taxonomic assignment of these strains to the species, and allowed us to identify antibiotic and metal resistance along with virulence determinants, also additional to those previously reported for the only two strains from different environments genomically characterized. Moreover, both strains showed resistance to β-lactams, vanocomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin and susceptibility to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin. Beside enlarging the availability of genomic data to perform comparative studies aimed at correlating phenotypic differences associated with ecological niche and geographic distribution with the genetic diversity of spp., this study reports the endowment of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance and virulence determinants of these shellfish-isolated strains. This leads to hypothesize a relatively high virulence of isolated from shellfish and prompt the need for a wider genomic analysis and for and studies of more strains isolated from this and other ecological niches, to unravel the mechanism of pathogenicity of this species, and the potential risk associated to their consumption.
PubMed: 31057492
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00670 -
Microorganisms Jun 2022, the most prevalent species of the genus, has the demonstrated ability to adhere to various surfaces through biofilm production. The biofilm formation capability has...
, the most prevalent species of the genus, has the demonstrated ability to adhere to various surfaces through biofilm production. The biofilm formation capability has been related to the expression of certain genes, which have not been characterized in . In order to increase the knowledge of this foodborne pathogen, the aim of this study was to assess the role of six biofilm-associated genes in campylobacteria (, , , , and ) in the biofilm formation ability of . Knockout mutants were constructed from different foodborne isolates, and static biofilm assays were conducted on polystyrene (PS), reinforced glass and stainless steel. Additionally, motility and Congo red binding assays were performed. In general, mutants in , and showed a decrease in the biofilm production irrespective of the surface; mutants in showed an increase on stainless steel, and mutants in and showed a decrease on reinforced glass but an increase on PS. Our work sheds light on the biofilm-related pathogenesis of , although future studies are necessary to achieve a satisfactory objective.
PubMed: 35888999
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071280 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Aliarcobacter butzleri is an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen found in many countries worldwide. In France, it has become the third most commonly isolated bacterial...
Aliarcobacter butzleri is an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen found in many countries worldwide. In France, it has become the third most commonly isolated bacterial species from the stools of patients with intestinal infections. No interpretative criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing have been proposed for A. butzleri, and most strains are categorized using the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute or the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Campylobacter or . In the present study, the genomes of 30 resistant A. butzleri isolates were analyzed to propose specific epidemiological cut-off values for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. The identification of a β-lactamase and the T85I GyrA mutation associated with ampicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance, respectively, allowed us to adjust the disk diffusion (DD) and MIC cut-off values for these molecules. However, epidemiological cut-off values for erythromycin and tetracycline could not be estimated due to the absence of known resistance mechanisms. The present study paves the way for building a consensus for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for this concerning pathogen. Aliarcobacter butzleri is an emerging and concerning intestinal pathogen. Very few studies have focused on this particular species, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is based on methods that have been mostly developed for Campylobacter spp. In fact, no disk diffusion and E-tests adapted cut-offs for A. butzleri are available which leads to misinterpretations. We have shown here that NGS approach to identify genes and mutations in close relation to phenotypic resistance levels is a robust way to solve that issue and precisely differentiate WT and NWT A. butzleri isolates for frequently used antimicrobials. MIC and DD cut-off values have been significantly adjusted and answer the need for a global consensus regarding AST for A. butzleri.
Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline
PubMed: 35862990
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01003-22 -
Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2022is an emerging enteric pathogen increasingly identified in Europe and is likely under-reported in other global regions. We describe to our knowledge the first case...
BACKGROUND
is an emerging enteric pathogen increasingly identified in Europe and is likely under-reported in other global regions. We describe to our knowledge the first case report of in an AIDS patient, along with the first documented local (Singapore) case of infection. . A 38-year-old AIDS patient presented with diarrhoea of 2 weeks' duration. Stool cultures yielded . The patient was treated with 3 days of ciprofloxacin with clinical resolution of diarrhoea.
CONCLUSION
is likely to be present, although under-reported in AIDS patients, and it should be noted as a pathogen of increasing significance.
PubMed: 35847602
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6983094 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023In recent years, has gained clinical significance as an emerging diarrheagenic pathogen associated with poultry and water reservoirs. The full clinical significance of...
In recent years, has gained clinical significance as an emerging diarrheagenic pathogen associated with poultry and water reservoirs. The full clinical significance of remains rather speculative due to variable virulence and antibiotic susceptibility of individual strains. The aims of the present study were (i) to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the genome sequences of two multidrug-resistant isolates, (ii) to use multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) to generate a guiding phylogeny of isolates collected in Kumasi, Ghana, (iii) to examine the distribution of ARGs in the test cohort, and (iv) to assess the strain's virulence and possible antibiotic treatment options for arcobacteriosis based on the genome sequences and the ARG distribution. A total of 48 A isolates obtained from poultry were included in the analysis. These isolates were genotyped by MLST and the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and erythromycin were tested by disk diffusion. Whole genome sequence data of two multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were obtained by a combination of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 14 ARGs were identified in the two generated genome sequences. For all 48 isolates, the frequency of these 14 ARGs was investigated by PCR or amplicon sequencing. With 44 different sequence types found among 48 isolates, strains were phylogenetically heterogeneous. Four of 48 isolates showed an ARG constellation indicating a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The virulence genes in the two genomes showed that the species might be characterized by a somewhat lower virulence as species. The phenotypic susceptibility data combined with the distribution of the particular ARGs especially and the T81I point mutation of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) in a significant percentage of isolates indicated that macrolides and tetracycline can be recommended for calculated antibiotic treatment of arcobacteriosis in Ghana, but not ampicillin and quinolones.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Arcobacter; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Ghana; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Tetracycline
PubMed: 36761899
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1094067 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease May 2019and are important gastroenteric pathogens. is an emerging enteric pathogen. Data on the frequencies of these poultry-associated pathogens on meat products sold in...
and are important gastroenteric pathogens. is an emerging enteric pathogen. Data on the frequencies of these poultry-associated pathogens on meat products sold in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of , , and antibiotic resistance and underlying mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in locally produced and imported poultry sold in urban Ghana. Chicken meat was collected and cultured on standard media. Bacterial strains were identified by biochemical methods and by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion. Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were assessed for molecular mechanisms of resistance. Among 200 samples, comprising 34% ( = 68) from the Ghanaian poultry industry and 66% ( = 132) from imports, 9% ( = 17) contained , 11% ( = 22) , and 26.5% ( = 53) . Higher overall contamination frequencies were found in local meat. Most common serovars identified were Kentucky (/ = 5/16; 31%) and Poona (/ = 4/16; 25%). were (/ = 10/19; 53%) and (/ = 9/19; 47%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones was high with 63% ( = 10), 75% ( = 15), and 52% ( = 25) in , , and , respectively. A link between Kentucky [sequence type (ST) 198] and a ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 μg/mL was found. Poona-ST308 revealed transferable fluoroquinolone resistance genes. Markedly high frequencies of resistant , , and predominant in locally produced meat represent a probable transmission reservoir for human infections. These findings highlight the need for implementation of surveillance systems that focus on food hygiene, use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, and continuous monitoring of the quality of meat products from imports.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Food Microbiology; Ghana; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Meat Products; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 30907631
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2562