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Journal of Food Protection May 2006Broiler carcasses (n=325) were sampled at three sites along the processing line (prescalding, prechilling, and postchilling) in a commercial poultry processing plant...
Broiler carcasses (n=325) were sampled at three sites along the processing line (prescalding, prechilling, and postchilling) in a commercial poultry processing plant during five plant visits from August to October 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genomic fingerprints of Camospylobacter coli (n=27), Campylobacter jejuni (n=188), Arcobacter butzleri (n=138), Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1A (n=4), and A. cryaerophilus 1B (n=31) with the restriction enzymes SmaI and KpnI for Campylobacter and Arcobacter, respectively. Campylobacter species were subtyped by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet 24-h standardized protocol for C. jejuni. A modification of this protocol with a different restriction endonuclease (KpnI) and different electrophoresis running conditions produced the best separation of restriction fragment patterns for Arcobacter species. Both unique and common PFGE types of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains were identified. A total of 32.8% (57 of 174) of the Arcobacter isolates had unique PFGE profiles, whereas only 2.3% (5 of 215) of the Campylobacter isolates belonged to this category. The remaining Arcobacter strains were distributed among 25 common PFGE types; only eight common Campylobacter PFGE types were observed. Cluster analysis showed no associations among the common PFGE types for either genus. Each of the eight common Campylobacter types consisted entirely of isolates from one sampling day, whereas more than half of the common Arcobacter types contained isolates from different sampling days. Our results demonstrate far greater genetic diversity for Arcobacter than for Campylobacter and suggest that the Campylobacter types are specific to individual flocks of birds processed on each sampling day.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Campylobacter; Chickens; Cluster Analysis; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Food Handling; Food-Processing Industry; Genetic Variation; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Species Specificity
PubMed: 16715800
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1028 -
Poultry Science Nov 2008The presence of Arcobacter spp. in 2 breeding hen flocks was determined by examination of the intestinal tract, oviduct magnum mucosa, and ovarian follicles of...
The presence of Arcobacter spp. in 2 breeding hen flocks was determined by examination of the intestinal tract, oviduct magnum mucosa, and ovarian follicles of slaughtered chicken. The bacteria were detected by PCR and cultural isolation in 34 out of 40 intestinal tracts from one flock (A) and 6 out of 30 from the other (B). The strains were Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii. From flock A, arcobacters were recovered from 6 out of 40 oviduct magnum mucosa samples. The majority of isolated strains were A. butzleri. Arcobacter spp. could not be detected, by either PCR or isolation, from 20 eggs collected on the farm of flock A and from 20 eggs still remaining in the vagina of hens in flock B. Furthermore, none of the ovarian follicles from each flock were positive. The results indicate that breeding hens can be infected with Arcobacter spp. in the intestinal tract and oviduct. No evidence was obtained for transmission of Arcobacter spp. from hens to eggs.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Digestive System; Eggs; Enterobacter; Female; Oviducts; Oviposition
PubMed: 18931194
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00092 -
BioMed Research International 2016The genus includes species considered emerging food and waterborne pathogens. Despite has been linked to the presence of faecal pollution, few studies have...
The genus includes species considered emerging food and waterborne pathogens. Despite has been linked to the presence of faecal pollution, few studies have investigated its prevalence in wastewater, and the only isolated species were and . This study aimed to establish the prevalence of spp. at a WWTP using in parallel two culturing methods (direct plating and culturing after enrichment) and a direct detection by m-PCR. In addition, the genetic diversity of the isolates was established using the ERIC-PCR genotyping method. Most of the wastewater samples (96.7%) were positive for and a high genetic diversity was observed among the 651 investigated isolates that belonged to 424 different ERIC genotypes. However, only few strains persisted at different dates or sampling points. The use of direct plating in parallel with culturing after enrichment allowed recovering the species A. , A. , , , , , , and , most of them isolated for the first time from wastewater. The predominant species was A. , however, by direct plating predominated A. . Therefore, the overall predominance of A. was a bias associated with the use of enrichment.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Arcobacter; Bacteriological Techniques; Biodiversity; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity; Wastewater; Water Purification
PubMed: 27981053
DOI: 10.1155/2016/8132058 -
PloS One 2021The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru's capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine...
The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru's capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. In this work, we aim to produce the first characterization of aquatic bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. We report a lower diversity in bacterial communities from the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone) in comparison to other sub-basins. Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility and quorum sensing. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence of some insecticides and herbicides in the Parac-Upper Rimac and Santa Eulalia-Parac sub-basins. The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues.
Topics: Aquatic Organisms; Arcobacter; Computational Biology; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Environmental Monitoring; Flavobacterium; Fusobacteria; Microbiota; Peru; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rivers; Sewage; Water; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution
PubMed: 33886647
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250401 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Nov 2021Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids or integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are widely involved in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant genes...
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids or integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are widely involved in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), but their environmental host-range and reservoirs remain poorly known, as mainly assessed through the analysis of culturable and clinical bacterial isolates. In this study, we used a gradual approach for determining the environmental abundance and host-range of ICEs belonging to the SXT/R391 family, otherwise well known to bring ARGs in Vibrio spp. epidemic clones and other pathogens. First, by screening a set of aquatic bacteria libraries covering 1794 strains, we found that almost 1% of the isolates hosted an SXT/R391 element, all belonging to a narrow group of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. However, when SXT/R391 ICEs were then quantified in various aquatic communities, they appeared to be ubiquitous and relatively abundant, from 10 to 10 ICE copies per 16 S rDNA. Finally, the molecular exploration of the SXT/R391 host-range in two river ecosystems impacted by anthropogenic activities, using the single-cell genomic approach epicPCR, revealed several new SXT/R391 hosts mostly in the Proteobacteria phylum. Some, such as the pathogen Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteraceae), have only been encountered in discharged treated wastewaters and downstream river waters, thus revealing a likely anthropogenic origin. Others, such as the non-pathogenic bacterium Neptunomonas acidivorans (Oceanospirillaceae), were solely identified in rivers waters upstream and downstream the treated wastewaters discharge points and may intrinsically belong to the SXT/R391 environmental reservoir. This work points out that not only the ICEs of the SXT/R391 family are more abundant in the environment than anticipated, but also that a variety of unsuspected hosts may well represent a missing link in the environmental dissemination of MGEs from and to bacteria of anthropogenic origin.
Topics: Arcobacter; Conjugation, Genetic; Ecosystem; Host Specificity; Oceanospirillaceae
PubMed: 34218080
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117673 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2007To investigate the occurrence and levels of Arcobacter spp. in pig effluent ponds and effluent-treated soil.
AIMS
To investigate the occurrence and levels of Arcobacter spp. in pig effluent ponds and effluent-treated soil.
METHODS AND RESULTS
A Most Probable Number (MPN) method was developed to assess the levels of Arcobacter spp. in seven pig effluent ponds and six effluent-treated soils, immediately after effluent irrigation. Arcobacter spp. levels in the effluent ponds varied from 6.5 x 10(5) to 1.1 x 10(8) MPN 100 ml(-1) and in freshly irrigated soils from 9.5 x 10(2) to 2.8 x 10(4) MPN g(-1) in all piggery environments tested. Eighty-three Arcobacter isolates were subjected to an abbreviated phenotypic test scheme and examined using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR identified 35% of these isolates as Arcobacter butzleri, 49% as Arcobacter cryaerophilus while 16% gave no band. All 13 nonreactive isolates were subjected to partial 16S rDNA sequencing and showed a high similarity (>99%) to Arcobacter cibarius.
CONCLUSIONS
A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. cibarius were isolated from both piggery effluent and effluent-irrigated soil, at levels suggestive of good survival in the effluent pond.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This is the first study to provide quantitative information on Arcobacter spp. levels in piggery effluent and to associate A. cibarius with pigs and piggery effluent environments.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Arcobacter; Feces; Genetic Variation; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pseudomonas; Queensland; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sewage; Soil Microbiology; Swine
PubMed: 17650202
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03275.x -
Journal of Food Protection May 2013Arcobacter is a genus of growing importance worldwide; some of its species are considered emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. In Costa Rica, as well...
Isolation and identification of zoonotic species of genus arcobacter from chicken viscera obtained from retail distributors of the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica.
Arcobacter is a genus of growing importance worldwide; some of its species are considered emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. In Costa Rica, as well as in other countries, its isolation has been reported, so the objective of this project was to evaluate and identify the presence of Arcobacter in chicken viscera sold in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica, as well as to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns associated with it. One hundred fifty samples of chicken viscera including heart, liver, and other gastrointestinal organs were purchased from 15 supermarkets and 15 local retailers. De Boer and Houf broths were used as enrichment media; isolation was done with Arcobacter-selective medium and with membrane filtration with blood agar. Typical colonies were identified with genus-specific PCR, and species identification was made with multiplex PCR. Susceptibility to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline was done with the Epsilometer test. The isolation frequency of Arcobacter genus obtained in this study was of 17.3%. A total of 33 isolates were obtained from the poultry samples, and according to the multiplex PCR methodology, 22 (66.7%) isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri, 8 (24.2%) as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 1 (3.1%) as Arcobacter skirrowii. Two strains were not identified. No statistical significant difference was found when the source of samples was compared. Resistance toward chloramphenicol was 68.75%, followed by ampicillin (43.75%) and ciprofloxacin (18.75%); all strains were susceptible to tetracycline.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Costa Rica; Culture Media; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity
PubMed: 23643133
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-400 -
Journal of Food Protection Aug 2006A 1-year study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats on sale in Northern Ireland. Retail raw poultry samples (n...
A 1-year study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw meats on sale in Northern Ireland. Retail raw poultry samples (n = 94), pork samples (n = 101), and beef samples (n = 108) were obtained from supermarkets in Northern Ireland, and raw milk samples (n = 101) were kindly provided by the Milk Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Presumptive arcobacters were identified by previously described genus-specific and species-specific PCR assays. Arcobacter spp. were found to be common contaminants of retail raw meats and raw milk in Northern Ireland. Poultry meat (62%) had the highest prevalence, but frequent isolations were made from pork (35%), beef (34%), and raw milk (46%). Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species isolated from retail raw meats and was the only species isolated from raw milk samples. Arcobacter cryaerophilus was detected less frequently, and Arcobacter skirrowii was detected only as a cocontaminant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Arcobacter spp. prevalence in a diverse range of products of animal origin in Northern Ireland.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Cattle; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Meat; Milk; Northern Ireland; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Species Specificity; Swine
PubMed: 16924929
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.1986 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Apr 2011Arcobacter butzleri isolation from chicken carcasses in Costa Rica is reported for the first time. The isolated strains (P and R) were presumptively identified by their...
Arcobacter butzleri isolation from chicken carcasses in Costa Rica is reported for the first time. The isolated strains (P and R) were presumptively identified by their phenotypic characteristics. Definitive identification was made using a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. These first isolations indicate the necessity of further investigation about the prevalence, distribution, ecology and interactions with human beings of this and other Arcobacter species.
PubMed: 24031682
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838220110002000035 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2020Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonoses across the world not only because of its impact on human and animal health but also because of the economic and...
BACKGROUND
Leptospirosis is one of the most significant zoonoses across the world not only because of its impact on human and animal health but also because of the economic and social impact on agrarian communities. Leptospirosis is endemic in Sri Lanka where paddy farming activities, the use of draught animals in agriculture, and peridomestic animals in urban and rural areas play important roles in maintaining the infection cycle of pathogenic Leptospira, especially concerning animals as a potential reservoir. In this study, an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methodology was applied in two different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka to understand the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Irrigation water samples were collected in Kandy District (wet zone mid-country region 2) and Girandurukotte, Badulla District (intermediate zone low-country region 2); and analysed for the presence of pathogenic Leptospira, associated microbiome and the potential reservoir animals. Briefly, we generated PCR products for high-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons through next-generation sequencing. The analysis of eDNA showed different environmental microbiomes in both regions and a higher diversity of Leptospira species circulating in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Moreover, the number of sequence reads of pathogenic Leptospira species associated with clinical cases such as L. interrogans was higher in Kandy than in Girandurukotte. Kandy also showed more animal species associated with pathogenic bacterial species than Girandurukotte. Finally, several pathogenic bacterial species including Arcobacter cryaerophilus, responsible for abortion in animals, was shown to be associated with pathogenic Leptospira.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Leptospirosis has been considered to be endemic in wet regions, consistently, leptospiral sequences were detected strongly in Kandy. The great Leptospira species diversity in Kandy observed in this study shows that the etiological agents of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka might be underestimated. Furthermore, our eDNA metabarcoding can be used to discriminate bacterial and animal species diversity in different regions and to explore environmental microbiomes to identify other associated bacterial pathogens in the environment.
Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Animals; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Environmental; Fresh Water; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Phylogeny; Sri Lanka; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32701971
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008437