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Sheng Li Xue Bao : [Acta Physiologica... Feb 2007To understand the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the vestibular compensation, we determined the levels of amino acids such as aspartate, glutamate, glutamine,...
To understand the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the vestibular compensation, we determined the levels of amino acids such as aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, taurine, alanine in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) following unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), by using in vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Rats were pretreated by infusing 2% lidocaine 1.2 mL or 10 mg arsanilic acid into the tympanic cavity to obstruct uni-periphery vestibular organ, and then the levels of amino acids were determined in MVN of normal control and ipsilateral or contralateral lesional (ipsi-/contra-lesional) rats. In the control experiment, the levels of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, taurine, and alanine were (6.15 +/- 0.59), (18.13 +/- 1.21), (33.73 +/- 1.67), (9.26 +/- 0.65), (9.56 +/- 0.77) and (10.07 +/- 0.83) pmol/8 muL sample, respectively. The concentrations of aspartate and glutamate decreased, while the concentration of taurine increased in the ipsi-lesional MVN of rats 10 min after infusing 2% lidocaine into middle ear to obstruct uni-periphery vestibular organ. Whereas the concentration of glutamate increased, the concentrations of glycine and alanine decreased in the contra-lesional MVN, accompanied by imbalances of glutamate, glycine and alanine in the bilateral nuclei. In contrast, the levels of glutamate and alanine decreased, the level of glutamine increased in the ipsi-lesional MVN, and the level of glutamate decreased in the contra-lesional MVN of rats 2 weeks after infusing 10 mg arsanilic acid into the tympanic cavity to obstruct uni-periphery vestibular organ. Furthermore, the level of glutamine in the ipsi-lesional MVN was obviously higher than that in the contra-lesional MVN. These results demonstrate that an imbalance of different amino acids appeared in bilateral MVN after UL, and this imbalance decreased after the development of vestibular compensation. Whereas the imbalance of glutamine release in bilateral nuclei appeared after vestibular compensation.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Ear, Inner; Glutamic Acid; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurine; Vestibular Nuclei
PubMed: 17294045
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 1977Humans are exposed to a number of toxic elements in the environment; however, most experiments with laboratory animals investigate only one toxic element. To determine...
Humans are exposed to a number of toxic elements in the environment; however, most experiments with laboratory animals investigate only one toxic element. To determine if concomitant exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and/or arsenic (As) modified the changes produced by any one metal in various parameters of toxicity, 168 male, Sprague-Dawley, young adult rats were fed nutritionally adequate diets to which had been added 0 or 200 ppm Pb as Pb acetate, or 50 ppm Cd as Cd chloride, or 50 ppm As as sodium arsenate or arsanilic acid in a factorial design for a period of 10 weeks. At these concentrations, Cd and As reduced weight gain even when differences in food intake were taken into account; administration of both Cd and As depressed weight gain more than did either metal alone. Pb did not adversely affect food consumption or weight gain. Increased numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) were observed following administration of Pb, Cd, or As; usually more cells were observed when two or three metals were administered, compared to individual metals. Despite increasing numbers of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced, especially with the Pb-Cd combination and the Cd-arsanilic acid combination. Specific effects of Pb on heme synthesis were observed, including increased urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid; this increase was reduced by the presence of dietary cadmium. Analyses of blood showed values for the laboratory rat within normal ranges for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, calcium, albumin, total protein, and bilirubin. Uric acid was increased by Pb, with little modification by dietary Cd or As content. Serum glutamate-oxalate transaminase activity was reduced by As. Serum alkaline phosphatase was greatly reduced by either As or Cd but not Pb. Combinations of As and Cd did not further reduce the activity of this enzyme. Kidney weight and kidney weight/body weight ratios were increased by Pb alone, with no effects of Cd or As alone or as interactions. Liver weight/body weight ratios were reduced in animals fed 50 ppm dietary Cd. Kidney histology shows predominantly Pb effects, namely, intranuclear inclusion bodies and cloudy swelling. Ultrastructural evaluation of kidneys from Pb-treated animals disclosed nuclear inclusion bodies of the usual morphology and mitochondrial swelling. Concurrent administration of Cd greatly minimized Pb effects on the kidney under conditions of this experiment. Liver histology suggests an increased rate of cell turnover with either As compound, but few specific changes.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Arsenic; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Cadmium; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Food; Inclusion Bodies; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Lead; Male; Organ Size; Rats
PubMed: 198203
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7719165 -
Environment International Jun 2019p-Arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and roxarsone (ROX) are two major phenylarsenic feed additives that are still widely used in many countries, and the land application of animal...
A simple treatment method for phenylarsenic compounds: Oxidation by ferrate (VI) and simultaneous removal of the arsenate released with in situ formed Fe(III) oxide-hydroxide.
p-Arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and roxarsone (ROX) are two major phenylarsenic feed additives that are still widely used in many countries, and the land application of animal waste containing these compounds could introduce large quantities of arsenic into the environment. In this study, we proposed a treatment scheme for animal waste that involves leaching of p-ASA/ROX out of the manure first by water, then oxidation by ferrate (Fe(VI)) and removal of the arsenate released by in situ formed Fe(III) oxide-hydroxide. The effects of solution pH, dosage of Fe(VI), solution ionic strength, and matrix species on the treatment performance were systematically evaluated. Initial solution pH values of 4.1 and 2.0 were chosen for the oxidation of p-ASA and ROX, respectively, while efficient arsenate removal could be achieved with relatively small adjustment of the final solution pH (to 4.0). The pH-dependent second-order rate constants for the reactions between ferrate and p-ASA and ROX over the pH range of 2.0-12.0 were estimated to be 7.13 × 10-2.01 × 10 and 8.91 × 10-1.65 × 10 M s, respectively. The degradation pathways of p-ASA/ROX during ferrate oxidation were proposed based on the inorganic and organic intermediates identified. Depending on the levels of p-ASA/ROX, effective treatment could be achieved through flexible adjustment of the Fe(VI) dosage. p-ASA/ROX (10 mg-As/L) in swine manure leachate could be efficiently treated by ferrate oxidation within 5 min, with the overall arsenic removal efficiency higher than 99.2%. The treatment performance was barely affected by the presence of common ions (K, Ca, Na, Mg, SO, NO, and Cl), while humic acid, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Co inhibited p-ASA/ROX oxidation. The presence of PO and NH could accelerate the oxidation of p-ASA/ROX, but PO and humic acid compromised sorptive removal of the released arsenate due to their competitive sorption on the Fe(III) oxide-hydroxide precipitate. Ferrate oxidation is green and fast, and the operation is simple, thus it could serve as a promising and environment-friendly option for mitigating the risk of phenylarsenic feed additives in animal waste.
Topics: Animals; Arsenates; Ferric Compounds; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxides; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxides; Swine
PubMed: 31003056
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.059 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... May 1990Young pigs, six to ten weeks of age, from two unrelated swine operations were fed a grower ration obtained from a common commercial supplier. Following ingestion of the...
Young pigs, six to ten weeks of age, from two unrelated swine operations were fed a grower ration obtained from a common commercial supplier. Following ingestion of the feed for approximately two weeks, pigs in both groups developed neurological disturbances characterized by blindness, ataxia, incoordination, muscle tremors, posterior paralysis, and quadriplegia. Vocalization described as "screaming" was also observed in several animals. Necropsy findings and tissue arsenic concentrations were consistent with a diagnosis of phenylarsonic acid poisoning. The liver and kidney contained an average arsenic content of 2.9 and 1.8 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively. The feed contained 38 mg of arsenic/kg corresponding to 133 mg roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid)/kg. This level of roxarsone is approximately three to five times higher than the levels recommended for swine rations. The feed company had placed roxarsone in the ration at levels recommended for the less toxic arsanilic acid. It was assumed that the two organic arsenicals could be added to the rations interchangeably at the same level of formulation. The present investigation indicated that roxarsone is more toxic than arsanilic acid and the margin of safety in swine rations is low.
PubMed: 17423588
DOI: No ID Found -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Mar 1979The in vitro activities of 39 antimicrobial agents against 23 isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae, the majority of which were field isolates, were determined by the...
The in vitro activities of 39 antimicrobial agents against 23 isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae, the majority of which were field isolates, were determined by the agar dilution technique. Quinoxalines, pleuromutilin, nitroimidazoles, and nitrofuran were the most active. Their activities ranged from =0.10 to 1.56 mug/ml. Lincomycin, penicillins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, three peptides (virginiamycin, thiopeptin, and bacitracin), and one aminoglycoside (gentamicin) exhibited intermediate levels of activity ranging from 0.39 to 50 mug/ml. Four peptides (enduracidin, viomycin, bicyclomycin, and colistin), three aminoglycosides (kanamycin, streptomycin, and neomycin), polyene, and other agents, including novobiocin, vancomycin, rifampin, nalidixic acid, and p-arsanilic acid, displayed limited activities ranging from 12.5 to >/=100 mug/ml. Macrolides showed varying degrees of activity depending upon isolates.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Culture Media; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Treponema
PubMed: 464566
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.15.3.392 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Nov 1958Conjugates made by coupling diazotized arsanilic acid with one or another of a variety of proteins regularly brought about the complete regression of established 6C3HED...
Effects of arsenic-azoproteins on mouse lymphoma cells in vivo; with observations on the effects of other anti-lymphoma agents, and on the susceptibility to these effects of lymphoma cells of various types.
Conjugates made by coupling diazotized arsanilic acid with one or another of a variety of proteins regularly brought about the complete regression of established 6C3HED lymphomas in living mice without perceptibly harming the latter, while untreated control animals regularly died with lymphomatosis. Histologic studies made plain that the lymphoma cells promptly die in mice treated with the arsenic-azoproteins, while those in untreated control animals continue to proliferate. Various inorganic and organic arsenicals (including arsanilic acid and 4-arsonophenyldiazotate) were essentially devoid of effect on the lymphoma cells in vivo, and this proved true as well of the proteins employed (serum albumins and globulins procured from several species, casein, and ovalbumin). Mixtures of arsanilic acid and the several proteins, various sulfur-azoproteins, and a number of other substances-viz., amethopterin, chlorambucil, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, azaserine, 6-azauracil, 5-fluorouracil, thioTEPA, and DON, each given in maximal tolerated amounts-also failed to influence notably the course of established 6C3HED lymphomas in vivo. Although readily overcoming Lymphoma E9514 cells growing in the subcutaneous tissues of susceptible mice, the arsenic-azoproteins had little or no effect once these cells had reached the livers and spleens of susceptible hosts. Furthermore the arsenic-azoproteins had little or no effect in vivo on the cells of Lymphoma AKRL1, L1210, and L4946. The findings were considered in relationship to the respective susceptibilities of several types of lymphoma cells to other anti-lymphoma agents-notably guinea pig serum, immune serums prepared in rabbits with mouse lymphoma cells as antigens, and a variety of chemical compounds. Taken together, the observations provide proof that lymphoma cells of various types, although resembling one another quite closely in growth characteristics following transplantation in susceptible hosts, and in morphology as disclosed by ordinary microscopy, differ notably in susceptibility to the effects of the several anti-lymphoma agents.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Fluorouracil; Guinea Pigs; Lymphoma; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental
PubMed: 13587850
DOI: 10.1084/jem.108.5.665 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 1994Arsanilic acid and roxarsone were fed to laying hens at elemental arsenic concentrations of 14, 28, 56 or 112 ppm for 10 weeks followed by a 2-week withdrawal period....
Arsanilic acid and roxarsone were fed to laying hens at elemental arsenic concentrations of 14, 28, 56 or 112 ppm for 10 weeks followed by a 2-week withdrawal period. Arsenic residues in egg components of laying hens that were fed either control or diets treated with organic arsenicals were determined weekly by atomic absorption. Arsenic concentrations in eggs were also determined after either 0, 2 or 4 weeks of refrigerated storage (4°C). Arsenic residues in both yolk and albumen increased in a dose-dependent manner although the amount of arsenic was much higher (95% of total) in yolk. Arsenic concentrations increased within 1 week of treatment, and the highest amounts were obtained between the second and fourth week for yolk samples and by the first week for albumen samples, except in the 14-ppm doses where highest amounts were reached by the middle of the treatment period. Hens treated with 112 ppm arsenic from arsanilic acid produced eggs with arsenic residues exceeding the 500 ppb Food and Drug Administration whole egg tolerance level. Eggs subjected to refrigerated storage did not have increased arsenic concentrations in yolk, although, for a few treatments, residues increased in albumen.
PubMed: 31113070
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-57.3.218 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Dec 1963An effort was made to immunize guinea pigs with arsanilic acid conjugates of copolymers of D- and L-alpha-amino acids; ASD-GAT and ASL-GAT. An immune response was...
An effort was made to immunize guinea pigs with arsanilic acid conjugates of copolymers of D- and L-alpha-amino acids; ASD-GAT and ASL-GAT. An immune response was observed only in the case of ASL-GAT. Antibodies specific for the arsanilic acid hapten were produced which could also react with ASD-GAT or ASGPA. These findings indicate that the proper metabolism of the antigen may be essential to the induction of the immune response.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Antibodies; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antigens; Arsanilic Acid; Arsenicals; Glutamates; Guinea Pigs; Immunization; Lysine; Polymers; Precipitin Tests; Proteins; Research; Tyrosine
PubMed: 14112273
DOI: 10.1084/jem.118.6.945 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2013Studies that investigate arsenic resistance in the foodborne bacterium Campylobacter are limited. A total of 552 Campylobacter isolates (281 Campylobacter jejuni and 271...
Studies that investigate arsenic resistance in the foodborne bacterium Campylobacter are limited. A total of 552 Campylobacter isolates (281 Campylobacter jejuni and 271 Campylobacter coli) isolated from retail meat samples were subjected to arsenic resistance profiling using the following arsenic compounds: arsanilic acid (4-2,048 μg/mL), roxarsone (4-2048 μg/mL), arsenate (16-8,192 μg/mL) and arsenite (4-2,048 μg/mL). A total of 223 of these isolates (114 Campylobacter jejuni and 109 Campylobacter coli) were further analyzed for the presence of five arsenic resistance genes (arsP, arsR, arsC, acr3, and arsB) by PCR. Most of the 552 Campylobacter isolates were able to survive at higher concentrations of arsanilic acid (512-2,048 μg/mL), roxarsone (512-2,048 μg/mL), and arsenate (128-1,024 μg/mL), but at lower concentrations for arsenite (4-16 μg/mL). Ninety seven percent of the isolates tested by PCR showed the presence of arsP and arsR genes. While 95% of the Campylobacter coli isolates contained a larger arsenic resistance operon that has all of the four genes (arsP, arsR, arsC and acr3), 85% of the Campylobacter jejuni isolates carried the short operon (arsP, and arsR). The presence of arsC and acr3 did not significantly increase arsenic resistance with the exception of conferring resistance to higher concentrations of arsenate to some Campylobacter isolates. arsB was prevalent in 98% of the tested Campylobacter jejuni isolates, regardless of the presence or absence of arsC and acr3, but was completely absent in Campylobacter coli. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine arsenic resistance and the prevalence of arsenic resistance genes in such a large number of Campylobacter isolates.
Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Arsenicals; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Operon; Poultry; Swine
PubMed: 23965921
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083453 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Feb 1965Experimental autoimmunity was produced in rabbits following injection of altered homologous thyroglobulin. The thyroglobulin was altered by coupling to chemically...
Experimental autoimmunity was produced in rabbits following injection of altered homologous thyroglobulin. The thyroglobulin was altered by coupling to chemically defined haptens and by heating. With some preparations antibody to native thyroglobulin as well as thyroid lesions were produced. Injections of thyroglobulin coupled to the diazonium derivatives of arsanilic acid and sulfanilic acid were effective when given in either soluble form or incorporated into incomplete Freund's adjuvant) while injections of the same preparations precipitated by alum had relatively little effect on production of antibody or induction of lesions. The injection of native thyroglobulin in soluble form, incorporated into incomplete adjuvant or precipitated by alum usually resulted in production of little or no antibody and only rarely in the formation of lesions. The injection of a heterologous thyroglobulin into rabbits resulted in the production of antibody reacting with both the heterologous and rabbit thyroglobulin, but no thyroid lesions were observed.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Freund's Adjuvant; Immunization; Injections; Lipids; Rabbits; Research; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland; Thyroiditis; Vaccination
PubMed: 14264273
DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.2.289