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Journal of Applied Physiology... Dec 2010Exposure to a hypergravity environment induces acute transient hypophagia, which is partially restored by a vestibular lesion (VL), suggesting that the vestibular system...
Exposure to a hypergravity environment induces acute transient hypophagia, which is partially restored by a vestibular lesion (VL), suggesting that the vestibular system is involved in the afferent pathway of hypergravity-induced hypophagia. When rats were placed in a 3-G environment for 14 days, Fos-containing cells increased in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the medial vestibular nucleus, the raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area postrema. The increase in Fos expression was completely abolished or significantly suppressed by VL. Therefore, these regions may be critical for the initiation and integration of hypophagia. Because the vestibular nucleus contains serotonergic neurons and because serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter in hypophagia, with possible involvement in motion sickness, we hypothesized that central 5-HT increases during hypergravity and induces hypophagia. To examine this proposition, the 5-HT concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured when rats were reared in a 3-G environment for 14 days. The 5-HT concentrations increased in the hypergravity environment, and these increases were completely abolished in rats with VL. Furthermore, a 5-HT(2A) antagonist (ketanserin) significantly reduced 3-G (120 min) load-induced Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus, and chronically administered ketanserin ameliorated hypergravity-induced hypophagia. These results indicate that hypergravity induces an increase in central 5-HT via the vestibular input and that this increase plays a significant role in hypergravity-induced hypophagia. The 5-HT(2A) receptor is involved in the signal transduction of hypergravity stress in the vestibular nucleus.
Topics: Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Body Weight; Drinking; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Hypergravity; Ketanserin; Male; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; Serotonin; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists; Signal Transduction; Time Factors; Up-Regulation; Vestibular Nuclei
PubMed: 20847126
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2010 -
Poultry Science Apr 1991Efficacy of virginiamycin (22 mg/kg) in combination with no drug, amprolium, carbarsone, halofuginone, or monensin, was studied. Male and female turkeys were raised to...
Efficacy of virginiamycin (22 mg/kg) in combination with no drug, amprolium, carbarsone, halofuginone, or monensin, was studied. Male and female turkeys were raised to market age in five experiments conducted from 1983 to 1987. Body weights and feed:gain responses to virginiamycin for males and females were positive and significant (P less than .05). Virginiamycin resulted in mean 5.2 and 6.3% body weight responses and 3.3 and 2.2% feed:gain responses for males at 19 or 20 wk of age and for females at 16 or 17 wk of age, respectively. Mortality rates were low in all studies, and were not influenced by virginiamycin. In a processing study, virginiamycin in combination with halofuginone did not affect shrinkage, yield, or market grade. Feed was utilized by males and females 3.9 and 3.0%, respectively, more efficiently than expected with dietary virginiamycin, compared with results predicted by a simulation modeling technique. Profitability was considerably greater with dietary virginiamycin using actual data than with simulated feed consumption data.
Topics: Amebicides; Amprolium; Animal Feed; Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Drug Interactions; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Female; Male; Monensin; Mortality; Piperidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Sex Characteristics; Turkeys; Virginiamycin; Weight Gain
PubMed: 1908578
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0700837 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... May 1988To determine if radiolabeled specific antibodies directed against bacterial antigens could be used to detect sites of infection, gamma camera imaging studies were...
To determine if radiolabeled specific antibodies directed against bacterial antigens could be used to detect sites of infection, gamma camera imaging studies were performed in animals infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed against Fisher Immunotype 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a nonmicrobial, nonmammalian haptene, p-arsanilic acid, were labeled with 125I by the lodogen-Bead method. Unilateral, deep thigh infections were created by innoculation with 2 X 10(8) Fisher Immunotype 1 P. aeruginosa. Twenty-four hours later, one of the radiolabeled antibodies was injected intravenously at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg (100-150 microCi). Serial gamma imaging was then carried out beginning at 4 hr and at approximately 24-hr intervals thereafter. Beginning as early as 4 hr postinjection, the area of inflammation could be visualized with either the specific or nonspecific Mab, with the images continuing to intensify until 24-48 hr postinjection. At 48 hr, the contrast between lesion and background with the nonspecific Mab began to fade, while the contrast in the specific Mab-generated images continued to intensify until approximately 192 hr postinjection. Clear-cut differentiation between specific and nonspecific Mab-generated images was possible by 72 hr postinjection. We conclude that specific immune imaging of localized infection with Mab's directed against specific microbial antigens is possible and should be clinically useful. In addition, images created by the localization of immunoglobulin non-specifically at the site of inflammation in the first 24-48 hr postinjection may also provide useful information as to the anatomic location of hidden abscesses.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Bacterial; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Radionuclide Imaging; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 3131499
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cornell Veterinarian Jan 1969
Topics: Animals; Arsenic Poisoning; Arsenicals; Cerebellum; Drinking Behavior; Liver; Spinal Cord; Swine; Swine Diseases; Water
PubMed: 5812497
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... May 2016In the structure of the brucinium salt of 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid), systematically 2,3-dimeth-oxy-10-oxostrychnidinium 4-amino-phenyl-ar-son-ate...
In the structure of the brucinium salt of 4-amino-phenyl-arsonic acid (p-arsanilic acid), systematically 2,3-dimeth-oxy-10-oxostrychnidinium 4-amino-phenyl-ar-son-ate tetra-hydrate, (C23H27N2O4)[As(C6H7N)O2(OH)]·4H2O, the brucinium cations form the characteristic undulating and overlapping head-to-tail layered brucine substructures packed along [010]. The arsanilate anions and the water mol-ecules of solvation are accommodated between the layers and are linked to them through a primary cation N-H⋯O(anion) hydrogen bond, as well as through water O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to brucinium and arsanilate ions as well as bridging water O-atom acceptors, giving an overall three-dimensional network structure.
PubMed: 27308034
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989016006691 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 1990The structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of an anti-phenylarsonate monoclonal antibody (36-71) bearing a major crossreacting idiotype of A/J mice has been... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of an anti-phenylarsonate monoclonal antibody (36-71) bearing a major crossreacting idiotype of A/J mice has been solved and refined to an R factor of 19.3% at a resolution of 2.9 A. An initial electron density map was obtained with phase information from a total of six isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives (from two different compounds) and a molecular replacement solution using the HED10 Fab crystal structure as a model. The structure of the McPC603 Fab was used to provide an initial set of atomic coordinates. The electron density maps are clear and easily interpretable for the entire sequence except for sections from two of the heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions totaling 21 residues. These residues have been left out of the refinement and are not represented in our current model. The antigen-combining site was located by means of a difference Fourier synthesis with one of the heavy-atom derivatives, which contained arsanilic acid. It lies in a small pocket formed by residues from the hypervariable regions of both the heavy and the light chains. Interactions with the hapten from framework residues are also possible.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Arsenicals; Cross Reactions; Crystallization; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; Immunoglobulin Variable Region; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Protein Conformation; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 2296590
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.1.338 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Nov 2002Dead reckoning is an on-line form of spatial navigation used by an animal to identify its present location and return directly to a starting location, even after...
Dead reckoning is an on-line form of spatial navigation used by an animal to identify its present location and return directly to a starting location, even after circuitous outward trips. At present, it is not known which of several self-movement cues (efferent copy from movement commands, proprioceptive information, sensory flow, or vestibular information) are used to compute homeward trajectories. To determine whether vestibular information is important for dead reckoning, the impact of chemical labyrinthectomy was evaluated in a test that demanded on-line computation of a homeward trajectory. Rats were habituated to leave a refuge that was visible from all locations on a circular table to forage for large food pellets, which they carried back to the refuge to eat. Two different probe trials were given: (1) the rats foraged from the same spatial location from a hidden refuge in the light and so were able to use visual cues to navigate; (2) the same procedure took place in the dark, constraining the animals to dead reckon. Although control rats carried food directly and rapidly back to the refuge on both probes, the rats with vestibular lesions were able to do so on the hidden refuge but not on the dark probe. The scores of vestibular reflex tests predicted the dead reckoning deficit. The vestibular animals were also impaired in learning a new piloting task. This is the first unambiguous demonstration that vestibular information is used in dead reckoning and also contributes to piloting.
Topics: Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Arsanilic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cues; Darkness; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Labyrinth Diseases; Light; Motor Activity; Orientation; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex; Regression Analysis; Spatial Behavior; Vestibule, Labyrinth
PubMed: 12427858
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-22-10009.2002 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Jun 1997Vestibular information influences spatial orientation and navigation in laboratory animals and humans. Neurons within the rat anterior thalamus encode the directional...
Vestibular information influences spatial orientation and navigation in laboratory animals and humans. Neurons within the rat anterior thalamus encode the directional heading of the animal in absolute space. These neurons, referred to as head direction (HD) cells, fire selectively when the rat points its head in a specific direction in the horizontal plane with respect to the external laboratory reference frame. HD cells are thought to represent an essential component of a neural network that processes allocentric spatial information. The functional properties of HD cells may be dependent on vestibular input. Here, anterior thalamic HD cells were recorded before and after sodium arsanilate-induced vestibular system lesion. Vestibular lesions abolished the directional firing properties of HD cells. The time course of disruption in the directional firing properties paralleled the loss of vestibular function. Arsanilate-treated rats exhibited only minor changes in locomotor behavior, which were unlikely to account for the loss of direction-specific firing. Vestibular lesions also disrupted the influence of angular head velocity on anterior thalamic single-unit firing rates. Finally, a subset of anterior thalamic neurons recorded from vestibular-lesioned rats exhibited a pattern of intermittent firing bursts that were distinctly unrelated to HD. This novel anterior thalamic firing pattern has not been encountered in any vestibular-intact rat. These data suggest that: (1) the neural code for directional bearing is critically dependent on vestibular information; and (2) this loss of HD cell information may represent a neurobiological mechanism to account for the orientation and navigational deficits observed after vestibular dysfunction.
Topics: Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Denervation; Electrophysiology; Female; Head; Motor Activity; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spatial Behavior; Thalamic Nuclei; Vestibule, Labyrinth
PubMed: 9151751
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04349.1997 -
Immunology Apr 1959The Ouchterlony patterns of fifteen grass pollen extracts (against rabbit antisera to the pollens of Cocksfoot— and Timothy—) are compared with skin reactivities in...
The Ouchterlony patterns of fifteen grass pollen extracts (against rabbit antisera to the pollens of Cocksfoot— and Timothy—) are compared with skin reactivities in allergic subjects of this country and with quantitative assays in terms of a heat labile component of Cocksfoot referred to as antigen A. Problems of standardization in general and of the Noon unit in particular are discussed. Ten indigenous pollens are shown to give positive skin responses in all the pollen sensitive subjects tested, except in one with a most unusual selective specificity for Timothy alone. All indigenous pollens examined contain substances cross-reacting with antigen A, while the four `foreign' pollens, which give small or no skin responses, do not share the A-group specificity. Nevertheless A-content cannot be equated with skin reactivity. British pollens have numerous antigenic determinants in common other than the A-group specificity, although the occurrence of completely identical antigens in different pollens is unlikely. Complications in the interpretation of Ouchterlony patterns of related natural products are discussed from a purely serological point of view with the help of azoprotein models. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of what may be called . It is suggested that antibodies specific purely for small haptenic groups such as arsanilic acid are probably never produced. From gel diffusion tests on numerous bleedings from rabbits it seems that prolonged immunization does not lead to the formation of less specific sera as is usually suggested. On the contrary, more and more precisely fitting antibodies appear to be produced to an ever-increasing number of related antigens and minor impurities, probably to more determinants on one and the same molecule or even to new permutations of adjacent determinants on the same molecule. The need is stressed for more precise definitions of the terms and .
Topics: Allergens; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Poaceae; Pollen
PubMed: 13653735
DOI: No ID Found -
Immunology Mar 1972The serum antibody response of goldfish () to protein immunogen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) and haptenic determinants was studied. The goldfish antibody response was...
The serum antibody response of goldfish () to protein immunogen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) and haptenic determinants was studied. The goldfish antibody response was compared with rabbit antibody response to similar antigens. The goldfish received BSA only or BSA with one of three haptens coupled to it. Arsanilic acid, sulphanilic acid and para-amino-benzoic acid were used as haptens. Precipitation and passive haemagglutination were used to demonstrate the presence of antibody. Only one size of antibody could be demonstrated to all antigens (13.2S). Two populations of antibody could be demonstrated by the use of electrophoresis, and both populations of antibody reacted with BSA in fish receiving only BSA. In fish receiving BSA-hapten, the BSA antibody was found in the slower migrating population, while the haptenic antibody was found in the faster migrating population. The fish antibodies to all immunogens were poor precipitins, but gave titres similar to rabbit antibody when tested by passive haemagglutination. The specificity of fish protein and haptenic antibody is similar to rabbit antibody.
Topics: Aminobenzoates; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antibody Specificity; Antigens; Arsenicals; Cattle; Cyprinidae; Electrophoresis; Haptens; Hemagglutination Tests; Immunodiffusion; Precipitin Tests; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Sulfonic Acids; Ultracentrifugation
PubMed: 4623761
DOI: No ID Found