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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Cymbopogon species essential oil (EO) carries significant importance in pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, food, etc. The chemical compositions of Cymbopogon spp. Viz....
Cymbopogon species essential oil (EO) carries significant importance in pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, food, etc. The chemical compositions of Cymbopogon spp. Viz. Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), and Cymbopogon martini (palmarosa) were analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS), enantiomeric distribution by chiral GC-MS, and antimicrobial activities of some selected pure major compound and root and leaves EOs of citronella. The EO of leaves of Cymbopogon spp. showed comparatively higher yield than roots or other parts. Contrary to citral (neral and geranial) being a predominant compound of Cymbopogon spp., α-elemol (53.1%), α-elemol (29.5%), geraniol (37.1%), and citral (90.4%) were detected as major compounds of the root, root hair with stalk, leaf, and root stalk with shoot of citronella EO, respectively. Palmarosa leaves’ EO contains neral (36.1%) and geranial (53.1) as the major compounds. In the roots of palmarosa EO, the prime components were α-elemol (31.5%), geranial (25.0%), and neral (16.6%). Similarly, lemongrass leaves’ EO contains geraniol (76.6%) and geranyl acetate (15.2%) as major compounds, while the root EO contains a higher amount of geraniol (87.9%) and lower amount of geranyl acetate (4.4%). This study reports for the first time chiral terpenoids from Cymbopogon spp. EOs. Chiral GC-MS gave specific enantiomeric distributions of nine, six, and five chiral terpenoids in the root, root stalk with a shoot, and leaves of citronella EOs, respectively. Likewise, four and three chiral terpenoids in the root and leaves of lemongrass oil followed by two chiral terpenoids in the leaves and root of palmarosa EOs each. Additionally, the root and leaves’ EOs of citronella exhibit noticeable activity on bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes and fungus such as Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. So, geranial-, neral-, geraniol-, and citronellal-rich EOs can be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent.
Topics: Oils, Volatile; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Cymbopogon; Nepal; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 36677603
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020543 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Feb 2017Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi causing superficial cutaneous infections that account 20-25% of the global population. As per literature search, there is a dearth...
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi causing superficial cutaneous infections that account 20-25% of the global population. As per literature search, there is a dearth in the study on virulence factors of dermatophytes from the Indian sub-continent and moreover the association of the virulence factors and the host tissue in vitro helps in understanding the host-pathogen interaction.
AIM
To analyse the enzymatic and non-enzymatic virulence activities of dermatophytes on solid media.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 11 isolates, three standard American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains- - 28188, - 9533, - 28942, one CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre strain- - 243.66 five clinical isolates- , , var. , , , and two laboratory isolates - and were screened for the production of virulence enzymes such as phospholipase, lipase, protease, gelatinase and non-enzyme virulence factors (haemolytic activity) of dermatophytes. The clinical isolates were identified from a tertiary care hospital, Chennai. These dermatophytes were tested upon specific substrates on solid media such as egg yolk, tween 80, bovine serum albumin, gelatin powder and sheep blood respectively.
RESULTS
The virulence activity of phospholipase, lipase, protease and gelatinase was observed from all the dermatophyte species. , ATCC strain, var. , , ATCC strain, and CBS strain produced complete haemolysis, whereas other dermatophytes showed no haemolytic activity.
CONCLUSION
Phospholipase, lipase, protease and gelatinase act as enzymatic virulence marker and the complex, complex and showed complete haemolysis and hence they may also act as a non-enzymatic virulence marker for dermatophytes.
PubMed: 28384862
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23147.9410 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021The incidence of zoonotic and infections is rapidly growing worldwide in the context of an increasing frequency of close contact between animals and humans, presenting...
Evaluation of Short-Chain Antimicrobial Peptides With Combined Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Bioactivities for the Treatment of Zoonotic Skin Pathogens From Canines.
The incidence of zoonotic and infections is rapidly growing worldwide in the context of an increasing frequency of close contact between animals and humans, presenting challenges in both human and veterinary medicine. Moreover, the development of microbial resistance and emergence of recalcitrant biofilms, accompanied by the insufficiency of new antimicrobial agents, have become major obstacles in treating superficial skin infections caused by various microbes including and . Over recent years, the prospects of antimicrobial peptides as emerging antimicrobials to combat microbial infections have been demonstrated. In our study, two novel short-chain peptides, namely, allomyrinasin and andricin B, produced by and , were revealed to exhibit potent antimicrobial efficacy against clinical isolates of and with remarkable and rapid fungicidal and bactericidal effects, while allomyrinasin exhibited inhibition of biofilm formation and eradication of mature biofilm. These peptides displayed synergistic activity when combined with amoxicillin and terbinafine against and . Cytoplasmic leakage via cytomembrane permeabilization serves as a mechanism of action. Extremely low hemolytic activity and serum stability , as well as superior anti-infective efficacy in reducing bacterial counts and relieving the inflammatory response , were detected. The potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities of allomyrinasin and andricin B might indicate promising anti-infective alternatives for the treatment of and infections in the context of human and veterinary medicine.
PubMed: 34456884
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684650 -
IDCases 2018
PubMed: 29988774
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2018.e00418 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Feb 2023Dermatophytes have the ability to invade the keratin layer of humans and cause infections. The aims of this study were the accurate identification of dermatophytes by...
Comparison of in vitro activities of newer triazoles and classic antifungal agents against dermatophyte species isolated from Iranian University Hospitals: a multi-central study.
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytes have the ability to invade the keratin layer of humans and cause infections. The aims of this study were the accurate identification of dermatophytes by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method and sequencing and comparison between the in vitro activities of newer and established antifungal agents against them.
METHODS
Clinical specimens of patients from five Iranian university laboratories were entered in this study. Samples were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar medium. For molecular identification, extracted DNAs were amplified by the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4, and digested with MvaI enzymes. The antifungal susceptibility test for each isolate to terbinafine, griseofulvin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, luliconazole, and isavuconazole was performed, according to the microdilution CLSI M38-A2 and CLSI M61 standard methods.
RESULTS
Two hundred and seven fungi species similar to dermatophytes were isolated of which 198 (95.6%) were dermatophytes by molecular assay. The most commonly isolated were Trichophyton mentagrophytes (76/198), followed by Trichophyton interdigitale (57/198), Trichophyton rubrum (34/198), Trichophyton tonsurans (12/198), Microsporum canis (10/198), Trichophyton simii (3/198), Epidermophyton floccosum (3/198), Trichophyton violaceum (2/198), and Trichophyton benhamiae (1/198). The GM MIC and MIC values for all the isolates were as follows: terbinafine (0.091 and 1 μg/ml), griseofulvin (1.01 and 4 μg/ml), caspofungin (0.06 and 4 μg/ml), fluconazole (16.52 and 32 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.861 and 8 μg/ml), isavuconazole (0.074 and 2 μg/ml), and luliconazole (0.018 and 0.25 μg/ml).
CONCLUSION
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Trichophyton rubrum were the most common fungal species isolated from the patients. luliconazole, terbinafine, and isavuconazole in vitro were revealed to be the most effective antifungal agents against all dermatophyte isolates.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Terbinafine; Iran; Caspofungin; Griseofulvin; Hospitals, University; Triazoles
PubMed: 36805670
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00564-4 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Oct 2018Objectives The goal of this study was to determine how frequently Microsporum canis was isolated after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of incubation on dermatophyte culture medium...
Objectives The goal of this study was to determine how frequently Microsporum canis was isolated after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of incubation on dermatophyte culture medium either from untreated cats or cats during treatment. Methods This was an observational retrospective study. Toothbrush fungal culture results were examined from two data pools: untreated cats with suspect skin lesions and weekly fungal cultures from cats being treated for dermatophytosis. Results Results from 13,772 fungal cultures were reviewed and 2876 (20.9%) were positive for M canis. Of these, 2800 were confirmed as positive within 14 days of incubation and only 76 (2.6%) required >14 days for confirmation of M canis. In pretreatment specimens, 98.2% (1057/1076) of M canis isolates were recovered within 14 days of incubation in specimens from cats not known to have received prior antifungal treatment. For cats receiving treatment, 96.8% (1743/1800) of M canis isolates were recovered within 14 days of incubation. Of the 57 cultures that required >14 days for finalization, 21 required extra incubation time because cultures were grossly abnormal, 12 had concurrent contaminant growth delaying microscopic confirmation and 24 had no growth in the first 14 days. Of these 24, 19 had 1-2 colony-forming units (cfu)/plate and the remaining five plates had 5 to >10 cfu/plate, all with abnormal morphology. Conclusions and relevance The findings of this study show that it is not necessary to hold pretreatment or post-treatment fungal cultures for 21 days before finalizing cultures for no growth. Growth requiring >14 days had grossly abnormal morphology.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Colony Count, Microbial; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Microsporum; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tinea
PubMed: 28920535
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X17729286 -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2003Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes are the most common dermatophytes isolated from human and animals. M. canis infection in human is... (Review)
Review
Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes are the most common dermatophytes isolated from human and animals. M. canis infection in human is closely related to companion animals such as cats and dogs. According to a recent epidemiological survey in Japan, human M. canis infection is decreasing. T. verrucosum is usually transmitted from cows to human. T. verrucosum infection in human is not restricted to daily farming prefectures, however, suggesting that this species has already been spread widely in Japan. T. mentagrophytes is one of the most common pathogens in human tinea. Recent molecular methods show the infection is caused by one teleomorph of T. mentagrophytes, Arthroderma benhamiae, which has already been spread throughout Japan by companion animals. This pathogen is believed not to have existed in Japan until 1980. The chance of human fungal infection caused by unusual pathogens is increasing because of the changes in types of companion animals. Animal dermatophytoses is now an important issue not only for veterinary doctors but also for dermatologists.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cats; Dermatomycoses; Dogs; Humans; Japan; Zoonoses
PubMed: 14615787
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.44.245 -
Current Medical Mycology Mar 2017The epidemiological features of dermatophytoses have been characterized in many geographical locations of Iran, but not in Guilan, North of Iran. This study was carried...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The epidemiological features of dermatophytoses have been characterized in many geographical locations of Iran, but not in Guilan, North of Iran. This study was carried out to determine the distribution pattern of dermatophytoses and their relevant agents in Guilan, North of Iran, over a period of one year, from April 2010 to April 2011.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The clinical samples of skin, hair, and nail from 889 outpatients (317 men vs. 572 women) were used for direct microscopy and culture. All the culture-positive samples were then subjected to amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to verify the causative agents.
RESULTS
The infection was confirmed in 90 (44.3%) males and 113 (55.7%) females. The most common type of dermatophytoses was tinea cruris (42.9%), followed by tinea pedis (20.2%), tinea corporis (11.3%), tinea unguium (7.4%), tinea faciei (6.9%), tinea manuum (6.4%), and tinea capitis (4.9%). ITS-RFLP based of the identification of isolates, showed that the infections were significantly associated with anthropophilic species, of (41.9%), (19.7%), (5.4%), and (2%). Other causative agents were (22.6%), (4.9%), (2.5%), and (1%).
CONCLUSION
The higher prevalence of , as the agent of dermatophytoses, than other species has never been reported from Iran and is of public health concern because of the chronic nature of infections with anthropophilic species. To thoroughly investigate the epidemiological trend of dermatophytoses in Iran, further periodical and molecular-based studies are necessary.
PubMed: 29302626
DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.3.1.20 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Aug 2020The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic concordance between the toothbrush and carpet techniques for the detection of in cats in a field study. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic concordance between the toothbrush and carpet techniques for the detection of in cats in a field study.
METHODS
Thirty-nine Persian cats from a cattery were used. Fungal culture samples from the haircoat of each cat were collected by stroking the coat with a sterile toothbrush and a 5 × 5 cm-sized sterile carpet square (n = 78 total samples). Specimens were inoculated onto Mycosel Agar and incubated at 25°C for 21 days. Both techniques were compared using the following parameters: number of plates without fungal growth, number of plates with contaminant growth and number of plates positive for dermatophytes.
RESULTS
The feline population in the study cattery was 39. Thirty (77%) were symptomatic and nine (23%) asymptomatic. The diagnosis was made via carpet and toothbrush methods and 78 cultures were performed. On day 21, was detected in all culture plates. No contaminant molds were observed.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The concordance rate between the carpet and toothbrush techniques among the 78 evaluable culture plates was 100%. Both methods are equally effective for collecting material for culture. Additionally, both techniques are inexpensive and easy to perform in feline clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Culture Techniques; Dermatomycoses; Microsporum
PubMed: 31592711
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X19880632 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020Infections caused by dermatophytes affect a high percentage of the population. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) can offer useful information about the...
OBJECTIVES
Infections caused by dermatophytes affect a high percentage of the population. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) can offer useful information about the susceptibility profiles of the pathogens as well as the concomitant documentation of the appropriate treatment. However, the slow growth rate of these fungi and their poor sporulation are factors that can delay and affect the performance of the AST. The proposed methods by the CLSI or the EUCAST are both laborious for the everyday routine. There are alternative applications which propose the use of an inoculum, consisting of a conidia-mycelium mixture or even plain mycelia, as well as the use of resazurin in order to facilitate the reading. The aim of this study was to compare these approaches to the EUCAST method and evaluate their performance.
METHODS
Three alternative methods were compared to the EUCAST proposed methodology for conidia forming molds. The last was defined as the reference method. The methods under evaluation were (a) a fragmented mycelia method, (b) the EUCAST method with the addition of resazurin sodium salt solution and (c) the fragmented mycelia method with the addition of resazurin sodium salt solution. Twenty-two isolates (8 , 8 , and 6 ) were tested against the antifungal agents of griseofulvin, terbinafine, fluconazole, and itraconazole.
RESULTS
The essential agreement between the methods was calculated in percentages and a statistical analysis of the results was performed. Data evaluation revealed sufficient overall agreement of the methods with the addition of resazurin to the initial "uncolored" methods (98.9 and 97.5% for the EUCAST and the fragmented mycelia methods, respectively). The fragmented mycelia method exhibited a relatively sufficient overall agreement in comparison to the EUCAST method (90%) and not a satisfactory correlation, probably as a result of various issues of standardization.
CONCLUSION
The EUCAST method was found to be the more reliable one, whereas the addition of resazurin sodium salt solution facilitates the reading and provides a reliable and objective evaluation. The fragmented mycelia method could serve as an alternative that should be applied only in cases of poor or no sporulating dermatophytes.
PubMed: 32760372
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01593