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Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023The aim of this work was to provide an overview of available information on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of extracts. A literature search of Scopus,... (Review)
Review
The aim of this work was to provide an overview of available information on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of extracts. A literature search of Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and June 2023 was undertaken. A total of 23 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Significant variation of antimicrobial activity depending on the tested species and strains, type of extract solvent, or plant organs utilized for the extract preparation was found. extracts were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and showed antimycotic effects against the fungi of and and the dermatophytes spp. Greater susceptibility of Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria to fireweed extracts was found. A strong antibacterial effect was recorded for , , , , , , and including multi-drug resistant strains. extract might find practical application as an antimicrobial in wound healing, components of cosmetic products for human and animals, or as food preservatives.
PubMed: 37895890
DOI: 10.3390/ph16101419 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Jan 2024In contrast to superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements.... (Review)
Review
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In contrast to superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements. Disease can spread locally within a region or can disseminate haematogenously or via the lymphatics. The environment is the most common reservoir of infection. Since fungal spores are airborne, indoor cats are also susceptible to IFIs. Some environmental fungi are ubiquitous and present globally, while others are endemic or hyperendemic within specific geographic regions. Zoonotic pathogens include and
AIM
In the first of a two-part article series, the approach to the investigation of feline IFIs and oomycoses is reviewed. As well as tips for diagnosis, and information on the ecological niche and distribution of fungal pathogens, the review covers clinical presentation of the most common IFIs, including cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, aspergillosis and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, as well as the oomycoses pythiosis, lagenidiosis and paralagenidiosis. In Part 2, the spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and adverse effects of antifungal drugs are reviewed, and the treatment and prognosis for specific IFIs and oomycoses are discussed.
EVIDENCE BASE
The review draws on published evidence and the authors' combined expertise in feline medicine, mycology, dermatology, clinical pathology and anatomical pathology.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Invasive Fungal Infections; Antifungal Agents; Coccidioidomycosis; Dermatomycoses; Histoplasmosis; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 38189288
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231219696 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2018is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal... (Review)
Review
is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal species, including humans. A large variety of oral and topical antifungal protocols is available for treating infection. However, the efficacy of these drugs and treatment protocols is variable, with treatment failure up to 40% of patients possibly due to resistance phenomena. The lack of standardised reference methods for evaluating the antifungal susceptibility of represents a major hindrance in assessing microbiological resistance in unresponsive clinical cases. Therefore, data about conventional therapy against and the protocols employed to test the antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and griseofulvin) have been summarised herein. This article focuses on technical parameters used for antifungal susceptibility tests, their effects on the minimum inhibitory concentration value, as well as their clinical implications.
PubMed: 30189676
DOI: 10.3390/jof4030107 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023Genomes of strains of the zoophilic dermatophyte from invasive (disseminated and subcutaneous) and noninvasive (tinea capitis) infections were compared. Especially the...
Genomes of strains of the zoophilic dermatophyte from invasive (disseminated and subcutaneous) and noninvasive (tinea capitis) infections were compared. Especially the disseminated strain showed significant syntenic rearrangements, including multiple translocations and inversions, and numerous SNPs and Indels in comparison to the noninvasive strain. In transcriptome analysis, both invasive strains were enriched for GO pathways related to components of the membrane, iron binding and heme binding, which possibly enables them to invade deeper into dermis and blood vessels. At 37 °C, invasive strains showed gene expression enriched for DNA replication, mismatch repair, N-glycan biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis. The invasive strains were slightly less susceptible to multiple antifungal agents suggesting that acquired elevated drug resistance might be involved in the refractory disease courses. Patient with disseminated infection failed to respond to a combined antifungal treatment with itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole and posaconazole.
Topics: Humans; Transcriptome; Tinea Capitis; Microsporum; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37288745
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2219346 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Mar 2008Tinea capitis is a widespread scalp infection in children caused by dermatophytes. In fact, it is the most common cutaneous mycosis in children but is uncommon in... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis is a widespread scalp infection in children caused by dermatophytes. In fact, it is the most common cutaneous mycosis in children but is uncommon in adults. The disease has been major public health concern for decades. Some factors implicated in infection include poor personal hygiene, crowded living conditions, and low socioeconomic status. It can be caused by any pathogenic dermatophyte except for Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton concentricum. Trichophyton rubrum, the most commonly isolated dermatophyte worldwide, is rarely the causative agent of this infection. Tinea capitis is a classic example of the changing geographic patterns of dermatophytosis. In developed countries, Trichophyton tonsurans is the most common causative agent, whereas in developing countries such as Mexico, the most common agent is Microsporum canis followed by Trichophyton tonsurans. The increasing incidence of tinea capitis warranted a review of the current literature and treatment strategies.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Humans; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 18346430
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Medicale Suisse Apr 2014Most inflammatory skin and hair dermatophytoses are caused by one of four zoophilic dermatophyte species: Microsporum canis (from cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum... (Review)
Review
Most inflammatory skin and hair dermatophytoses are caused by one of four zoophilic dermatophyte species: Microsporum canis (from cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (from cattle), Arthroderma benhamiae (from Guinea-pigs) and Arthrodermna vanbreuseghemii (generally from cats and dogs). In cases of highly inflammatory tinea corporis, tinea faciae and tinea capitis in humans, it is important to identify with certainty the precise etiologic agent and to examine pets as the possible source of infection. The recurrence of infections or new infections can be prevented by adequately treating incriminated domestic animals and their environments. Cooperation between the medical and veterinary professions is required in this situation.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Arthrodermataceae; Cats; Cattle; Dermatomycoses; Dogs; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24772808
DOI: No ID Found -
Medical Mycology Apr 2018The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of... (Review)
Review
The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Mycoses; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Opportunistic Infections; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29538732
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx104 -
Mycoses May 2012Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that can be pathogenic for humans and animals by infecting the stratum corneum, nails, claws or hair. The first infection step... (Review)
Review
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that can be pathogenic for humans and animals by infecting the stratum corneum, nails, claws or hair. The first infection step consists of adherence of arthroconidia to the stratum corneum. The mechanisms and the kinetics of adherence have been investigated using different in vitro and ex vivo experimental models, most notably showing the role of a secreted serine protease from Microsporum canis in fungal adherence to feline corneocytes. After germination of the arthroconidia, dermatophytes invade keratinised structures that have to be digested into short peptides and amino acids to be assimilated. Although many proteases, including keratinolytic ones, have been characterised, the understanding of dermatophyte invasion mechanisms remains speculative. To date, research on mechanisms of dermatophyte infection focused mainly on both secreted endoproteases and exoproteases, but their precise role in both fungal adherence and skin invasion should be further explored.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Dermatomycoses; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Humans; Serine Endopeptidases; Skin
PubMed: 21831104
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02081.x -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Jul 2014In Germany, infections due to the zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) species of Arthroderma benhamiae are being more frequently diagnosed. The source of infection... (Review)
Review
In Germany, infections due to the zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) species of Arthroderma benhamiae are being more frequently diagnosed. The source of infection of this emerging pathogen overlaps with that of the zoophilic species T. interdigitale. The most common source are guinea pigs. T. species of Arthroderma benhamiae causes inflammatory dermatophytosis in children and adolescents. In addition to tinea capitis, it may cause both tinea corporis, tinea manus and frequently tinea faciei. In Germany, T. species of Arthroderma benhamiae is a frequent zoophilic dermatophyte, which in regions is probably more frequent than Microsporum canis. The mycological identification of the isolates with their yellow stained colonies is based on their macroscopic and microscopic features. However, some exhibit colony features consistent with those of T. interdigitale. These strains only can be identified unambiguously by means of molecular techniques. Using detection methods such as PCR-ELISA or real-time PCR, the dermatophyte can be identified directly from clinical material. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA has been approved as culture confirmation test for T. species of Arthroderma benhamiae. In addition, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) is useful. Widespread dermatophytosis due to T. species of Arthroderma benhamiae, in particular of tinea capitis, requires oral antifungal agents. Terbinafine is most effective, alternatives are fluconazole and itraconazole.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 24981469
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12390 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jan 2023Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes.
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes.
OBJECTIVES
Since the epidemiology of diseases revolves over time, this research studies the incidence of dermatophytosis among rodents referred to mycology laboratory during 2019-2021.
METHODS
A total of 163 rodents including rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters suspecting having dermatophytosis were sampled by scraping lesions. Direct microscopic examination, culture, and polymerase chain reaction were done for diagnosis of dermatophytosis and identification of the etiologic agent.
RESULTS
The results of this study showed that 37.4% of rodents were involved with dermatophytosis, among which 41.13% of rabbits, 25% of guinea pigs, and 26.3% of hamsters were included. Microsporum canis (52.7%) was the most isolated agent. Incidence of dermatophytosis was higher in female in rabbits while in hamsters and guinea pigs male were mostly infected. Rodents less than 6 months were more susceptible for dermatophytosis except for hamsters in which 6-12 months animals had a higher prevalence.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is significant to update our knowledge about the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in rodents and other animals every few years to define valid preventive strategies. Moreover, since dermatophytes are contagious and zoonotic, it is also a priority to apply preventing methods for dermatophytosis and treat infected rodents with appropriate antifungal agents to decrease the risk of infection.
Topics: Cricetinae; Male; Animals; Female; Guinea Pigs; Rabbits; Rodentia; Zoonoses; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Tinea
PubMed: 36495207
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1044